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As for the mitigation of the negative consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and the related crisis, governments should inter alia facilitate the willingness to vaccinate. However, related discussions became politicised, especially in countries with an extremely high level of partisan polarisation in opinions and media discourses, like in Hungary, which is the selected case of our study. As previous research about the United States shows, general trust in science is also influenced by the ideological alignment of individuals – people with conservative identification are more likely to question scientific results and recommendations, considering global warming, or the characteristics of the pandemic and the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. In our study we examine two main questions: first, whether the ideological orientation and partisan alignment of Hungarian citizens influence their general trust in science, and second, whether the same factors influence their opinion on scientists’ ability to develop effective vaccines against the coronavirus. Furthermore, we also investigate whether media consumption habits might influence these interrelations. According to the results of the representative online survey, the more conservative someone in Hungary identifies, the more likely they will be sceptical in terms of both questions. However, support of government or opposition parties does not determine whether they believe in the ability of scientists to develop effective vaccines, and it is influenced by their media consumption habits. We showed that (1) opposition supporters are much more different along their preferred media source than government supporters, (2) television watchers are of the same opinion independent of their party preference and (3) social media consumers are generally more likely to reject scientific results. The phenomenon that supporters of the conservative government and of the alliance of opposition parties are different in terms of their media consumption is a surprising finding in the polarised Hungarian context. We provide two main explanations for this. First, it is most probably the consequence of the government’s intensive campaign that encouraged vaccination. Second, the government used the issue of vaccination as a source of legitimacy regarding the effectiveness of their crisis management.

The use of pesticides dominates agriculture today, but unfortunately poses several threats to the environment and humans, through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. This research tested the efficacies of Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia and Salvia officinalis subsp. major aqueous extracts against Botrytis cinerea in order to curb chemical control and subsequent reduction in their threats. The leaves of Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia and Salvia officinalis subsp. major were collected in July and September 2019 and shed-dried. Then 90 ml hot distilled water was added to10 g of the crumbled leaves from each sample, left for 24 hours and the filtrate was used to prepare two different media concentrations: CC1 containing 99 ml PDA (i.e. Potato Dextrose Agar) and 11 ml extract (or ion-exchange water as control 1); and CC2 containing 88 ml PDA and 22 ml extract (or ion-exchange water as control 2). The 10 ml from each mixture (CC1, CC2 and the controls) was used as the growth media in 5 replications. Each Petri dish was centrally inoculated with 9 mm2 B. cinerea mycelia, and the area of colony was taken. All the extracts effectively inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea, with Som2 showing the highest inhibition. In Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia, Sol1 (July harvested) showed higher inhibition (53.90%) compared to September harvested Sol2 (40.78%) in CC2 at 3 days post inoculation (PI), while in Salvia officinalis subsp. major, Som2 (September harvested) showed higher inhibition (15.01%) compared to July harvested Som1 (0.04%) in CC1 at 7 days PI. Generally, CC2 showed higher inhibition compared to CC1.

The effects of a single strain lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) (Lactobacillus farciminis 5x109 CFU/kg) and a single strain butyric acid producing bacteria (BAB) (Clostridium butyricum 2.5x109 CFU/kg) with or without wheat bran supplementation (WB), were investigated on the production traits and on several gut characteristics of broiler chickens. In total, 576 male Ross 308 day-old chickens were divided into 24 floor pens and fed a corn-soybean based control diet (C) and five other probiotic or wheat bran supplemented diets (LAB, BAB, LAB+WB, BAB+WB, C+WB) in 4 replicates. The wheat bran content of the starter, grower and finisher diets were 3, 6 and 6%, respectively. During the 37 day long fattening period, growth rate, feed intake were recorded and feed conversion was calculated. At the end of the trial, 8 chickens per treatment were slaughtered and the following parameters investigated: trypsin, lipase and amylase activity of the jejunal chyme, ileal histomorphology and Lactobacillus load. None of the treatments resulted significant differences in the production traits (P>0.1). BAB supplementation tended to decrease digestive enzyme activity. Feeding WB in all combination increased crypt depth (P=0.002), ileal muscle layer thickness (P=0.001) and decreased the villi: crypt ratio (P=0.037) in the ileum.

Authors analysed the reproductive, growth and slaughter records of Pannon White rabbits based on records collected between 1992 and 2014. The examined traits were: average daily gain (ADG), thigh muscle volume (TMV) and litter weight at day 21 (LW21). Genetic parameters were estimated using basic and extended (with dominance effects) single trait animal models using the REML procedure. Heritability estimates ranged between low and moderate for all traits (ADG: 0.25-0.3±0.01, TMV: 0.21-0.24±0.02-0.03, LW21: 0.07-0.19±0.01). Random litter effects were moderate for ADG (0.24-0.25±0.01) but were low for TMV (0.09-0.1±0.01-0.03). Magnitude of permanent environmental effects exceeded that of the heritability values for LW21 in most models. Applying the extended complete models dominance effects were low for ADG and TMV (0.03±0.01-0.02) and moderate for LW21 (0.23±0.01). Among the estimated genetic correlation coefficients, the observed negative value between ADG and TMV (-0.31±0.03) and between TMV and LW21 (-0.38±0.13) were unfavourable. Based on the different models the estimated breeding values showed high stability as their rank correlation coefficients were close to unity (0.93-0.99).

