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Copyright of Journal of International Relations / Medzinarodne Vztahy is the property of University of Economics in Bratislava, Faculty of International Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, especially its first section and the clauses contained in it: the citizenship clause, the privileges or immunities clause, the due process clause and the equal protection clause and the historically variable interpretation of those by the Supreme Court, the decisions of which often accounted for fundamental changes in the perception of the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment. Quite frequently, it was the Supreme Court that stood behind the significant social changes throughout history, whether in the area of racial segregation that still lasted for many years in the United States even after the end of the civil war, or later in the area of the right to privacy. The paper also deals with the approach of the dominant methods of interpretation to the Fourteenth Amendment, it compares the different approaches and the resulting interpretative conclusions. A special attention is dedicated to the contradictory interpretations of the originalist theory and the Living Constitution theory, the conflict between the advocates of these two lasting until today and still constituting an important part of the constitutional law debate in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies of Socio-Economics & Humanities / Socioekonomické a Humanitní Studie is the property of College of Banking, Banking Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Media4u Magazine is the property of Ing. Jan Chromy, Ph.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Theory of Science / Teorie Vedy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for Science, Technology & Society Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a general expectation from social work to provide clients protection from social exclusion or to support them in their reintegration into society. In situation, when employment is considered to be a keystone of integration, social work gets into trouble, as social work is not able to create any job opportunities itself. The author in a paper argue about distinguished changes allied foremost to labour market changes, and their goal is to identify social work's opportunities to deal with these risks, or to prevent them. Concept of integration and concept of social entrepreneurship (especially enterprises WISE) are topic of the text. Theoretical solvents are discussed with research results "Social Work in the social entrepreneurship area" funded by Student research Found by University of Ostrava. The research process in this area has two phases – qualitative and quantitative. The topic of this text is 1st phases, which research aim is to contribute to recognition of social entrepreneurship's reality and put forward possibilities of social work application in the area of social entrepreneurship. In this research phase are realized semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurship's founders, eventually with social workers. The basic principle of the choosing social entrepreneurships is the principle of theoretical selection. The interviews are analysed by the method of grounded theory in this time. There are two types of social enterprises by ways of achieving integration objectives. For each type are identified means of the social work and are discussed its opportunities for further development of the relationship between social entrepreneurship and social work. For the integration goals of social work is promising, when founders/managers of social enterprises have background of social work. Such social enterprises and social entrepreneurs can be seen as change agents working towards the development of local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Czech Hospitality & Tourism Papers is the property of Vysoka Skola Hotelova v Praze 8, spol. S. r.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of China's energy security policy on Sino-American relations. The first chapters analyze the latest developments in China's energy consumption, including some projections into the future. Next, the paper defines the main actors of Chinese energy security policy, considers its nature, and explores China's specific strategies to increase its energy security at the regional and global level. Finally, it determines the nature of current and future Sino-American relations from the perspective of growing Chinese energy dependency. Finally, the article recommends the most appropriate strategies to manage the Chinese energy growth and strengthen the stability of the global energy system. The paper reflects general patterns of energy security, as defined by the main theorists in the field, as well as the most important views on the future development of Sino-American relations. It is based on the main presumption that due to the interdependence of the global energy market, Chinese demand for energy recourses shouldn't be handled by the politics of containment, but by China's incorporation into the community of energy consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper maps the history of the term and ideas about heterosexuality in the United States of America since the second half of the 19th century until the 20th century. Katz focuses primarily on the construction of the concept and terminological apparatus of heterosexuality (and homosexuality) in the medical discourse, its entry into the social mind and historical changes in the subsequent periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the former US President Bush's plan for the so-called third pillar of the American missile defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic in the context of American-Iranian and American-Russian relations. We assess the explanatory power of different but interconnected (neo)realist conceptualizations of security dilemma and deterrence. Specifically, the study evaluates the relative importance of classical security dilemma versus imperialist security dilemma and the explanatory power of three different modalities of deterrence. The paper further shows how Iran and Russia balanced the United States. We also argue that the American missile defense system was not primarily