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Mediteranska prehrana smatra se optimalnom vrstom prehrane za fizičko i psihičko zdravlje ljudi diljem svijeta. Mnogobrojna istraživanja naglašavaju dobrobiti za srce, mozak i mentalno blagostanje pojedinca od najranije dobi. Upravo je zbog toga cilj ovog istraživanja proučiti povezanost zdravih prehrambenih obrazaca i akademske izvedbe studenata kao još jedan značajan aspekt ljudskog funkcioniranja. Kvantitativno istraživanje u ovom se radu provelo putem anonimnog anketnog upitnika dodijeljenog studentima Filozofskog i Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 179 sudionika, od čega su njih 160 činile žene. Prosječna dob sudionika bila je 22 godine. Među sudionicima, njih 65 činili su studenti preddiplomskog studija, dok je studenata diplomskog studija bilo 114. Anketni upitnik sastojao se od Upitnika za pridržavanje mediteranske prehrane (MEDAS), Skale akademskog funkcioniranja konstruirane od strane istraživačice i pitanja otvorenog tipa o čimbenicima akademskog funkcioniranja. Rezultati su pokazali kako se u periodu od mjesec dana većina sudionika nije pridržavala smjernica mediteranske prehrane. Međutim, veće pridržavanje bilo je povezano s većim razinama motivacije i koncentracije u akademskom kontekstu. Učestalost konzumiranja mediteranske prehrane nije bila povezana s prosjekom ocjena i svakodnevnim raspoloženjima. Može se zaključiti kako je mediteranska prehrana u određenoj mjeri povezana s nekim aspektima akademskog funkcioniranja, pri čemu je potrebno dodatno istražiti i utjecaj ostalih čimbenika., Mediterranean diet is considered the optimal type of diet for promoting physical and mental health in people all around the world. Various studies highlight its positive effect on heart, brain and mental well-being from the earliest age. The aim of this study is therefore to explore the relationship between healthy diet patterns and students’ academic performance as an additional significant aspect of human functioning. The quantitative research in this work was carried out by distributing anonymous questionnaires to the students of The faculty of humanities and social sciences and The faculty of medicine at the University of Split. There were 179 participants, 160 of them being women. The mean age was 22. Among participants, there were 65 undergraduate and 114 graduate students. The questionnaire consisted of the Mediterranean diet adherence score (MEDAS), the Academic functioning scale constructed by the researcher and an open-ended question about the factors influencing students’ academic functioning. The results show that most of the participants did not adhere to the mediterranean diet during the period of one month. However, better adherence was associated with higher levels of motivation and concentration in academic context. The frequency of consumption showed no link to the GPA and everyday moods. We can conclude that Mediterranean diet is related to some of the aspects of academic functioning, but only to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the influence of other factors as well.

Cilj istraživanja: Pregledom dostupne znanstvene literature prikazati utjecaj hrane i komponenti hrane na razvoj upalnih procesa u ljudskom organizmu te pronaći smjernice za pravilno provođenje protuupalne prehrane. Materijali i metode: Pregled literature temeljio se na pretrazi znanstvenih radova koji su istraživali učinak određenih tvari i namirnica na biomarkere upale. Pretražena je baza MEDLINE (PubMed) koristeći izraze inflammation, diet, inflammatory markers, anti-inflammatory diet, dietary inflammation index. Prilikom pretraživanja literature nije se koristio niti jedan od mogućih isključnih kriterija. Prema tome, u istraživanje su uključeni svi radovi neovisno o godini objave i ustroju istraživanja. Rezultati: Namirnice koje pojačavaju upalni proces su meso i mesne prerađevine, biljni izvori omega-6 masnih kiselina, konditorski i pekarski proizvodi, neumjerene količine alkohola te gazirana i zaslađena pića. Namirnice koje smanjuju upalni proces su maslinovo ulje, plava riba i orašasto voće bogato omega-3 masnim kiselinama, voće, povrće, gljive te začinsko i aromatično bilje kao izvor fitokemikalija. Zaključci: Protuupalna prehrana povezana je sa smanjenjem biomarkera upale, smanjenim rizikom za razvoj nezaraznih kroničnih bolesti te je povezana s duljim životnim vijekom. Način konzumacije hrane važan je dio u provođenju protuupalne prehrane, a optimalne režime protuupalne prehrane predstavljaju Mediteranska i Okinawa prehrana. Uz redovitu fizičku aktivnost te smanjenu konzumaciju alkohola i prestanak pušenja, provođenje protuupalne prehrane može spriječiti razvoj niza bolesti koje u podlozi imaju upalni proces., Objective: Using the available scientific literature, demonstrate the effects of foods and food components on the development of inflammatory processes in the human body and find the guidelines for the proper implementation of an anti-inflammatory diet. Materials and methods: The literature search was based on a search for scientific papers investigating the effect of specific substances and food components on inflammatory biomarkers. The MEDLINE database (PubMed) was searched using the terms “inflammation”, “diet”, “inflammatory markers”, “anti-inflammatory diet”, “dietary inflammatory index”. None of the possible exclusion criteria were used in the literature search, so all papers were included in the study, regardless of the year of publication or the structure of the study. Results: Foods that increase the inflammatory process include meat and meat products, plant sources of omega-6 fatty acids, sweets and bakery products, excessive alcohol consumption, and carbonated and sweetened beverages. Foods that reduce the inflammatory process include olive oil, fatty fish and nuts rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, and herbs and aromatic herbs as a source of phytochemicals. Conclusions: An anti-inflammatory diet is associated with a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers, a lower risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases, and a longer life expectancy. How foods are consumed is an important component of implementing an anti-inflammatory diet, and the optimal anti-inflammatory diet is represented by the Mediterranean and Okinawan diets. Together with regular physical activity and the reduction of alcohol consumption and smoking, an anti-inflammatory diet can prevent the development of various diseases.

Prakticiranje zdravog načina života predstavlja velik izazov svoj populaciji, a posebice medicinskim sestara i tehničarima. Naglasak na način života i životne navike je dosegao svoj vrhunac od početka pandemije koronavirusa. Medicinske sestre-tehničari svakodnevno su izloženi velikim stresorima kao što su dugotrajan radni dan, preopterećenosti, nedovoljan broj slobodnih sati. Ti stresori su još došli do naglaska s pojavom koronavirusa i početkom COVID-19 pandemije. Poznato nam je da samo neki od loših mehanizama suočavanja sa stresom kao što su pušanje i pretjerano jedenje pridonose komorbiditetu i mortalitetu zdravstvenih radnika. U ovom istraživanju smo ispitali životne navike medicinskih sestara s obzirom na mjesto rada, dob ispitanika i utjecaj COVID-19 pandemije te utvrdili razlike u pridržavanju obrasca mediteranske prehrane s obzirom na mjesto rada, dob ispitanika i utjecaj COVID-19. Istraživanje je provedeno na 221 ispitiniku pomoću online upitnika sastavljenog od pitanja koja su se odnosila na opće i demografske podatke ispitanika,a u drugom dijelu ispitivanja korišten je modificirani Upitnik o životnim navikama. 42,8 % ispitanika smatra da je COVID pandemija negativno utjecala na njihove zdravstvene navike iako je statistička ispitivanjem utvrđena samo razlika u broju glavnih obroka i međuobroka tijekom radnog dana te broju međuobroka tijekom slobodnih dana te u unosu orašastih plodova obzirom na negativni utjecaj COVID pandemije na zdrave navike ispitanika. Ispitivanjem nije utvrđena razlika u broju obroka, ni u zastupljenost mediteranske prehrane s obzirom na mjesto rada i dob ispitanika. Utvrđeno je da porast dobi prati pad broja obroka u danu. Zaključak je da COVID-19 nije mnogo utjecao na zdravstvene navike medicinskih sestara. Razlog tome je što se medicinske sestre svakodnevno neovisno o kojoj je bolesti riječ suočene sa stresnim stanjima, iako je upravo loše suočavanje s njim razlog njihovih nezdravstvenih navika. Samo neki od loših mehanizama suočavanja sa stresom su pušenje i pretjerano jedenje. Njih bi trebalo zamijeniti tjelesnom aktivnosti kojom se medicinske sestre uglavnom ne bave, a povoljne utječe na sve aspekte zdravlja. Mediteranska prehrana kao zlatni standard zdravlja je slabo zastupljena, iako bi zdravstveni radnici trebali biti prvi u provedbi i promociji zdravog načina života. Možemo zaključiti da je potrebna ne samo trajna edukacija o zdravom načinu života već i viši stupanj osviještenosti među zdravstvenim radnicima. Neodgovarajuća prehrana, manjak tjelesne aktivnosti i općenito nepridržavanje zdravih životnih navika ne samo da mogu negativno utjecati na profesionalnost medicinskih sestara u obavljanju svakodnevnih zadataka već mogu narušiti i njihov kredibilitet da u tim segmentima djeluju savjetodavno prema pacijentima. Practicing a healthy lifestyle is a big challenge for the entire population, especially for nurses and medical technicians. The emphasis on lifestyle and healthy habits has reached its peak since the start of the coronavirus pandemic. Nurses are daily exposed to great stressors such as long working days, overloads, insufficient number of free hours. These stressors emphasized with the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic. We know that some of the poor stress coping mechanisms, such as smoking and overeating, contribute to the comorbidity and mortality of healthcare workers. In this research, we wanted to examine the lifestyle habits of nurses with regard to the place of work, the age of the nurses and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to claim if there is differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern with regard to the place of work, the age of the nurses and the impact of COVID-19. The research was conducted on 221 respondents using an online questionnaire consisting of questions related to general and demographic data of the respondents. In the second part of the study, a modified Questionnaire on lifestyle habits was used. 42.8% of the respondents believe that the COVID pandemic has had a negative impact on their health habits, even though the statistical examination only revealed a difference in the number of main meals and snacks during the working day and the number of snacks during days off and in the intake of nuts, considering the negative impact of the COVID pandemic on healthy habits of respondents. The research did not establish a difference in the number of meals with regard to the place of work and the age of the respondents. The conclusion is that the unhealthy habits of nurses have not been greatly affected by COVID-19. The reason for this is that nurses are facing with stressful situations every day, regardless of the disease in question, although it is precisely the poor coping with stress that is the reason for their unhealthy habits. Just some of the bad coping mechanisms for stress are smoking and overeating. They should be replaced by physical activity, which nurses generally do not engage in, and which has a beneficial effect on all aspects of health. The Mediterranean diet as the gold standard of health is poorly represented, although health workers should be the first to implement and promote a healthy lifestyle. We can conclude that not only permanent education about a healthy lifestyle is needed, but also a higher level of awareness among healthcare workers. Improper nutrition, lack of physical activity and general non-adherence to healthy lifestyle habits can not only negatively affect the professionalism of nurses in performing their daily tasks, but can also damage their credibility to act as advisors to patients in these segments