Hungary was among the first member states where financial instruments of the EU were introduced in lager scale and scope in 2007. However, in the new development phase (2014-2020) experiences of the delivery system have been just partly applied. The renewed, centralized model has a lower level diversity in terms of the type of financial institutions responsible for financial intermediation. Despite their numerous advantages the structural changes hold many risks on growth and on local economic development as well, since the embeddedness of the financial intermediaries in local economies and their diversity are among the core features to provide the properly customised financial services for the targeted enterprises. This institutional change causes a rapid spending of repayable subsidies but hindering the delivery of the original objectives of the cohesion policies. The intermediary system territorially does not give priority to the disadvantaged regions, furthermore contact points are concentrated on urban areas with higher level of economic growth. Beside this, the microcredit objectives cannot be put into practice, the average credit amount increased sixfold in the new development period.

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is an invasive alien species indigenous to North America. Ragweed is a big threat to agriculture and has a serious impact on human health. The most important area with ragweed occurrence within Europe is Pannonian Plain in Central Europe. This research introduces for the first time the unique, direct broad-scale survey of A. artemisiifolia in relation to real-life occurrence and infestation in the field. To understand the distribution of ragweed in the territory the geospatial analysis was applied to create 2D map in ArcGIS environment. The field survey was undertaken during summer 2014 in the Žitný ostrov (Slovakia). The investigation revealed that spatial occurrence of A. artemisiifolia is not homogeneous and there is also striking territorial heterogeneity of infestation rate. Ragweed was observed at 80 (47.2%) out of 169 sites. The infestation of arable land (mostly stubbles) varied from weak infestation, 24 sites (1-30 plants*10 m-2) to heavy infestation, 26 sites (˃80 plants*10 m-2). The research on associated plant communities was also carried out. Stubble field’s vegetation was found to be highly species poor, on an average only 2.5 species*10 m-2. Among 40 recorded species the most frequent (noticed at 25% sites) were Datura stramonium, Chenopodium album, and Mercurialis annua. This broad-scale survey provides an overview and useful information on considerations needed to make decisions about ragweed control and potential future expansion. The presented study offers also inventory of ragweed frequency over the large area.

Local development has been always considered an important instrument in the renewal of the rural economy, society and settlements, but recent changes of rural areas led to the conceptual expansion of the term. Besides locality-based development, the significance of the novel concept of place-based development has also been recognised. Place-based development not only takes the local characteristics into account, but tries to harmonise the development processes of the different sectors and territorial levels. The core of place-based approach is the well-coordinated, multilateral and continuous communication between the actors and institutes from different territorial levels and different sectors. Our paper provides an overview of the concepts of locality-based and place based development, and investigates their applicability to the development of the Hungarian rural areas. The presented results of a survey which involved the experts in the Hungarian National Rural Network provide additional information about the Hungarian rural development and the necessity of place-based approach.

Chondrina tatrica Ložek, 1948 is reported for the first time for Romania. The species was thought to be endemic to the Western Carpathian Mountains. The Romanian locality (Boga valley, Bihor County) is situated approximately 260 km from the nearest known site of the species in a straight line. The zoogeographical significance of this finding and the possible route of the ancestors of C. tatrica to the Carpathians is discussed.

Preferences in the consumption of food and drinks can change according to eating habits. A consumer test with total 320 participants held in the countries of the Visegrad Group (Visegrad Four) in April 2016 confi rmed, however the popularity of regional beers, particularly those with a medium original wort extract (about 11.5 to 12.0 % wt), with medium to high bitterness, high body-fullness, high carbonation and medium alcohol content. Some groups of participants had different preferences but the beers with lower bitterness, lower original wort extract and lower sharpness were generally rated lower.

Movies are excellent teaching tools. They are an excellent way to teach and reinforce higher-level listening skills for foreign language learners. It's not really enough to simply put the movie on and let the students watch it. Rather, the teacher need to structure activities around the film that encourage students to listen for key words and phrases, figure out the movie’s main idea, and generally stretch their language skills in an applied setting.

As the number of published books multiplied during the second half of the 15th century, printers and editors were constantly in search of new methods to raise public attention to the own publications, and ultimately, to have the readers buy their books. Paratexts (dedications, dedicatory poems, title page illustrations) were one of the most important tools by which the future readers could easily identify the content and the social or scientific significance of the book. In this study, I examine the poems, where the book speaks (Libellus loquitur), one of the typical paratexts of the books published around 1500. I argue that it were not only the ancient literary models of such introductory poems (Ovid, Martial) which defined this genre in the Renaissance, but also the heritage of medieval manuscript culture (the handwritten colophons of the scribes) and the medieval ways of reading, deeply rooted in Christian spirituality (the divina lectio) exerted significant influence on the evolution of these poems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]