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The paper deals with the comparison of the Croatian syntax in two identically titled grammar books Grammatik der Illyrischen Sprache (1833; 1854) by Ignjat Alojzije Brlić and his son Andrija Torkvat Brlić. Since Vjekoslav Babukić's Osnova slovnice slavjanske narěčja ilirskoga (1836), the first grammar book of the general Croatian, formed the basis of the linguistic norm for about fifty years, I.A. Brlić's grammar book did not have any significant practical implications. Sharing the same destiny, A.T. Brlić's grammar book is cited today mainly as the bibliographic entry. It was published in the same year as Babukić's Ilirska slovnica and it was the first attempt to provide a comprehensive scientifically-based grammar book in Croats. The syntactic description presented in the paper is based on the contrastive analysis. Though younger Brlić wrote his grammar book during the revival movement, many of its features remained similar to the pre-standard grammar books, including the one by I.A. Brlić. This is supported by the fact that the grammar book, intended to be used by German soldiers who learned Croatian, was written in German, while the examples were provided in Croatian and German. As in the older Brlić's grammar book, its syntactic description was based on the phrase and case syntax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explore the issue of multifunctional interpretation of syntactic elements in Arabic grammar. Thus, the aim of the research is to investigate the reasons underlying different grammatical interpretation of the same syntactic element in Arabic grammar. The focus is on an indefinite noun in the accusative case, which performs various functions within a sentence, the most common being the function of an absolute object. Through the analysis of a selected part of the Qur’anic text, the paper presents scholars’ attitudes towards this phenomenon. The findings showed that various multifunctional grammatical interpretations appeared from the very beginning of the standardization of grammar rules in Arabic. With its main postulates: an analytical approach, the concept of regency, the rule of implying certain grammar units, traditional concept of Arabic grammar left some space for the application of a functional-semantic criterion in the sentence analysis, which resulted in the appearance of different stances on the function of an indefinite noun in the accusative case. Grammatical multifunctionality is noticeable in the stances of Sibawayha, Ibn Hisham and others, while it is particularly notable within the studies dealing with the lingua-stylistic issues related to the Qur’anic text. The qualification of one syntactic from a few grammatical functions in a sentence and text results in linguastylistic implications in terms of textual economy and semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides the use of the infinitive in different syntactic functions through the analysis of representative examples from the corpus of oral literary expression in the case of the Bosniak epic song "The Wedding of Smailagić Meho", and through the similar examples from colloquial Bosnian language. In particular, atypical infinitive constructions were presented, with special reference to their status in contemporary Bosnian. The theoretical descriptions of the infinitival syntactic potential as a complement to the different types of verbs are presented too, with special reference to the differences in the use of certain atypical infinitive constructions through the whole Shtokavian area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject of analysis were syntactic and stylistic characteristics of travelogue Čudesa dneva by Alija Isaković. Working process included presence of elliptic sentences, apropos sentences without predicate, including forms where ellipse was used stylistically as well without stylistic meaning. Specific meanings were also a subject of analysis in sentences without subject. The next segment of our research were syntagms: substantive, verbal, adjectival and adverbial. Mostly substantive syntagms were detected, especially forms with noun as a main member and an adjective as a dependent member, while there is the lowest number of adjectival and adverbial syntagms. While analyzing verbal syntagms, we have mentioned specific verb meanings for narrative and descriptive travelogue theme development. Next segment of our research included sentence parts, where we had to limit ourselves to predicate, subject and attribute, because of article size. These sentence parts were selected because they were most important for the analysis, especially attribute since of its specific value for case stylistics. At the end we have analyzed syntactic and stylistic figures: inversion, asyndeton, polysyndeton, syntactical parallelism, anaphora, epiphora, reduplication and epithet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discuses syntactic definition of interjections starting from the definitions of that word class in Croatian grammars. As the analysis shows, interjections in Croatian grammars are defined as words which reflect the attitude of the speaker, they cannot be parts of a sentence and they (by themselves) represent a certain type of a sentence. Even though the interjection/interjector is defined as non-syntactic unit, the analysis and some of the grammar descriptions show that interjector can function as parts of a sentence (e.g. I've heard ouch). However, the prototype function of the interjector is not part of a sentence: Hey, what are you doing is probably the most frequent type of the use of the interjector. In this paper, that function of the word is understood as exclamation/exclamator which is defined as supra-syntactic function. In that sense, exclamator is deictic, it