Različita hrana zahtjeva različite resurse te nema jednak utjecaj na zagađenje i/ili održivost, a isto se odnosi i na različite obrsce prehrane. Dvije popularne dijete različitih karakteristika, mediteranska i ketogena, uspoređene su prema njihovoj nutritivnoj kvaliteti te je izračunat i utjecaj na okoliš, mjereći CO₂ otisak dnevnih jelovnika (n=7 za svaku dijetu) kao i CO₂ otisak izražen na 1000 kcal. Osim izrzitih razlika u makronutritivnom sastavu (ketogeni obrasac prehrane ima znatno veće udjele masti (66% vs 33% u mediteranskoj dijeti) i proteina (24% vs 19% u med. dijeti), prakticiranje ketogene dijete značajnije doprinosi emisiji stakleničkih plinova (12 kg CO₂/dan vs 6 kg CO₂/dan za mediteranske jelovnike), dok je mediteranska dijeta po svom nutritivnom sadržaju u skladu s preporukama te je znatno nižeg CO₂ otiska (oko 50% manje po danu i izraženo na 1000 kcal) te time i održivija za okoliš. Different foods require different resources and do not have the same impact on pollution and/or sustainability, and the same applies to different types of diet. Two popular diets with different characteristics, Mediterranean and ketogenic, were compared according to their nutritional quality and the impact on the environment was calculated, measuring the CO₂ footprint of daily menus (n=7 for each diet) as well as the CO₂ footprint expressed per 1000 kcal. In addition to significant differences in the macronutrient composition (the ketogenic diet has significantly higher proportions of fat (66% vs 33% in the Mediterranean diet) and protein (24% vs 19% in the Mediterranean diet), practicing a ketogenic diet significantly contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases (12 kg CO₂/day vs 6 kg CO₂/day for Mediterranean menus), while the Mediterranean diet is in accordance with the recommendations in terms of its nutritional content and has a significantly lower CO₂ footprint (about 50% less per day and expressed per 1000 kcal) and thus more sustainable for Environment.

Vino je tradicionalno alkoholno piće mediteranskog podneblja sa složenim sastavom te blagotvornim učinkom (snižavanje krvnog tlaka, smanjeni rizik o pojave dijabetesa, antioksidativno djelovanje...). Glavni biološki spojevi u vinu su polifenoli koji uključuju tri klase spojeva: flavonoide, stilbene i proantocijanidine. Svaki od tih spojeva doprinosi zdravstvenim beneficijama vina, poput protuupalnog učinka, utjecaja na homeostazu glukoze; mogu služiti u neuroprotekciji i ponuditi kemopreventivni potencijal, smanjuju oksidativni stres i agregaciju trombocita. Stoga, cilj ovog rada je bio istražiti preferencije potrošača o konzumaciji vina i informiranost o utjecaju vina na zdravlje. Provedeno je on-line istraživanje, korištenjem google forms-a (n=35). Rezultati pokazuju kako većina ispitanika rijetko konzumira vino (njih 54,29 %) te kada ga konzumiraju nije prvotno radi zdravstvenih beneficija (8,57 % ispitanika), nego „radi dobrog osjećaja“ (54,29 % ispitanika); što se i poklapa sa cijenom kao glavnom karakteristikom tokom kupnje vina (77,14 %); međutim, slažu se da vino u umjerenoj konzumaciji donosi zdravstvene beneficije (82,35 % ispitanika). Navedeno ukazuje kako su ispitanici upoznati sa dobrobiti umjerene konzumacije vina na zdravlje kroz mediteranski obrazac prehrane, ali ih ne primjenjuju u svakodnevnom životu. Wine is a traditional alcoholic drink of the Mediterranean climate with a complex composition and a beneficial effect (lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk of diabetes, antioxidant effect...). The main biological compounds in wine are polyphenols, which include three classes of compounds: flavonoid, stilbene and proanthocyanidin. Each of these compounds contributes to the health benefits of wine, such as anti-inflammatory effect, influence on glucose homeostasis; may serve in neuroprotection and offer chemopreventive potential, reduce oxidative stress and thrombocytes aggregation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate consumer preferences about wine consumption and information about the impact of wine on health. An on-line survey was conducted, using google forms (n=35). The results show that the majority of respondents rarely consume wine (54.29 %) and when they do, it is not primarily for health benefits (8.57 % of respondents), but "for the sake of feeling good" (54.29 % of respondents); which coincides with price as the main characteristic when buying wine (77.14 %); however, they agree that moderate consumption of wine brings health benefits (82.35 % of respondents). The above indicates that the respondents are aware of the health benefits of moderate wine consumption through the Mediterranean diet, but they do not apply them in everyday life.

Kako ne postoji lijek za liječenje neurodegenerativnih bolesti kao što je npr. Alzheimerova demencija vrlo je važna prevencija razvoja bolesti. S navedenim ciljem, 2015. godine osmišljena je MIND dijeta koja je hibrid mediteranske prehrane i prehrambenog pristupa zaustavljanju hipertenzije (DASH dijete). Cilj joj je prehrambenom intervencijom smanjiti kognitivni pad te što duže održavati pravilne kognicije pacijenta. MIND smjernice potiču veću zastupljenost iz 10 skupina namirnica; cjelovitih žitarica, zelenog lisnatog povrća, ostalog povrća, bobičastog voća, orašastog voća, leguminoza, peradi, ribe, maslinovog ulja i vina. Cilj rada bio je osmisliti trodnevni jelovnik te ispitati usklađenost s dnevnim potrebama svih makronutrijenata te mikronutrijenata čije je protuupalno i antioksidativno djelovanje vrlo važno za usporavanje kognitivnih promjena. Rezultati pokazuju da su dnevne potrebe makronutrijenata zadovoljene jednako kao i potrebe većine mikronutrijenata. Analiza DASH dijete imala je veći udio zasićenih masti dok je njihov prosječan udio u jelovnicima MIND dijete u skladu s preporukama (SFA: 6,8%; MUFA: 15,8%; PUFA: 5,8%) što uvelike smanjuje rizik ne samo od razvoja demencije već i razvoja/komplikacija kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Because there is no available medicine for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's dementia, prevention of disease development is really important. In 2015 scientists designed the MIND diet, which is a hybrid of the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet). It`s goal is to prevent cognitive decline through a targeted nutritional intervention and to maintain the patient's proper cognition for as long as possible. Guidelines of the MIND diet recommend consumption of 10 food groups; whole grains, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, berries, nuts, legumes, poultry, fish, olive oil and wine. The purpose of this thesis was to create a three day menu for the MIND diet and test whether it contains all the essential macronutrients and micronutrients whose anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects are very important for slowing down cognitive changes. The analysis showed that the DASH diet had a higher amount of saturated fats, while the average amount of saturated fats in the MIND menus was in line with the recommendations (SFA: 6.8%; MUFA: 15.8%; PUFA: 5.8%), which greatly reduces the risk not only from the development of dementia but also the development/complications of cardiovascular diseases.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je saznati razlikuju li se bolesnici oboljeli od arterijske hipertenzije koji se od iste liječe u adherenciji sastavnicama mediteranske prehrane od onih koji se ne liječe. Uz to, dodatni je cilj bio usporediti te dvije skupine u količini tjelesne aktivnosti te vidjeti adheriraju li bolesnici koji su tjelesno aktivniji više navedenoj prehrani u odnosu na one manje aktivne. Materijali i metode: U ovo presječno istraživanje uključeno je 50 ispitanika dobi od 40 do 70 godina s esencijalnom arterijskom hipertenzijom, od čega je 27 bilo neliječeno, a 23 liječeno ACE inhibitorima. Antropometrijska mjerenja ispitanika izmjerena su kalibriranim medicinskim vagama, centimetarskom trakom te su iz navedenih podataka izračunati indeks tjelesne mase i omjer struka i bokova. Uz to, ispitanici su popunjavali medicinske upitnike vezane uz arterijski tlak i nosili uređaj za kontinuirano mjerenje arterijskog tlaka (KMAT) te su bili podvrgnuti uzimanju uzoraka periferne krvi na tašte. Također, pacijenti su popunjavali dva različita upitnika od kojih je prvi MDSS (eng. Mediterranean diet serving score), a drugi GPAQ (eng. Global physical activity questionnaire). Rezultati: Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u adherenciji mediteranskoj prehrani između skupine liječenih i ne liječenih (1/23 vs. 2/27, P=0,653). Bolesnici koji se liječe, manje su aktivni od bolesnika koji se ne liječe od arterijske hipertenzije (4502,9 ± 789,5 MET-minuta/tjedan vs. 2859 ± 765,2 MET-minuta/tjedan, P=0,012). Konačno, bolesnici s hipertenzijom koji su tjelesno aktivniji podjednako adheriraju sastavnicama mediteranske prehrane u odnosu na one koji su manje aktivni (6,7 ± 1,2 vs 7,5 ± 1,1, P=0,413). Zaključak: U bolesnika s arterijskom hipretenzijom pronađena je loša adherencija na mediteransku prehranu. Nadalje, pokazano je da osobe koje nisu liječene imaju veći stupanj tjelesne aktivnosti od liječenih te nije pronađena korelacija između stupnja tjelesne aktivnosti i adherencije mediteranskoj prehrani., Aim of the study: The aim of the research was to find out whether patients suffering from arterial hypertension who are treated for it differ in their adherence to the components of the Mediterranean diet from those who are not treated. An additional goal was to compare the two groups in the amount of physical activity and to see if patients who are more physically active adhere more to the mentioned diet compared to those who are less active. Methods: 50 subjects aged 40 to 70 with essential arterial hypertension were included in this cross-sectional study, of which 27 were untreated and 23 were treated with ACE inhibitors. The anthropometric measurements of the subjects were measured with calibrated medical scales, a centimeter tape, and the body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated from the above data. In addition, subjects filled out medical questionnaires related to arterial pressure and wore a device for continuous measurement of arterial pressure (CMAT) and underwent sampling of peripheral blood. Also, the patients filled out two different questionnaires, the first of which was the MDSS (Mediterranean diet serving score), and the second was the GPAQ (Global physical activity questionnaire). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in adherence to the Mediterranean diet between the treated and untreated groups (1/23 vs. 2/27, P=0.653). Patients who are treated are less active than patients who are not treated for arterial hypertension (4502.9 ± 789.5 MET-minutes/week vs. 2859 ± 765.2 MET-minutes/week, P=0.012). Finally, patients with hypertension who are more physically active adhere equally to the components of the Mediterranean diet compared to those who are less active (6.7 ± 1.2 vs 7.5 ± 1.1, P=0.413). Conclusion: Both groups (treated and untreated) have similar, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Untreated patients showed a higher level of physical activity than treated patients. Additionally, there is no correlation between physical activity levels and Mediterranean diet adherence.

