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Oral films, namely buccal mucoadhesive films and orodispersible films represent innovative formulations for administration of a wide range of drugs. Oral films show many advantageous properties and are intended for systemic drug delivery or for local treatment of the oral mucosa. In both cases, the film represents a thin layer, which could be intended to adhere to the oral mucosa by means of mucoadhesion; or to rapid dissolution and subsequent swallowing without the need of liquid intake, in the case of orodispersible films. Main constitutive excipients are film-forming polymers, which must in the case of mucoadhesive forms remain on the mucosa within the required time interval. Oral films are currently available on the pharmaceutical market and could compete with conventional oral dosage forms in the future.oral cavity oral films buccal mucoadhesive films orodispersible films film-forming polymers.

This paper links up with Part I and deals with the other medicinal preparations, which were originally included in the Austrian book of prescriptions Dispensatorium pharmaceuticum Viennense and then taken over to the Austrian provincial pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoea austriaco-provincialis, repeatedly published between 1774 and 1794. This part discusses semisolid dosage forms, e.g. Electuaria, Mella, Pulpae, Unguenta, and solid dosage forms, e.g. Emplastra, Extracta, Morsulae, Pilulae, Pulveres, Rotulae, Tabulae, Trochisci. The final part of the paper also lists chemical substances (Chymica et consimilia) prepared in pharmacies and presents general evaluation of the provincial Pharmacopoeia.

Coated pellets controlling drug release are a very popular dosage form which is widely used in medical practice. At present the coatings of water-insoluble polymers formed from aqueous dispersions are preferred. However, film formation from an aqueous polymeric dispersion is different from that from their organic solutions. A stable film on the pellets surface is produced by coalesces of discrete latex particles at an optimum temperature. The present experimental paper studied the changes of diclofenac sodium dissolution profiles from coated pellets, when their coatings from an aqueous polymeric dispersion of ethyl cellulose were cured for different time periods (1-72 hours) and a temperature of 60 degrees C. Drug release rate was decreasing with the increasing time of the layer curing up to 24 hours. At this time the dissolution curve was similar to a strait line. When the curing time further increased, the drug release was again faster. All prepared samples (with or without seal coat, cured for a period of 24 hour or uncured) were filled into hard gelatine capsules and stored in blisters in three different stability boxes (25 degrees C/60% RH, 30 degrees C/65% RH, 40 degrees C/75% RH) for 6 or 12 months. The best drug dissolution profile and stability were observed for the pellets with the seal coat and ethyl cellulose coating cured for 24 hours.

The problems related to unused drugs kept in households and returned to pharmacies have been investigated from various viewpoints. After an analysis of preparations which had both the primary and secondary container, or only the primary one (set I), sets II (free blisters and strips), III (free solid dosage forms which occurred singly) IV (extemporaneously prepared medicinal preparations), and V (health service appliances) were analyzed. Out of set II (1,233 blisters), 274 (22.2%) were used and 959 (77.8%) were still complete, unused. The expiration period was over in 66.1% of blisters, 29.8% was still usable, and in 4.1% of blisters the expiration period could not be determined. The value of returned drugs was 185,287 Czech crowns, after conversion it was 61,762 Czech crowns.

Cationic capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) with coductimetric detection has been used for separating and determination of xanthinol in two commercial mass-produced preparations. The optimized ITP electrolyte system consisted of 5 mM potassium picolinate + 5 mM picolinic acid (pH 5.21) as the leading electrolyte and 10 mM formic acid as the terminating electrolyte. The driving and detection currents were 50 microA (for 380 s) and 10 microA, respectively. The analysis took about 8 min. According to the validation procedure based on the reference UV spectrophotometric method, the ITP method gave practically the same results.