actualizes the meaning (and structure) of whole sentences and it is distributionaly autonomous, i.e. it is not structurally related to the sentence in which it is used. The exclamator is primarily the function of interjector, but verb forms, nouns, greetings and any other word or phrase can be exclamator in a specific context in which it has three features listed above. In this regard, a clear distinction between morphology and syntax is made, between word class and functions of the word in a specific language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Croatian translation of Augsburg Confession was done in the year 1562 by Croatian protestants Stipan Konzul and Antun Dalmatin. They translated Primož Trubar's Slovenian redaction and published it in two editions: Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Since they did not have a model on which to lean while translating this work, it is interesting to see what kind of language they have chosen for those editions not very closely related to the altar (as e.g. New testament), i.e. is there any difference between the language of their liturgical and nonliturgical editions or does their literary language concept remain the same. In this article syntactic functions of the present active participle and the perfect active participle I, excerpted from the Glagolitic edition of Artikuli, are being analyzed. Based on their usage, the article aims at determining which status Croatian protestants have allocated to these forms, which were previously considered as the key elements of the most prestigious variant of the Croatian literary language. Although the Croatian translation follows Trubar's edition very consistently, particularly interesting are numerous examples in which Croatian protestants introduced the participle in place of other Slovenian syntactic constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper covers some of the syntactic properties of the dialect of Šemnica Gornja based upon the results of the author's own field work and the available literature dedicated to the Kajkavian dialect group. It includes the issues of the syntax of tenses, the syntax of cases, the syntactic function of certain word types (such as adjectives in a predicative function, adverbs and prepositional phrases as complements of the goal verbs, etc.). Special attention is paid to subject and attribute in the analysis of the grammatical structure of sentences. This is followed by an analysis of two operations of the grammatical structure: negation and interrogation. The paper ends with a review of some of the characteristics of syntactic word order (especially the position of enclitics). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's analysis compares and contrasts the syntactic (and suprasyntatic) elements defining orthographic principles and rules. The aim of the paper is to shed light on the theoretical and methodological aspects used to define syntactic principles contained within descriptions of orthographic norms - the Croatian norm, primarily - but also to examine certain other South Slavic languages, particularly Slovenian. An overview of punctuation marks is followed by a discussion on the distinctive features of punctuation principles (determinants). It establishes its narrow scope, leading to a review of complementary punctuation, given that it is chiefly found in comma usage principles (criteria). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gornja Lonja dialect is distinguished by some fundamental characteristics, for which reason this dialect is separated into a special entity of its own. Based largely on current studies of the Zelina and Vrbovec vernaculars of this dialect and on papers published to date (Kalinski, Lončarić, Šojat), this paper describes the fundamental linguistic properties of the Gornja Lonja dialect at all linguistic levels. Its accentual properties include cross circumflex and acute metatony and cross metataxis, change of short syllablic stress location. From the basic Kajkavian lopáta and nosíti, the vernaculars of this dialect obtained lópata and nósiti, and from jágoda, plákati they obtained jagóda, plakáti. The third property is another specific and important accentual phenomenon - stress retraction from the second syllable with the long-descending and older acute towards the end of the word. For instance, from older govêdina and pîtamo/mlâtimo, the vernaculars obtained govēdína and pītámo/mlātímo. Vocalism consists of two vocal systems distinguished by the diphthongs ie and ou in long syllables of the Zelina vernaculars. Consonantism consists of an inventory of phonemes equal to the basic Kajkavian system. The main difference is the depalatalisation of ļ and ń specific to the Zelina vernaculars. In the context of morphological properties, which are largely characteristic of the dialect, it is important to single out the first person plural present: in the Zelina vernaculars the ending is -mę and in Vrbovec -mo. Some basic or specific syntactic properties are shown in the syntax of cases and tenses based on examples from the Vrbovec vernaculars. The dialect has retained the lexical stock characteristic of the Kajkavian lexis typical of ancient linguistics or by meaning and use peculiar to that dialect. The lexis is characterised by the typical Kajkavian usage of diminutives and hypocorism, Germanisms and Hungarianisms, as well as by a rich inventory of Kajkavian phrases. In the end, as is common in the dialectal landscape of a language, within the framework of the dialectal entity of a specific Kajkavian dialect, in this case the Upper Lonja dialect, it is possible to consider more conservative and revolutionary properties that also depend upon the geographical position of dialects inside the Kajkavian dialect group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]