motivated by defensive realist worries about security, but rather by an offensive realist struggle for power and gains at the expense of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Czech Journal of International Relations / Mezinárodní Vztahy is the property of Ustav Mezinarodnich Vztahu, v. v. i. (Institute of International Relations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents Lightner Witmer as a founding personality of psychology applied in practice. It follows his professional career and put it into the historical context of development of both the society and psychology in the U.S.A. On the basis of authentic materials, the author describes the Witmer's clientele and his description of the clinical method. His founding article from the year 1907 is mentioned more extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented work deals with experience and sensation seeking tendency as an important phenomenon of quality of life of present days society. The paper contains a brief introduction into this field. It describes a questionnaire method, which enables measuring of the sensation seeking tendency. This scale is known in the country of its origin, the United States of America, and in the world as the Sensation Seeking Scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ethnomethodology, this article addresses what participants do as 'practical historians' - how they use and produce history in and through their activities. Specifically, it studies how historical contingencies are built into antagonistic political talk and to what effect. To that end, the authors revisit three of their own papers, all of which analysed how the 9/11 attacks in the United States were represented. The authors reanalyse the texts focusing on how the protagonists in the conflict (Bush, Blair and bin Laden) 'did history'. The analysis reveals two related methods of 'practicing history': one is to situate contemporary events relative to historical antecedents and so provide them with history-contingent meanings; the other is to constrain the historical understanding of the events in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the article: The present article is focused on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its implementation into American Stock Market. It attempts to empirically test the validity of the CAPM to estimate individual stock returns based on historical stock data of selected companies. Security Market Line (SML) was used on the data collected from a wide range of investment horizons (periods of 1, 3, 5, and 10 years). The results show that the coefficient beta is incapable of explaining returns of single assets and the relation between systematic risk and expected return is weak. Methodology/methods: Empirical analysis is make on the time period 2001-2011. Selected stocks has to by trade on AMEX, NASDAQ or NYSE minimal since year 2000. Concrete 10 stock were selected with using branch analysis and were divide in two groups (a) cyclic stocks and (b) other (neutral-anticyclic) stocks. By every stock was watch the closing price which was adjusted of dividends and contain splits. Scientific aim: The aim of this article is by using the model of Security Market Line (SML) verify the validity of CAPM model by assets pricing. According to Alfa coefficient is determine how much differentiate is the yield set by CAPM model and the market yield in selected investment horizons. Findings: Selected length of investment horizon has important effect on the results. Worst results were found by the shortest length (1 year). With the growing of the investment horizon are the results better, but the Alfa coefficients is still to higher and the model inaccurate. Selected stocks with lower beta coefficient has higher yield that yield set by the CAPM model. Conclusions: For explanation of the yields by selected stocks we can't recommend use the CAPM model nor on the biggest stock market, on US stock market. The relation between beta coefficient and stock yield is very weak. But other site CAPM model in the shape of SML curve can be recommended by using as discount factor [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explains the true nature of Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in relation to its specific position and potential to be Highest Court of Sport. It also describes the relationship of CAS to other courts, mainly Swiss Federal Tribunal and European Courts. The article starts with a part where the notion of CAS independence is demonstrated in the light of functioning of International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) and International Olympic Committee (IOC), the original founder of CAS. The shadows of doubt of real independence of CAS are still around in arguments of parties to disputes and in literature. Article also explains the originality of CAS proceedings, mainly in terms of its Appeal Procedure. Despite CAS is basically private court, appeal procedure has elements of vertical relations dispute resolution in the light of sports pyramid - the player or clubs vs. an association of sport. Interesting feature of CAS decision-making is also demonstrated by application of principles like ne bis in idem in case of the so called Osaka rule passed by International Olympic Committee, challenged by United States Olympic Committee. Then the content of the writing comes to the relations of CAS towards ordinary courts. It concerns the possible routes of appealing CAS decisions, based on what reasons to appeal at all and where. In conclusion the article summarizes pluses and minuses of CAS proceedings and indicates if it indeed is the Highest Sports Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the G. W. Bush administrations Poland was supposed to become a host country for a part of the American missile defense system. This article analyses the course of the bilateral U.S.-Polish negotiations, identifies the initial Polish motives for cooperating, and analyses the Polish negotiating strategy. The article also follows Polish reaction to the reconsideration of the project by Barack Obama and assesses the impact of the issue on Polish relations with the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of General Practitioner / Praktický Lékař is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)