If the names used for dosage forms in pharmacopoeias and professional literature are examined, changes are found which are not always connected with extended knowledge about preparations, or the development of new variants of the dosage form. The same finding holds true for their classification into systematic groups. The problem has become particularly topical within the framework of international co-operation. The objective of the present paper is to inform about the steps aiming at standardisation of their nomenclature at least in Europe.

The "galenical" dissertation which was presented for disputation by Georgius Horcicka at Charles University in 1841 is discussed as far as its content is concerned. The dissertation studies a great number of pharmaceutical dosage forms, many of which are already obsolete, but a certain number of which are still in use in the present time. It is probably one of the first dissertations treating of the given subject.

Within the framework of the study of the derivatives of phenylcarbamic acid with a local anaesthetic effect, one of them, a potential medicinal agent with the working name of XX B, chemically N-[2-(3-heptyloxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)-ethyl]-dimethylammoniumchl oride, was investigated. Linking up with the previous studies, the paper investigated the effects of two auxiliary substances--cellulose derivatives (hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose)--and their concentration on the pharmaceutical availability of the potential drug XX B from the dosage form. At the same time the effect of the employed concentration of the macromolecular substances on the viscosity of the dosage form was examined. The study revealed that with the growing concentration of cellulose derivatives the viscosity of the prepared dosage forms was increased, and the release of the active ingredient was decelerated. Both auxiliary substances influenced the pharmaceutical availability of the potential drug XX B in an approximately identical manner, and thus both could be employed for the same purpose.

Micronized phenofibrate 200 mg was administered in clinical trial to 30 patients with dyslipidaemia. Their average age was 51.9 years (10 with type 2a, 12 with type 2b and 8 with types 4 and 5). After 12 weeks of treatment significant improvement of the whole lipid profile was achieved. The total cholesterol declined in different sub-groups by 16, 17 and 20% resp. LDL cholesterol declined by 20 and 18 per cent in types 2a and 2b, in types 4 and 5 it was not assessed (it was not possible to use Friedewald's equation). Triglycerides declined by 39, 45 and 75%. The HDL concentration increased by 16, 27 and 25%. The atherogenic indexes TCh/HDL-Ch declined by 28, 36 and 32%. LDL-Ch/HDL-Ch dropped by 30 and 34%. The extent of the hypolipidaemic effect depended on the baseline value: the more pathological the baseline value, the more marked the improvement. As to other investigated indicators there was a significant rise of the apolipoprotein AI and Lp AI particle concentration. Apoprotein B declined insignificantly. Uric acid declined significantly by 28%. Fibrinogen dropped significantly only in type 2a. The lipoprotein(a) concentration did not change significantly. The drug was very well tolerated and undesirable effects were minimal. Micronized phenofibrate (Lipanthyl 200 M) due to its comprehensive favourable effect on the entire lipid profile and other risk factors can prove useful in the treatment of all types of dyslipidaemias (with the exception of type I). As compared with Lipanthyl 100, the better pharmacokinetic properties make it possible to reduce the dose from 300 mg/day and it can be administered in a single daily dose.

The authors give an account of the structure of different drug forms within the framework of individually prepared drugs based on an analysis of 7862 prescriptions made in 1985. They analyze the structure in relation to the territory and type of pharmacies. Ointments were most frequent by prescribed (31.6%), followed by solutions for external use.

The size and speed of progesterone effects depend on many factors; s ummarized in 2 groups: factors concerning the applied preparations and f actors related ot the quality and condition of the endometrium. Superlutin in doses of 10 mg/1.5 ml and 20 mg/3 ml prepared for injection was compared with progesterone in doses of 30 mg/1 ml. Both were compared as regards immediate effects. In injection administration, superlutin has a slightly higher efficiency than progesterone, but prepared for injection it does not have a quick effect because of its low level of solubility. It is suggested that the 30 mg/1 ml of progesterone be used for quick effect. For semidepot efficie ncy the hydroxyprogesteroncepronate (Neolutin forte) containing 125 mg/1 ml is recommended since it is fairly suitable.