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The article deals with the older and current meanings of Serbo-Croatian onymes expressing the basic socio-political facts of contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosanac, Bošnjak, Musliman, Srpska), the meanings of adjectives bosanski and bošnjački and their translation equivalents in Czech. It concludes that, despite the data in older Czech dictionaries, Czech equivalents Bosňan "Bosnian" and Bosňák "Bosniak" cannot currently be understood as synonyms, and the same is true of adjectives bosenský "Bosnian" and bosňácký "Bosniak", Czech equivalents of the respective Serbo-Croatian adjectives. The use of terms related to the difficult socio-political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina in foreign languages needs to be very cautious.

The collapse of the Yugoslav state (1991–92) also affected national and linguistic issues. Serbo-Croatian language, which was until then, linguistically and politically, the only common language of the Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins and Muslims (Bosniaks later), was replaced in the successor republics by language with the corresponding ethnic glottonym (Croatian, Serbian and later Bosnian and Montenegrin language). Political support for the autonomy and uniqueness of these languages in their respective countries, however, faces an ambiguous acceptance by professionals-linguists. This ambiguity is reflected in the long-term problems with the concept of teaching of the so called national philologies. The crucial question is, in our opinion, if to continue the current national-oriented concept, or whether to learn toward some type of area concept. Both concepts naturally have their positives but also negatives.