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Microsporidia is a group of obligatory intracellular parasites with a unique invasion mechanism. One of the highly specialized invasion structures is the polar tube which is an example of a biological nanotube the study of which could bring usable knowledge in biotechnology. The thesis is a literary overeview which deals with the structure of microsporidian spores and presents N. bombycis as a suitable representative for the study of the infectious apparatus. In more detail, it summarizes the background to the structure of the polar tube and wall of N. bombycis spore.