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Introduction: Adverse food reactions are a group of different phenomena that manifest after consuming food. They are divided into two basic groups: those whose pathophysiological mechanism is an immune reaction (allergies) and those without an immune reaction (intolerance). Aim: The primary goal of this paper is to discuss gastrointestinal manifestations on food. Methods: A review of the published literature was conducted. Results: The term “food allergy” is used to denote an immune-mediated side effect of protein. These include IgE-mediated food allergies, mixed IgE and non-immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic reactions (non-IgE). IgE-mediated food allergies begin within minutes to two hours of ingestion. There are two different gastrointestinal manifestations of this type of reaction: oral allergy syndrome and anaphylaxis. Non-IgE-mediated food allergies manifest as subacute and/or chronic symptoms that are typically isolated to the gastrointestinal tract and/or skin. Gastrointestinal allergy disorders that are non-IgE-mediated include food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, food protein-induced enteropathy, and food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis. In the literature, celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, and iron deficiency because of allergy to cow’s milk proteins are sometimes included in this group. Conclusion: This paper focused on the presentation of gastrointestinal manifestations of allergies whose incidence is increasing and which represent a significant public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe asthma is considered a complex and heterogeneous disease, which includes different phenotypes, defined in terms of both clinical and molecular characteristics and different underlining endotypes. According to different studies, there are several clinical phenotypes of severe asthma in children. Most children are allergic to multiple aeroallergen sensitization (house dust mites, pollen, molds) and have high levels of total and specific IgE, reversible airflow obstruc-tion and early signs of remodelation. A small subgroup of children has persistent airflow limitation (FEV1 <80% predicted). There are two major underlining functional or pathophysiologic mechanisms for different phenotypes of asthma and severe asthma accord-ing to the immune mechanism: Type 2 asthma (Th2-high asthma, eosinophils in serum and sputum, high IgE levels, high FeNO; key cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and non-Type 2 asthma (Th2-low asthma, neutrophilic, paucigranulocytic and mixed granulocytic inflam-mation; key cytokines IL-8, IL-17, IL-22). The type 2 asthma endotype is more common in children, while biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis, such as IgE and IL-5 have become targets for biological therapy. The non-type 2 asthma endotype, less frequent in children with severe asthma, has fewer therapeutic options. The effect of azithromycin is still under investigation. Severe asthma, although uncommon, is a complex and high-risk phenotype of childhood asthma. Close monitoring of the patient and precise definition of underlying endotype during evaluation enables identification and use of personalized, endotype-targeted treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow's milk allergy is the most common allergic disease in infancy. About 80% of protein is present in the solid milk fraction (caseins, casein complex), and about 20% in the liquid milk fraction (whey). Whey contains α-lactalbumin (Bos d 4), ß-lactoglobulin (Bos d 5), bovine serum albumin (Bos d 6), immunoglobulins (Bos d 7) and lactoferrin. Total casein (Bos d 8) consists of four different fractions: aS1-casein (Bos d 9), aS2-casein (Bos d 10), ß-casein (Bos d 11) and ?-casein (Bos d 12). Determination of these individual allergen molecules is carried out using the so-called component resolved diagnostics (CRD), which allows identification of major (Bos d 4 and Bos d 5 and all casein molecules), minor (Bos d 6, Bos d 7 and lactoferrin), as well as cross-reactive (Bos d 5 and Bos d 6) allergen molecules. Future research will make it possible to assess diagnostic role of detecting individual allergen molecules. Progress is also expected in the field of molecular biology, genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine milk is highly nutritious food present in human diet for several thousands of years. In the recent decades, the question arose whether milk can be a part of a healthy diet because of its’ detrimental effects on human health. Since milk is cheap and easily available source of important nutrients, staple food for many people and has an important role in many national dietary guidelines, knowing its’ composition as well as potential positive and negative effects on human health and nutritional status is paramount, for both children and adults. Thus, the aim of the present study was to give a review of newer researches of bovine milk on child growth, obesity, risk of osteoporosis and noncommunicable diseases, lactose intolerance and milk protein allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]