Mediteranska prehrana je način prehrane koji se bazira na lokalnim namirnicama koje su konzumirali stanovnici Mediterana 60-ih godina. Mnoge su dosadašnje studije pokazale dobrobiti poput smanjenja rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, karcinoma, metaboličkog sindroma, reumatičnih bolesti te ostalih kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti. Važan dio mediteranske prehrane je svakodnevna aerobna tjelesna aktivnost koja donosi mnoge dobrobiti za ljudsko zdravlje poput smanjenja rizika od hipertenzije, predstavlja način prevencije od raka te se preporučuje kao terapija za osteoporozu. Uz sve navedeno, pozitivan utjecaj ima na kontrolu razina šećera u krvi, ali i kolesterola, čime se uvelike snižava rizik od srčanog udara ili drugih bolesti kardiovaskularnog sustava. Uz tjelesnu aktivnost često se vezuje i indeks tjelesne mase odnosno stupanj uhranjenosti. Pretilost se povezuje s povećanim rizikom od hipertenzije i većinom kardiovaskularnih bolesti, karcinoma i bolesti dišnih sustava te predstavlja najznačajniji čimbenik rizika za razvoj dijabetesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati povezanost mediteranske prehrane, dnevne aerobne tjelesne aktivnosti i stupnja uhranjenosti s pojavnošću kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti kod populacije otoka Visa. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 101 ispitanika koji su dali odgovore na pitanja o antropometrijskim podacima, općim zdravstvenim podacima te podacima o prehrambenim navikama i vrstama tjelesnih aktivnosti. Kronične nezarazne bolesti koje su obrađene su: povišeni krvni tlak, koronarna bolest srca, moždani udar, šizofrenija, manije/depresija, zloćudni tumor, šećerna bolest, giht, glaukom, upala zglobova, bubrežna bolest te ulkusna bolest. Rezultati su pokazali kako stupanj uhranjenosti (p=0.060) i mediteranska prehrana (p=0.465) nisu značajni prediktori pojavnosti kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti. Svakodnevna aerobna tjelesna aktivnosti međutim, potvrđena je kao značajni prediktor (p=0.022). Ovo je istraživanje omogućilo uvid u prehrambene navike stanovnika otoka Visa te je osiguralo vrijedne podatke za utvrđivanje stupnja uhranjenosti i svakodnevne tjelesne aktivnosti. Kod budućih istraživanja u obzir bi se trebala uzeti i tehnička ograničenja utvrđena obradom upitnika u ovome radu., Mediterranean diet represents a type of diet based on local ingredients consumed by the inhabitants of the Mediterranean area in the 60s. Many studies have proven the benefits of such Mediterranean diet that includes reduction of the cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, rheumatoid diseases, and other chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk. An important part of the Mediterranean diet is the daily aerobic physical activity, which also brings many benefits to human health such as reducing the risk of hypertension, cancer and malignant diseases and is recommended as a therapy for osteoporosis. In addition to all these observations above, it has proven to exert effects in control of blood sugar and cholesterol levels, which ultimately reduces the risk of heart attack or other cardiovascular diseases. Body mass index and weight status are often closely linked to physical activity. Obesity increases the risk of hypertension, majority of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and respiratory diseases, and is the most significant risk factor for the development of diabetes. The aim of this study was accordingly, to analyze the relationship between the Mediterranean diet, daily aerobic physical activity, and the weight status with the incidence of NCD in the inhabitants of the island of Vis. The study involved 101 participants who gave answers questions about anthropometric data, general health data, data on eating habits and physical activity. The NCD that have been covered by questioner are high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, schizophrenia, mania/depression, malignancy, diabetes, gout, glaucoma, arthritis, kidney disease and ulcer disease. The results showed that the weight status (p = 0.060) and the Mediterranean diet (p = 0.465) are not significant predictors of the incidence of NCD. Daily aerobic physical activity was confirmed as a significant predictor (p = 0.022). This research provided insights into the eating habits of the inhabitants of the island of Vis, as well as their weight status and daily physical activity. Future research should address the technical shortcomings identified in this thesis and established during the course of this study.

