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Zinc is a key element for maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of eukaryotic cells and tissues. In living systems, it forms stable complexes with macromolecules as well as so called labile pools called zincosomes, which are nowadays considered crucial for the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation. Zinc may block apoptosis induced by many external factors by inhibiting caspases and endonucleases, through interactions with transcription factors and kinases or due to its antioxidant activities. On the other hand, depletion of zinc may lead to rapid activation of apoptotic cascade and consequent cell death in many types of cells. Imbalances in intracellular zinc pools lead to improper regulation of cell death and proliferation, which is often causing or accompanying diseases. Therefore, detailed elucidation of the role of zinc in these regulations presents a solution for various pathophysiological conditions.

Chromium belongs amongst highly industrially utilized elements. Its role, however, encompasses the physiologic function too. On the other hand, increased exposition to this element, either during its processing, production or in nature in a form of a toxic waste, can lead to the arising of the toxic effects. These toxic features of chromium have been in focus for many years and herein are given together with some new discoveries, such as the influence of chromium on apoptosis, or specific mutations in genes caused by chromium and their repair.