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The author of the article has two aims. At first, he wants to inform theologians about the newest findings of paleogenetics, paleoanthropology and bioculturology relevant for the theology of creation, theological anthropology, moral theology and fundamental theology. In theology, it is necessary to find a clear borderline between not yet being human and being already human. Searching for this borderline is the second aim of the study. On the level of technology and communication, we can observe a continual development. Although there can be found some leaps, theologians are not able to find a clear borderline. According to the author, this line is marked by moral consciousness, which either exists or not. Human being is a creature able to sin. The time of crossing this Rubicon cannot be determined according to archaeological discoveries. It could be in the time of Homo heidelbergensis, but certainly in the time of classical Neanderthals and anatomically modern people.

Paleogenetics is becoming an increasingly important part of palaeoanthropology and evolutionary anthropology. Research of ancient DNA (a-DNA) allows us to reconstruct the genome of our closest ancestors and relatives, the ancient Homo sapiens, neanderthals, and newly discovered human group - denisovans. Development of a new methodology, called highthroughput (very complete) sequencing, has been very important for further development of paleogenetics and better use of its results in anthropology. This allowed us constructing better and more complete DNA libraries and their further use in paleogenetic studies. From the point of view of paleoanthropology, and evolutionary anthropology as well, the following results are the most important ones: The complete mapping of genome of neanderthals, denisovans and anatomically modern humans, which allows us the detail comparison of all the groups examined in terms of reconstruction of their possible hybridisations and studying of their genetic admixture and (admixtures) in modern human populations. Most ancient genome was described in the Australian aborigines, which were found to have up to 6 % of the admixtures of the denisovans genome. On the contrary, the genome of the native Africans was not affected by any other human form. Europeans and Asians have proven to have some of the genes of Neanderthals, Southeast Asians can have some denisovan genes. Crucial meaning has the archaic Homo sapiens genome reconstruction, which shows that Homo sapiens as a species originated at least 750 thousands of years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of the article has two aims. At first, he wants to inform theologians about the newest findings of paleogenetics, paleoanthropology and bioculturology relevant for the theology of creation, theological anthropology, moral theology and fundamental theology. In theology, it is necessary to find a clear borderline between not yet being human and being already human. Searching for this borderline is the second aim of the study. On the level of technology and communication, we can observe a continual development. Although there can be found some leaps, theologians are not able to find a clear borderline. According to the author, this line is marked by moral consciousness, which either exists or not. Human being is a creature able to sin. The time of crossing this Rubicon cannot be determined according to archaeological discoveries. It could be in the time of Homo heidelbergensis, but certainly in the time of classical Neanderthals and anatomically modern people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the graveyards of Divaky-Padelky za humny (dating between 9th and 11th centuries AD) and Znojmo-Hradiste (Great Moravian period) an attempt has been made to extract the samples in so called sterile way for the purpose of genetic analysis. In the research period during 2008 the exhumation of grave No. 160 in the graveyard of Divaky was carried out using this sterile method and afterwards the anthropological and genetic analysis of the skeletal remains was completed. The anthropological analysis showed that the skeleton was a female, aged between 24-30 years and this result was confirmed by the genetic analysis using the section of the SRY gene and analyzing the gene for amelogenin. Due to the fact that the method of exhumation at Divaky was both time-consuming and physically demanding and at the same time prevented the thorough documentation of the site, in 2009 a new method was used. Prior to the actual exhumation of the skeleton, one long bone was lifted from the grave using a sterile method and this proved to be a more suitable way because it did not interrupt the flow of the research. During the next research season of 2009 and 2010 this method was applied at both graveyards. The experiences at both Divaky and Znojmo show that this way of on- site preparation and laboratory processing of skeletal remains is more suitable in the lifting of bone tissue for genetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]