CILJ: Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio istražiti učestalost mediteranske prehrane te procijeniti pouzdanost i valjanost hrvatske inačice kratkog Indeksa konzumiranja mediteranske prehrane u uzorku studenata zdravstvenih usmjerenja sa Sveučilišta u Splitu. METODE: Presječno istraživanje je provedeno u razdoblju od prosinca 2018. do prosinca 2019. godine. Studenti Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu (N = 360) su predstavljali inicijalni uzorak koji se koristio u svrhu procjene pouzdanosti te kriterijske i konstruktivne valjanosti kratke inačice Indeksa konzumiranja mediteranske prehrane (engl. Mediterranean Diet Serving Score; MDSS), a kao referentna metoda se koristio Upitnik za pridržavanje mediteranske prehrane (engl. Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener; MEDAS). Studenti Sveučilišnog odjela zdravstvenih studija (N = 299) su predstavljali potvrdni uzorak koji se koristio u svrhu procjene prediktivne valjanosti hrvatske inačice MDSS upitnika. U oba uzorka se naposljetku utvrđivala učestalost mediteranske prehrane. Nadalje, percepcija stresa je procijenjena pomoću Ljestvice doživljenog stresa (engl. Perceived Stress Scale – 10; PSS-10), a mentalno blagostanje je procijenjeno korištenjem Warwick-Edinburgh ljestvice mentalnog blagostanja (engl. Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; WEMWBS). Životne navike studenata su ispitane pomoću upitnika koji je sadržavao pitanja o dobi, spolu, ITM-u, vremenu proteklom od posljednjeg vaganje tjelesne mase, pušenju, navikama spavanja, prehrambenim navikama (samostalnost u pripremi obroka, broju obroka u danu/tjednu, učestalosti doručkovanja), tjelesnoj aktivnosti (uključenost u sport i korištenje teretane), zadovoljstvo izgledom, kvaliteti života te razini tjeskobe, sreće i optimizma. Za procjenu pouzdanosti za MDSS i MEDAS upitnik korišten je koeficijent korelacije unutar klase (ICC) i Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije (ρ), a za slaganje između pojedinih skupina namirnica unutar MDSS i MEDAS upitnika korišten je Cohenov koeficijent (κ). Multivarijatnom linearnom regresijom je ispitana povezanost između mediteranske prehrane i doživljenog stresa te blagostanja. REZULTATI: Analiza podataka na uzorku studenata medicine je ukazala na dobru pouzdanost MDSS upitnika kad je rezultat izražen kao ukupni zbroj bodova (ICC = 0,881, 152 95% CI 0,843-0,909; ρ = 0,627; P < 0,001) i umjerenu razinu pouzdanosti kada je rezultat izražen kao binarna varijabla (κ = 0,584). U analizi valjanosti MDSS upitnika naprema MEDAS upitniku, valjanost je također bila bolja kada je korištena brojčana varijabla, tj. ukupan zbroj bodova (ICC = 0,544; 95% CI 0,439–0,629; P < 0,001), dok je korištenjem binarne varijable dobiveno slabo slaganje (κ = 0,223). Sličan rezultat je dobiven i u potvrdnom uzorku studenata zdravstvenih studija (ICC = 0,510; 95% CI 0,384–0,610; κ = 0,216). Nažalost, samo se 13,6% studenata medicine i 9,4% studenata zdravstvenih studija pridržavalo preporuka mediteranske prehrane prema MDSS upitniku (11,7% studenata u ukupnom uzorku). Studenti koji su se pridržavali mediteranske prehrane su imali prosječnu vrijednost od 20 bodova (IKR 10,5) od maksimalnih 40 bodova na ljestvici stresa, dok su studenti koji se nisu pridržavali mediteranske prehrane postigli prosječnu vrijednost od 21 boda (IKR 10,8), što nije bila značajna razlika. Prosječni zbroj bodova na ljestvici blagostanja je iznosio 56 bodova (IKR 17) u studenata koji su se pridržavali i 53 boda (IKR10) u studenata koji se nisu pridržavali mediteranske prehrane (P = 0,048), što ukazuje na umjerenu razinu mentalnog blagostanja u oba poduzorka studenata. Pridržavanje mediteranske prehrane prema MDSS upitniku je bilo u pozitivnoj korelaciji s dobi (ρ = 0,179: P = 0,003), samo-procijenjenom percepcijom zdravlja (ρ = 0,123; P = 0,047) i mentalnim blagostanjem (ρ = 0,139; P = 0,022). Međutim, pridržavanje mediteranske prehrane nije bilo povezano s percepcijom stresa i mentalnim blagostanjem u regresijskoj analizi. Studentice su imale veću vjerojatnost za višu percepciju psihološkog stresa u odnosu na studente (β = 2,29; 95% CI 0,55-4,03; P = 0,010) te je utvrđena negativna povezanost između stresa i mentalnog blagostanja (β = - 0,42; 95% CI -0,49 – -0,36; P < 0,001). Pozitivna povezanost je identificirana između razine mentalnog blagostanja i dobi studenata (β = 0,17; 95% CI 0,05-0,028; P = 0,006), kao i trajanja spavanja radnim danom (β = 0,84; 95% CI 0,11-1,58; P = 0,025). ZAKLJUČAK: MDSS upitnik je kratak, pouzdan i valjan mjerni instrument za procjenu pridržavanja mediteranske prehrane u Hrvatskoj. Osim toga, ovo je istraživanje ukazalo na nisku učestalost mediteranske prehrane u studenata zdravstvenih usmjerenja, umjerenu razinu percepcije stresa i umjerenu razinu mentalnog blagostanja. Stoga je potrebno uložiti napore u provedbu intervencije s ciljem poboljšanja prehrambenih navika studenata u smjeru promicanja i poticanja mediteranske prehrane, što će rezultirati zaštitom njihova zdravlja i zdravlja njihovih budućih pacijenata., AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the Mediterranean diet and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Croatian version of the short Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) questionnaire in a sample of health sciences students from the University of Split. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019. Students from the University of Split School of medicine (N = 360) constituted the initial sample used to assess the reliability and criterion and construct validity of the short version of the Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS), while the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Questionnaire (MEDAS) was used as the reference method. Students from the University Department of Health Studies (N = 299) presented a confirmatory sample used to assess the predictive validity of the Croatian version of the MDSS questionnaire. The prevalence of the Mediterranean diet was assessed in both samples. In addition, stress perception was assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10), and psychological well-being was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Students' lifestyle habits were assessed using a questionnaire that included questions on age, gender, BMI, time since last weighing, smoking, sleeping habits, eating habits (independence in preparing meals, number of meals per day/week, frequency of breakfast), physical activity (involvement in sports and gym use), satisfaction with physical appearance, quality of life, and levels of anxiety, happiness, and optimism. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) were used to assess the reliability of the MDSS and MEDAS questionnaires, and the Cohen coefficient (κ) was used to assess the agreement between food groups within the MDSS and MEDAS questionnaires. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the association between the Mediterranean diet and perceived stress and well-being. 155 RESULTS: Data analysis on a sample of medical students revealed good reliability of the MDSS questionnaire when the result was expressed as a total score (ICC = 0.881, 95% CI 0.843-0.909; ρ = 0.627; P < 0.001), and a moderate reliability when the result was expressed as a binary variable (κ = 0.584). When analyzing the validity of the MDSS questionnaire versus the MEDAS questionnaire, validity was also better when the numeric variable was used, ie, the total score (ICC = 0.544; 95% CI 0.439-0.629; P < 0.001), whereas fair agreement was obtained when the binary variable was used (κ = 0.223). A similar result was obtained in the confirmatory sample of health studies students (ICC = 0.510; 95% CI 0.384-0.610; κ = 0.216). Unfortunately, only 13.6% of medical students and 9.4% of health studies students adhered to the Mediterranean diet recommendations according to the MDSS questionnaire (11.7% of students in the total sample). Students who adhered to the Mediterranean diet scored an average of 20 points (IKR 10.5) out of a maximum of 40 points on the perceived stress scale, while students who did not adhere to the Mediterranean diet scored an average of 21 points (IQR 10.8), which was not a significant difference. The mean score of the well-being scale was 56 points (IQR 17) in students who adhered to the Mediterranean diet and 53 points (IQR 10) in students who did not adhere to the Mediterranean diet (P = 0.048), indicating moderate levels of psychological well-being in both subgroups of students. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the MDSS questionnaire was positively correlated with age (ρ = 0.179; P = 0.003), self-rated perception of health (ρ = 0.123; P = 0.047), and psychological well-being (ρ = 0.129; P = 0.022). However, adherence to the Mediterranean diet was not associated with perceived stress and psychological well-being in the regression analysis. Female students were more likely to perceive psychological stress compared to male students (β = 2.29; 95% CI 0.55-4.03; P = 0.010), and a negative association was found between stress and psychological well-being (β = -0.42, 95% CI - 0.49 - -0.36, P < 0.001). A positive association was found between the level of psychological well-being and the age of the students (β = 0.17; 95% CI 0.05-0.028; P = 0.006), as well as between well-being and the duration of sleep on weekdays (β = 0.84; 95% CI 0, 11-1.58; P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: The MDSS questionnaire is a brief, reliable, and valid measurement tool to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Croatia. In addition, this study found 156 a low prevalence of the Mediterranean diet among health sciences students, a moderate level of stress, and a moderate level of psychological well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate an intervention aimed at improving the dietary habits of students in the direction of promoting and supporting the Mediterranean diet, which will lead to the protection of their health and the health of their future patients.

Fitoterapija je pojam koji se odnosi na uporabu pripravaka dobivenih iz biljaka u liječenju i prevenciji bolesti, a fitopripravci su proizvodi dobiveni od dijelova biljaka. Oni se primjenjuju u nekoliko oblika, primjerice čaja, tinkture, lipidnog macerata, praha, integralnih otopina te eteričnih ulja. Upotreba biljaka u svrhu liječenja potječe iz daleke povijesti te čini same temelje većine moderne medicine. Tijekom godina se također, radilo na uporabi biljnih pripravaka za liječenje dijabetesa. Sukladno tomu, broj znanstvenih publikacija koje se tiču analize učinaka biljnih pripravaka i dijabetesa tipa 2 se stalno povećava. Usprkos tomu, stvarna klinička učinkovitost medicinski relevantnih biljaka i njihovih pripravaka u tretiranju dijabetesa je još uvijek nedovoljno istražena te je potrebno više podataka kako bi se ustanovila prava učinkovitost, osobito u kontroli i tretmanu šećerne bolesti. Šećerna bolest ili dijabetes (Diabetes mellitus), je stanje patološke hiperglikemije u krvi koja se ne može kontrolirati zbog manjka inzulinske aktivnosti. Diabetes mellitus tipa 2 je najčešći oblik dijabetesa kojeg uzrokuju kombinacije različitih faktora. Uloga prehrane je međutim, ključni faktor u cjelokupnoj kontroli ove bolesti. Prehrana bogata voćem, povrćem, biljem i začinima se pokazala osobito korisna u kontroli stanja ove grupe pacijenata. Mediteranska prehrana i ostali prehrambeni pristupi bazirani na biljkama se također mogu primijeniti kao jedna od prihvatljivih mjera za postizanje glikemijske kontrole. Biljke se mogu koristiti kao komplementarna i alternativna terapija, posebno kod metaboličkih bolesti poput dijabetesa, ali još uvijek se ne koriste samostalno u terapijskim pristupima. Od velike je važnosti stoga provoditi dobro osmišljena klinička istraživanja koristeći moderne standardizirane ekstrakte kako bi se nedvosmisleno dokumentirali učinci na hiperglikemiju oboljelih. Istraživanja su u ovom području potrebna kako bi se bolje istražila povezanost između hipoglikemije i kemijskih sastava fitopripravaka., Phytotherapy is the term which describes the usage of preparations from plants in treating and preventing diseases, while phytopreparations are products made from plant parts. Phytopreparations can be applied in the form of tea, tincture, lipid macerate, powder, integral solutions and as essential oils. The use of plants for treating diseases goes far back into history and makes the foundations for modern medicine. Over the years, people were also trying to apply herbal preparations for treatment of diabetes. Accordingly, we witness a constant increase in numbers of scientific publications on herbal medications and type 2 diabetes. Despite that, clinical efficacy of herbal medications for treating diabetes has not been researched sufficiently and more data will be required to establish their accurate efficiency, especially in the field of diabetes control and treatment. Diabetes mellitus is a condition which is characterized by pathologic hyperglycemia that is uncontrollable due to lack of insulin activity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes that is caused by combination of different factors. The role of nutrition is for example, crucial in total control over type 2 diabetes. Diet rich in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices has shown to be especially useful in controlling the health state of diabetic patients. Mediterranean diet and other diets based on plants can also be used as one of the acceptable approaches for reaching control over glycemia. Plants can be used as complementary and alternative therapy, especially in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, but they are still not used as standalone drugs in therapeutic approaches. Indeed, it is still required to study their effects in controlled clinical trials where modern standardized extracts may be used so that the effects on hyperglycemia in patients might be unequivocally documented. Trials in this area are necessary for a better understanding of connection between hypoglycemia and chemical composition of phytopreparations.

