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The object of description in the following paper is the lexeme język. Linguistic analysis has been broadened by medical context, in which the author presents the content regarding the tongue as the first part of the digestive system, as a sense of taste, and finally, as vocal apparatus. For this purpose, the most important issues connected with the structure, physiology and pathology of the tongue have been presented. The second part of the discussion has been dedicated to the place of the noun język, along with its synonyms and derived forms in old and contemporary general Polish language, as well as dialects. The final part contains remarks on the functioning of the word język in Polish phraseology. This lexeme, as a polysemantic unit, happens to be the component of numerous petrified word combinations, whose meaning reflects the variety of references and contexts preserved in old and contemporary Polish culture.

This paper is devoted to the lexeme tchawica from a diachronic perspective. The first part is the description of a trachea (its functions and structure) as an anatomical organ, which is followed by the analysis of its etymology. The main focus of investigation is the description of tchawica in the history of the Polish language and dialects. For this purpose, synonyms, derivatives, variant forms (in terms of phonetics and morphology), names based on foreign words (derived from Latin and Greek), as well as hybrid names, have been pointed out. According to the analysis, these names are differentiated both in terms of motivation and form.

Assuming the perspective of a multi-aspect overview, in this paper a linguistic-cultural-terminological analysis of thyroid cartilage (Latin cartilago thyroidea) has been made, with special consideration given to its fragment known as laryngeal prominence, throat, apple of man or, most commonly, Adam’s apple. In the linguistic-anthropological part of the study, lexicographic and cultural contexts are considered, in which the word combination from the title is fixed. In turn, the medical description of Adam’s apple includes anatomical and physiological aspects, as well as relevant terminology.

The aim of the research was to analyse the rate of speech of physiologically and dementially ageing people with the following parameters in mind: the rate of speech and the rate of articulation, the ratio of pauses within the speech and their total duration, proper pauses and semi-filled pauses. The research data has been analysed with the use of Audacity software. Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney tests were utilised during the quantitative and the statistical stage of the study. The results obtained clearly show that the rate of speech of people with dementia is slower compared to the rate of speech of physiologically ageing people and to the control group, which consisted of children.

The article presents the research into the interaction within the specific discourse based around the dialogue of people with stuttering disorder. The analysis of the dialogues was performed with the use of the theory of conversational strategies created by Aleks Awdiejew (2004). The dialogues were therefore analysed in terms of four (mutually dependent) basic conversational strategies: informational-verificative, axiological-emotive, behavioral, and meta discursive.

The article characterizes the pace of speech as a research category which gives us the ability to analyze both normative and impaired speech. The practical part consists of the description of the research process and the obtained results. It is preceded by the theoretical part which describes the notions of the pace of speech and the pace of utterance and their main components. Special emphasis has been put on the notion of pause. Additionally, selected quantitative and qualitative aspects of speech have been outlined, together with the ways of their analysis which include measuring tools (Audacity software) and statistical tests (Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Fisher-Snadecor).

The article is a voice in favour of creating a new branch within neurolinguistics which can be described as neurosyntactics. The methodological and terminological aspects of this concept are supported by several factors such as the history of neurology, the linguistic arguments, the development of neuropsychology and neurologopedics (especially apha- siology), and the achievements of neurolinguistics as one of the applied sciences. Additionally, creating space for a new and narrow neurolinguistic speciality within the scientific discourse could produce – apart from serving the research purposes – new practical information for the medical, therapeutic, and educational fields.