Mediteranska prehrana (MP) je prehrana koja uključuje visok unos povrća, voća, plave ribe, mahunarki, žitarica punog zrna, orašastih plodova i, maslinovo ulje kao primarnog izvora masnoća te nizak unos crvenog mesa i slatkiša. Preporučena je od strane Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) kao „zlatni standard“ preventivne medicine jer ima pozitivan utjecaj na zdravlje. Povezana je sa smanjenim rizikom od kronične nezarazne bolesti (KNB), kao dijabetesa tipa 2, karcinoma, kardiovaskularnih bolesti, metaboličkog sindroma, Alzheimerove bolesti, općenito poboljšava poslovnu efikasnost i dugovječnost. Cilj ovog istraživanja je procijeniti usklađenost prehrambenih navika radno aktivnih stanovnika Republike Hrvatske (RH) primjenom MEDAS upitnika (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) s mediteranskim načinom prehrane. Prvi dio upitnika sastojao se od sociodemografskih parametara (spol, dob, mjesto rođenja, prebivalište, zvanje, staž i sl.). Sadržaj drugog dijela upitnika, validirani je MEDAS upitnik razvijen u Španjolskoj, koji omogućuje na brz i jednostavan način utvrditi pridržava li se ispitivana skupina MP. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ispitivanu skupinu kod indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM) s obzirom na spol ispitanika (p=0,033) i stupanj obrazovanja (p=0,001). Prosječan ITM veći je kod ispitanika sa srednjom stručnom spremom i iznosi 26,5 ± 5,5 kg/m2 u odnosu na ispitanike s višim stupnjem obrazovanja (24,5 ± 3,7 kg/m2). Veći udio ispitanika u ovom istraživanju (53,47%) se bavi nekim oblikom tjelesne aktivnosti. Rezultati pokazuju da je 75 (88,23%) žena i 44 (74,57%) muškaraca ostvarilo manje od 10 bodova putem MEDAS upitnika što nije dobra usklađenost s MP. Tek 10 (11,76%) žena i 15 (25,42%) muškaraca je ostvarilo više od 10 bodova prema MEDAS upitniku. Statistički značajna razlika utvrđena je s obzirom na spol, konkretno muškarce za komponente MEDAS upitnika kao što su konzumacija maslinovog ulja, povrća, maslaca, margarina ili vrhnja te vina i tjestenine s mediteranskim umakom. Ista nije utvrđena s obzirom na stupanj obrazovanja. Može se zaključiti da muškarci i žene imaju slične prehrambene navike što se tiče usklađenosti s MP. Žene, kao i visokoobrazovani dio ispitanika u prosjeku postižu nešto veći broj bodova (42,5±32,5, 41,5±26,5) u odnosu na muškarce i srednjoškolsko obrazovani dio ispitanika (29,5±14,5, 30,0±20,0). Postignuti rezultati s obzirom na pojedinačne komponente MEDAS upitnika nisu različiti, ako se promatra obrazovanje ispitanika, iako nešto veći broj bodova postižu ispitanici s fakultetskom naobrazbom. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a diet that includes a high intake of vegetables, fruits, blue fish, legumes, whole grains, nuts and olive oil that is considered to be the primary source of fat and a low intake of red meat and sweets. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the "gold standard" of preventive medicine because it has a positive impact on health. It is associated with a reduced risk of chronic non-infectious diseases (CKD), such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's, it diseasegenerally improves business efficiency and longevity. Aim of this research is to assess the eating habits of the working population of the Republic of Croatia (RH) using the MEDAS questionnaire (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) with the Mediterranean diet. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic parameters (gender, age, place of birth, residence, title, length of service, etc.). The content of the second part of the questionnaire, is a validated MEDAS questionnaire developed in Spain, that allows you to quickly and easily determine if the respondents adhere to the MD. Statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI) was found with regard to the sex of the respondents (p = 0.033) and the level of education (p = 0.001). The average BMI is higher in respondents with secondary education and amounts to 26.5 ± 5.5 kg / m2 compared to respondents with a higher level of education (24.5 ± 3.7 kg / m2). A larger share of respondents in this study (53.47%) are engaged in some form of physical activity. The results show that 75 (88,23%) women and 44 (74,57%) of men achieved less than 10 points according to the MEDAS questionairre, which is not considered to be a good compatibility with the MD. Only 10 (11.76%) women and 15 (25.42%) men achieved more than 10 points according to the MEDAS questionnaire. Statistically significant difference regarding to gender was found for the listed components of the MEDAS questionnaire, specifically with men, such as consumption of olive oil, vegetables, butter, margarine or cream, and wine and pasta with the mediterranean sauce. The significance was not determined with regard of the level of education. Given the results of this study, it can be concluded that men and women have similar eating habits in terms of compatibility with MD. Women, as well as the highly educated part of the respondents, on average achieve slightly higher number of points (42,5±32,5, 41,5±26,5) compared to men and the high school educated part of the respondents (29,5±14,5, 30,0±20,0). The results achieved with regard to the individual components of the MEDAS questionnaire are not different if the education of the respondents is observed, although a slightly higher number of points are achieved by the respondents with a university degree.

S porastom svjetske populacije povecavaju se potrebe za hranom, a samim time i za intenzivnim uzgo­jem biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Zapadnjačka prehrana, uz velik rizik za razvoj nezaraznih kroničnih bolesti ima i veliki negativan učinak (otisak) na planet Zemlju - od emisije ugljika do potrošnje pitke vode. Emisije stakleničkih plinova uzrokovane lancem opskrbe stoke čine vise od 14% svih emisija uzrokovanih ljudskim djelovanjem . Stoga je nužno potrebna promjena koja će zadovoljiti potrebe da­ našnjice bez ugrožavanja sposobnosti budućih generacija za zadovoijavanje vlastitih potreba, tzv. odr­živi razvoj. On obuhvaća prelazak na održive obrasce prehrane, među kojima se ističu mediteranska, vegetarijanska i paleolitička prehrana. Cilj ovog rada je dati kratki pregled trenutnih spoznaja o održi­vim obrascima prehrane u odnosu na zapadnjački način prehrane koji provodi vecina populacije. lako svi navedeni obrasci prehrane pridonose zaštiti planeta i zdravlja ljudi u određenoj mjeri, mediteranska prehrana se zbog sinergističkog utjecaja na okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje uzima kao glavni održivi obrazac pravilne prehrane . With the growth of the world's population, food needs are increasing, and thus the need for the intensive cultivation of plant and animal species. The Western diet, in addition to the high risk of developing non­ communicable diseases, also has a large negative effect on the planet (footprint) - from carbon emis­sions to fresh water consumption. Greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock supply chain account for more than 14% of all human-induced emissions. Therefore, change is urgently needed to meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs- the so­ called sustainable development. It includes the transition to sustainable diets, among which the Med i­ terranean, Vegetarian and Paleolithic diets stand out. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of current knowledge on sustainable eating patterns in relation to the Western way of eating practised by the majority of the population. Although all mentioned patterns to some extent contribute to the protection of the planet and human health Mediterranean diet has synergistic effect with exceptional impact on the environment and human health and for this reason, is proposed as the best sustainable eating pattern.

Hashimotov tireoiditis (HT) je organ-specifična autoimuna bolest koju karakterizira kronična upala štitne žlijezde s limfocitnom infiltracijom tkiva i pozitivnim nalazom tiroidnih antitijela. Za optimalan rad štitnjače ključni su specifični mikronutrijenti; u prvom redu jod, selen, željezo i vitamin D, zbog čega se sve više istražuje njihova uloga u etiologiji, prevenciji i podršci liječenju HT-a. Istraživani su i učinci različitih obrazaca prehrane, iako još uvijek ne postoje službene smjernice za nutritivnu podršku oboljelih od HT-a. Cilj ovog rada je dati sustavni pregled rezultata istraživanja o mogućnostima nutritivne intervencije u oboljelih od HT-a te ju vrednovati kao opravdanu komplementarnu strategiju u prevenciji i liječenju hipotireoze uzrokovane HT-om, ali i samog HT-a. Metode rada uključivale su pregled dostupne znanstvene literature na temu utjecaja mikronutricije i prehrane na razvoj HT-a i komorbiditeta. Također su pregledani radovi koji su istraživali značajne interakcije hrane i dodataka prehrani s levotiroksinom kao terapijom izbora kod hipotireoze uzrokovane HT-om i radovi koji su analizirali sastav i utjecaj crijevne mikrobiote u oboljelih od HT-a na razvoj i tijek bolesti. Utvrđena je opravdanost individualne suplementacije u cilju korekcije dokazanih deficita specifičnih vitamina i mineralnih tvari, kao i opravdanost primjene probiotika s ciljem prevencije ili podrške liječenju disbioze crijeva u oboljelih od HT-a. Potvrđena je preporuka vremenski odvojenog uzimanja levotiroksina i hrane/dodataka prehrani zbog prevencije klinički značajnih interakcija. Od nutritivnih intervencija najperspektivnijom se pokazala opravdanost provođenja mediteranske prehrane zbog visoke adherencije i koristi u prevenciji i podršci liječenju HT-a i komorbiditeta. Djelomično su opravdane mogućnosti individualne primjene i ostalih nutritivnih intervencija poput veganske/vegetarijanske prehrane te različitih eliminacijskih prehrana (bezglutenske, prehrane niskog FODMAP-a, LCHF/ ketogene, Paleo prehrane, autoimunog protokola). Naglasak je na preporuci provođenja navedenih prehrambenih modela isključivo nakon individualne procjene, pod strogom kontrolom stručnjaka. Nutritivne intervencije u oboljelih od HT-a trebale bi biti pod nadzorom multidisciplinarnog tima (liječnik, nutricionist, farmaceut, psiholog), a u kliničkoj praksi treba poticati nutricionističko savjetovanje. Zaključci rada potvrđuju postavljenu hipotezu da se primjenom specifičnih obrazaca prehrane i ciljanom individualnom suplementacijom može doprinijeti prevenciji ili ublažavanju simptoma HT-a, hipotireoze uzrokovane HT-om i simptoma najčešćih sekundarnih komorbiditeta. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland with lymphocytic tissue infiltration and serum positive thyroid autoantibodies. For optimal thyroid function, emphasis is set on specific micronutrients; iodine, selenium, iron and vitamin D, with increasing number of studies regarding their role in etiology, prevention and treatment of HT. Application of different dietary models has also been investigated, although there are still no official guidelines for nutritional support in HT patients. The aim of this literature review is to give a systematic overview of the latest research results on possibilities of nutritional intervention in patients with HT and to evaluate them as a justified complementary strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypothyroidism caused by HT and HT itself. Methods included a review of the available scientific literature on the influence of vitamin/mineral supplementation and nutrition on the development of HT and its comorbidities. Occurrence of significant food/dietary supplements - levothyroxine interactions, and significance of the intestinal microbiota on disease development and course were also investigated. Tailored micronutrient supplementation for the correction of proven micronutritive deficiencies, as well as probiotic supplementation for the prevention or treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in patients with HT was justified. The recommendation of time-separate administration of levothyroxine and food / dietary supplements to prevent clinically significant interactions that reduce drug absorption and effectiveness was confirmed. The most promising and justified nutritional intervention is Mediterranean diet, due to high patient adherence and proven benefits in the prevention and support in treatment of HT and its comorbidities. Application of other nutritional interventions such as vegan / vegetarian diet, and various elimination diets (gluten-free, low FODMAP diet, LCHF / ketogenic, Paleo diet, autoimmune protocol) was found to be only partially justified. When recommending elimination diet, emphasis should be set on comprehensive individual counselling of HT patient, and conduction of therapy under strict expert supervision. Nutritional interventions in HT patients should be implemented by a multidisciplinary team (physician, dietitian, pharmacist, psychologist) and nutrition counselling should be encouraged in clinical practice. Hypothesis that the application of specific dietary patterns and targeted individual supplementation can contribute to the prevention or alleviation of symptoms of HT, hypothyroidism caused by HT and the symptoms of the most common secondary comorbidities was confirmed.

Tradicionalnu mediteransku prehranu karakterizira obilje hrane biljnog podrijetla, maslinovo ulje kao glavni izvor masti, učestala konzumacija ribe, peradi i mliječnih proizvoda kao i crnog vina dok je unos crvenog mesa nizak. Poštivanjem obrasca mediteranske prehrane utvrđene su zdravstvene prednosti poput smanjenja rizika od metaboličkog sindroma, dijabetesa tipa 2 i kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti prosječan dnevni unos komponenti Mediteranskog indeksa kakvoće prehrane u studentica s adekvatnim i povišenim udjelom masnog tkiva u tijelu. Ispitanice su bile 62 studentice prosječne dobi 22,5 ± 1,0 godina. Metodom bioelektrične impedancije utvrđene su komponente sastava tijela, a dijetetički parametri prikupljeni su metodom 24-satnog prisjećanja unosa hrane i pića. Statistički značajna razlika između ispitanica s udjelom masnog tkiva većim od 30 % i onih s udjelom masnog tkiva jednakim ili manjim od 30 % utvrđena je jedino za dnevni unos žitarica te unos zasićenih masnih kiselina. Iz toga slijedi zaključak da nema statistički značajne razlike u unosu većine komponenti mediteranske prehrane između ispitanica s obzirom na udjel masnog tkiva. The traditional Mediterranean diet is characterized by an abundance of plant-based foods, olive oil as the main source of fat, frequent consumption of fish, poultry and dairy products as well as red wine while red meat intake is low. Adhering to the pattern of the Mediterranean diet, health benefits such as a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease have been identified. The aim of this study was to estimate the average daily intake of components of the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in female students with adequate and elevated body fat. Participants were 62 female students with an average age of 22.5 ± 1.0 years. Components of body composition were determined by the bioelectrical impedance method, and dietary parameters were collected by the method of 24-hour recall. A significant difference between the participants with a body fat more than 30% and those with a body fat equal to or less than 30% was found only for the daily intake of cereals and the intake of saturated fatty acids. It can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the intake of most components of the Mediterranean diet between the participants according to percent of body fat.

Pretilost je zajedno s pridruženim komplikacijama velik izazov za zdravstveni sustav danas s obzirom na to da broj pretilih osoba bilježi stalan porast. Kao jedna od najčešćih komplikacija pretilosti navodi se šećerna bolest tipa 2, a kojoj prethodi stanje inzulinske rezistencije, čijim pravovremenim zbrinjavanjem je moguće odgoditi razvoj šećerne bolesti. Kao neupitno djelotvorna u odgodi nastanka šećerne bolesti i zbrinjavanju inzulinske rezistencije pokazala se prehrana, a kao posebno povoljna ona mediteranskog karaktera. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj mediteransko – redukcijske dijete na različite antropometrijske i biokemijske parametre kod pacijenata s inzulinskom rezistencijom. Svi su pacijenti do kraja trajanja praćenja reducirali svoju tjelesnu masu te značajno snizili koncentraciju glukoze u krvi, a pozitivan učinak vidljiv je i na parametre poput koncentracije ukupnog kolesterola, LDL–a, HDL–a i triglicerida. Along with its associated complications, obesity represents a major challenge for health care system since the number of people with obesity is on the rise nowadays. One of the most common complications of obesity is type 2 diabetes, which is preceded by a state of insulin resistance which, if not treated, can lead to development of diabetes. The diet therapy proved to be unquestionably effective in delaying the onset and management of insulin resistance especially diet with Mediterranean characteristics. The aim of this thesis was to examine the effect of Mediterranean – reduction diet on various anthropometric and biochemical parameters in hospital patients with insulin resistance. By the end of the monitoring, all patients reduced their body weight and significantly lowered their blood glucose concentrations. Positive effect was also seen on parameters such as total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides concentrations.

Maslina, Olea europaea L., suptropska je zimzelena biljka iz porodice maslina (Oleaceae), rasprostranjena diljem Sredozemlja. Stablo masline je nepravilnog grananja i s kuglastom krošnjom, listovi su kožasti, parni i nasuprotno raspoređeni, a cvjetovi bijeli i skupljeni u cvat nalik grozdu. Plodovi su kod različitih sorti različita oblika, boje, veličine i sadržaja ulja. Svaki dio biljke čovjek od davnina koristi u različite svrhe: plodove za jelo, drvo za ogrjev i izradu umjetnina, a lišće za ishranu stoke i farmakologiju. Od ploda masline dobiva se maslinovo ulje, zdrava masnoća bogata brojnim antioksidativnim i protuupalnim sastojcima sa zaštitnim djelovanjem na ljudski organizam. Zbog nutritivno uravnoteženog sastava te svojstvene i jedinstvene arome, konzumacija maslina i maslinovog ulja preporuka je suvremenih nutricionista i osnova mediteranske prehrane za koju je dokazana učinkovitost u prevenciji bolesti, očuvanju zdravlja i dugovječnosti. Cilj ovog završnog rada je opisati biološke karakteristike masline te nutritivni značaj masline i proizvoda od masline za ljudski organizam., The olive, Olea europaea L., is a subtropical evergreen plant of the olive family (Oleaceae), distributed throughout the Mediterranean. The olive tree is irregularly branched and with a spherical crown, the leaves are leathery, paired and oppositely arranged and the flowers are white and clustered in a cluster-like inflorescence. The fruits of different varieties have different shape, color, size and oil content. Each part of the plant has long been used by man for different purposes: fruits for eating, wood for firewood and artwork and leaves for livestock nutrition and pharmacology. Olive oil, obtained from the fruit of the olive, is a healthy fat, rich in numerous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients with a protective effect on the human body. Due to the nutritionally balanced composition and unique aroma, consumption of olives and olive oil is the recommendation of modern nutritionists and the basis of the Mediterranean diet which has been proven effective in preventing disease, maintaining health and longevity. The aim of this paper is to describe biological characteristics and nutritional value of olives for the human organism.

Porast pretilosti u djece i adolescenata jedan je od glavnih javnozdravstvenih problema današnjice. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak nutritivne intervencije na smanjenje tjelesne mase i poboljšanje specifičnih pokazatelja metaboličkih komplikacija pretilosti u djece i adolescenata iz različitog obiteljskog okruženja (mjesto stanovanja, bračno stanje roditelja, zaposlenost i stupanj obrazovanja roditelja, braća i sestre). U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 100 ispitanika s postavljenom dijagnozom pretilosti (Ž=50, M=50), prosječne dobi (12,61±1,90 godina), tjelesne mase (84,30±17,74 kg), indeksa tjelesne mase (31,18±4,17 kg/m2) odnosno percentila indeksa tjelesne mase (98,38±1,26 percentila). Ispitanici su u sklopu petodnevnog strukturiranog multidisciplinarnog programa s naglaskom na nutritivnu intervenciju, bili podijeljeni u skupine s obzirom na predadolescentsku i adolescentsku dob. Kontrolni pregledi provodili su se jednom mjesečno prvih 6 mjeseci, a potom svaka 2 mjeseca do kraja istraživanja (24 mjeseca). Istraživanje je ukupno završilo 62 % ispitanika. Za procjenu prehrambenih i životnih navika koristio se validirani upitnik; za određivanje tjelesne visine, tjelesne mase, opsega struka i opsega bokova korištene su standardne antropometrijske metode te standardne biokemijske metode za određivanje ukupnog kolesterola, HDL kolesterola, LDL kolesterola i triglicerida, test oralnog opterećenja glukozom, inzulina, aspartat-aminotransferaze, alanin-aminotransferaze, gama-glutamil-transferaze. Tijekom razdoblja praćenja 30,64 % ispitanika smanjilo je indeks tjelesne mase. Nakon 12 mjeseci značajno se smanjio ukupan kolesterol (p=0,016), LDL kolesterol (p=0,005), povećao HDL kolesterol (p=0,044) te smanjila glukoza na tašte (p=0,009), aspartat-aminotransferaza (p=0,007), alanin-aminotransferaza (p=0,005) i gama-glutamil-transferaza (p=0,030). Ujedno, zabilježeno je značajno smanjenje sistoličkog arterijskog tlaka nakon 24 mjeseca (p=0,005). Nutritivna intervencija koja uključuje edukaciju djece i adolescenata te njihovih roditelja/staratelja, uz provođenje prilagođene mediteransko-redukcijske dijete, ima značajan učinak na antropometrijske i biokemijske parametre te kardiometaboličke indikatore rizika. The rise of obesity in children and adolescents nowadays is one of the major public health problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nutritional intervention on weight loss and improvement of specific metabolic complications indicators of obesity in children and adolescents from different family environments (place of residence, parents marital status, parents employment and education level, brothers and sisters). The study included 100 subjects with obesity diagnosis (F=50, M=50), mean age (12.61±1.90 years), body weight (84.30±17.74 kg), body mass index (31,18±4,17 kg/m2) that is body mass index percentile (98.38 ±1.26 percentile). Subjects were divided into groups based on preadolescent and adolescence age, as a part of a five-day structured multidisciplinary program with emphasis on nutritional intervention. Control examinations were performed once a month for the first 6 months, and then every 2 months until the end of the study (24 months). A total of 62 % of respondents completed the study. A validated questionnaire was used to assess dietary and lifestyle habits; standard biochemical methods for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase and standard anthropometric methods to determine body height, body weight, waist circumference and hip circumference. During the follow-up period, 30.64 % respondents reduced their body mass index. After 12 months, total cholesterol (p=0.016) and LDL cholesterol (p=0.005) descreased and HDL cholesterol (p=0.044) increased. Values of fasting glucose (p=0.009), aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.007), alanine aminotransferase (p=0.005) and gamma glutamyl transferase (p=0.030) also descreased. At the same time, a significant decrease in systolic arterial blood pressure was recorded after 24 months (p=0.005). Nutritional intervention that includes education of children and adolescents and their parents/guardians, with included Mediterranean-reduction diet, has significant effect on anthropometric and biochemical parameters and cardiometabolic risk indicators.

Utjecaj oksidativnog stresa na kardiovaskularne bolesti (KVB) i danas je predmet proučavanja. Oksidativni stres, kao rezultat znatnog povećanja koncentracije reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta (engl. Reactive Oxygen Species; ROS), dovodi do promjena u krvožilnoj funkciji kao što je disfunkcija endotela. Čimbenici koji potiču disfunkciju endotela povezuju se s razvojem KVB. Pokazano je da povećana koncentracija ROS poput \(O_{2}\)\( ^{-}\) dovodi do stvaranja aterosklerotskih plakova te smanjenja dušikova monoksida (NO) u aterosklerozi. Oksidativni stres također uzrokuje dilataciju lijeve klijetke i kontraktilnu disfunkciju mišića srca. U arterijskoj hipertenziji ima utjecaj na smanjenje koncentracije NO i povećanje angiotenzina II (engl. Angiotensin II; Ang II). Različiti faktori rizika poput dijabetesa, pušenja i zagađenog zraka potiču oksidativni stres. Čestice zagađenog zraka i dima cigareta umanjiti će plućnu obranu i izazvati oksidativni stres u većini tipova plućnih stanica. Također pokazano je da hiperglikemija, koja se inače tipično javlja u dijabetesu, izaziva oksidativni stres autooksidacijom glukoze i neenzimskom glikozilacijom proteina. Iz tog razloga, sve se više istražuje učinak biljne prehrane u svrhu prevencije KVB. Mediteranska prehrana koja obiluje polifenolima i flavonoidima pokazuje osobito povoljno djelovanje na smanjenje markera oksidativnog stresa., The role of oxidative stress on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is still the subject of studies. Oxidative stress, as a result of a significant increase in concetration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leads to changes in vascular function such as endothelial dysfunction. Factors that promote endothelial dysfunction are associated with the development of CVD. It has been shown that an increased concentration of ROS such as \(O_{2}\)\( ^{-}\) leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) in atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress also causes left ventricular dilatation and contractile dysfunction of the heart muscle. In arterial hypertension, it has the effect of reducing the concentration of NO and increasing angiotensin II (Ang II). Various risk factors such as diabetes, smoking and polluted air promote oxidative stress. Particles of polluted air and cigarette smoke will reduce lung defense mechanisms and cause oxidative stress in most lung cell types. In addition, hyperglycemia a state typically occuring in diabetes, has also been shown to cause oxidative stress by glucose autooxidation and non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins. For this reason, the effect of plant-based diet in the prevention of CVD has been increasingly studied. A Mediterranean diet, rich in polyphenols and flavonoids shows a particularly beneficial effect in reducing markers of oxidative stress.

Bolesti srčanožilnog sustava vodeći su uzrok smrti u Republici Hrvatskoj kao i u većini zemalja diljem svijeta. Etiologija ovih bolesti je multifaktorijalna te se smatra da je većina rizičnih čimbenika koji uzrokuju kardiovaskularne bolesti preventabilno. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati prehrambene navike radno sposobne populacije s obzirom na čimbenike rizika za razvoj kardiovaskularnih bolesti koje su učestale u našoj populaciji te istražiti povezanost čimbenika rizika u odnosu na krvne biomarkere i kliničke manifestacije te uočiti učinke različitih čimbenika rizika. Istraživanje je provedeno u Specijalnoj bolnici Medico u Puli. Ispitanici koji su sudjelovali u ovom istraživanju su radno sposobni pacijenti navedene bolnice koji su obavili redovni sistematski pregled. Podaci o prehrambenim navikama, tjelesnoj aktivnosti i općem zdravstvenom statusu dobiveni su pomoću upitnika te su prikupljeni podaci laboratorijskih biomarkera, antropometrijskih mjera i klinički podaci ispitanika. Statistički je značajno bilo više pretilih muškaraca u odnosu na žene (p, Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the leading cause of death in the Republic of Croatia as well as in most countries around the world. The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial and most of the risk factors that cause cardiovascular disease are considered to be preventable. The aim of this study is to analyze the eating habits of the working population considerating the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases that are common in our population and to investigate the relationship of risk factors in relation to blood biomarkers and clinical manifestations, also to identify the effects of various risk factors. The research was conducted at the Medico Special Hospital in Pula. The subjects who participated in this study were working-able patients of the named hospital who underwent regular systematic examination. Data on eating habits, physical activity and general health status were obtained using a questionnaire and data from laboratory biomarkers, anthropometric measures and clinical data from the subjects were collected. There were statistically significantly more obese men compared to women (p

Svrha ovoga rada bila je istražiti učinke mediteranske i standardno hipolipemičke dijete na antropometrijske i biokemijske pokazatelje u osoba s rizičnim čimbenicima za razvoj srčanožilnih bolesti. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 124 pretile osobe oba spola (92 žene i 32 muškarca) koje su dobrovoljno pristupile strukturiranom programu mršavljenja, prosječne dobi (47,5±12,42 godina) i prosječnog indeksa tjelesne mase (41,6±7,32 kg/m²), randomizirani u dvije skupine, mediteransku (n=63) i standardnu hipolipemičku (n=61) skupinu. Na temelju provedenog istraživanja u 12 mjeseci praćenja, provedena je opsežna statistička analiza utjecaja promjene prehrambenih navika na tjelesnu masu i biokemijske parametre. Studiju je završilo 84 (67,7 %) ispitanika sa svim praćenim biokemijskim rezultatima, uz detaljno obrađenih 79 anketnih upitnika. Ispitanici su bili uključeni u multidisciplinarni strukturirani program Dnevne bolnice za pretile osobe u trajanju od 5 dana s ciljem promjene prehrambenih i životnih navika te usvajanje pravilne prehrane. Korištene su standardne antropometrijske metode za mjerenje tjelesne visine, mase i opsega struka te laboratorijske metode za određivanje HbA1c-a, glukoze, ukupnog kolesterola, HDL-a, LDL-a, triglicerida, CRP-a i urata. Statistički podatci obrađeni su korištenjem softverskog paketa i informatičkog programa „Dijetetičar“. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da je mediteranska prehrana učinkovitija nasuprot standardno hipolipemičke dijete u smanjenju tjelesne mase (-10,2 kg / -8,9 kg), indeksa tjelesne mase (-3,8 kg/m² / -3,4 kg/m²) i HDL kolesterola (Median +0,3 / +0,1). Objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the Mediterranean and Standard hypolipemic diet on anthropometric parameters and biochemical indicators in subjects with developed risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The study included 124 obese individuals (92 = F and 32 = M), mean age (47,5±12,42) and BMI (41,6±7,32 kg/m²), who voluntarily joined structured weight loss program and were randomized equally into two groups, Mediterranean group (n = 63) and Standard hypolipidemic group (n = 61). Based on 12 months follow-up, extensive statistical analysis of dietary change impact on body weight and biochemical parameters was conducted. Total 84 subjects completed the study (67,7 %) with all biochemical parameters and with 79 analyzed food frequency questionnaires. Subjects were enrolled in multidisciplinary structured program, Daily hospitals for obese individuals, which lasted for 5 days, with main aim to change dietary and lifestyle habits with adoption of healthy nutrition. Standard anthropometric methods were used for measuring body height, body weight, waist circumference and biochemical methods for measuring HbA1c, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, CRP and uric acid. Statistical data were analyzed using software package and computer program „Dietitian“. The study results showed that the Mediterranean diet compared to Standard hypolipemic is more efficient in reduction of body weight (-10,2 kg / -8,9 kg), BMI (-3,8 kg/m² / -3,4 kg/m²) and HDL-c (Median +0,3 / +0,1).

Sindrom policističnih jajnika (PCOS) predstavlja jedan od najučestalijih metaboličkih poremećaja u žena fertilne dobi. S obzirom da je prva mjera liječenja ovog sindroma promjena životnih navika, što na prvom mjestu podrazumijeva prehrambene navike, te da mediteranska prehrana djeluje blagotvorno na ublažavanje simptoma, ali i prevenciju brojnih poremećaja, cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti kakvoću prehrane žena s postavljenom dijagnozom PCOS-a u usporedbi s prehranom žena bez sindroma s obzirom na regiju iz koje dolaze, pri čemu je korišten MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) upitnik kako bi se utvrdilo u kojoj se mjeri ispitanice pridržavaju mediteranskog načina prehrane. Upitnik kreiran u svrhu izrade ovog rada sadržavao je opća pitanja, pitanja koja se vežu uz PCOS te MEDAS upitnik, a distribuiran je pomoću društvenih mreža. Upitnik je valjano ispunilo 515 žena od čega 107 s dijagnozom PCOS. S obzirom na prikupljene podatke može se zaključiti da se ispitanice s postavljenom dijagnozom PCOS, neovisno o regiji iz koje dolaze, manje pridržavaju mediteranskog obrasca prehrane (5,9 ± 1,7 vs 6,0 ± 1,8) iako razlika nije statistički značajna (p=0,649), pri čemu je pridržavanje očekivano veće u ispitanica iz mediteranske regije (p

Mediteranska prehrana i značajna konzumacija maslinovog ulja povezana je s nižim rizikom od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, smanjenjem pojave dijabetesa, sprječavanjem smanjenja kognitivnih funkcija zbog starenja, produljenjem životnog vijeka i kvalitete života u starijoj populaciji. Odnos između ukupnog fenolnog sadržaja i antioksidacijske aktivnosti vrlo je dobro utemeljen. Zabilježena su snažna antioksidativna i protuupalna svojstva fenolnih spojeva u maslinovim uljima. U ovom je istraživanju ispitano 11 različitih uzoraka maslinovog ulja s otoka Hvara. Ukupni su fenolni spojevi ekstrahirani i određene su njihove koncentracije. Rezultati su prikazani kao mg ekvivalent kavene kiseline u kg maslinovog ulja. Antioksidativna aktivnost fenolnih ekstrakata određena je metodama ORAC i DPPH. Rezultati su prikazani kao µmol ekvivalent troloksa po mL i statistički interpretirani korištenjem ANOVA. Utvrđena je jaka korelacija između udjela ukupnih fenolnih spojeva i antioksidativne aktivnosti., Mediterranean diet and significant consumption of olive oil has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, reduction of diabetic occurence, prevention of the cognitive decline due to aging, prolongation of a lifespan and life quality in elderly population. Relationship between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity is very well established. Furthermore strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic compounds in olive oils have been reported. In this study 11 different samples of olive oil from the Hvar Island, have been investigated. Total phenolic compounds have been extracted and their concentrations determined. Results have been shown as mg equivalent of caffeic accid in kg of olive oil. In addition the phenolic extracts have been analysed for antioxidant activity by ORAC and DPPH method. The results are presented as µmol equivalent of Trolox per mL and statistically interpreted using ANOVA. Strong correlation between total content of phenolic compound and antioxidant activity has been found.

Hashimotov tireoiditis je progresivna autoimuna bolest koja napada štitnjaču. Najčešći je uzročnik snižene funkcije štitnjače, odnosno hipotireoze. Pravilna prehrana je temelj za uspješnu borbu s ovom kroničnom bolesti. Mediteranska, paleo i vegetarijanska prehrana pokazale su pozitivne učinke u ublažavanju simptoma ove bolesti i smanjenju njezine progresije. Cilj ovog rada je bio sastaviti tri tjedna jelovnika u računalnom programu „OPPR_Jelovnik.xlsm”, slijedeći prehrambene smjernice paleo, vegetarijanske i mediteranske prehrane te uzimanjem u obzir prehrambenih i životnih navika pacijentice. Treba usporediti i objasniti nutritivne prednosti i rizike pojedinog plana prehrana i predloženog jelovnika te ih rangirati prema prihvatljivosti, dostupnosti i troškovima. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a progressive autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of decreased thyroid function, namely hypothyroidism. Proper nutrition is fundamental in management of this chronic disease. Mediterranean, paleo and vegetarian diets have shown positive effects in relieving the symptoms of this disease and reducing its progression. The aim of this paper was to design 3 weekly menus bay uysing computer program "OPPR_Jelovnik.xlsm", following the dietary guidelines of the paleo, vegetarian and Mediterranean diets while taking into account the patient's eating and lifestyle habits. The nutritional benefits and risks of each diet plan and proposed menus should be compare, explained and ranked by acceptability, availability and cost.

The traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with reducing the risk of many chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to determine diet quality in students from Rijeka. In addition, adherence to Mediterranean diet was assessed using two indices, the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index and the Mediterranean Diet Score. The research was conducted from January to May 2018 and included 455 students from Rijeka University, 336 women and 119 men. Data on age, physical activity, anthropometry, smoking habits and eating habits were obtained from the above mentioned questionnaires. The mean diet quality score of the students obtained by the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index was 9.61, implying medium to poor diet quality. According to the Mediterranean Diet Score, diet quality was estimated as being poor (mean score 3.70). Women had a significantly better Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (9.36) than men (p, Cilj: Tradicionalna mediteranska prehrana povezuje se sa smanjenim rizikom od nastanka mnogih kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti. Ciljovog rada bio je utvrditi kakvoću prehrane studenata u Rijeci, odnosno odrediti pripadnost mediteranskom načinu prehrane uzpomoć dvaju indeksa za ocjenu mediteranskog načina prehrane: Mediteranskog indeksa kvalitete prehrane i Ocjene mediteranskeprehrane.Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno od siječnja do svibnja 2018. godine i obuhvatilo je 455-ero studenata s riječkog Sveučilišta, 336žena i 119 muškaraca. Podatci o dobi, tjelesnoj aktivnosti, antropometriji, pušenju i prehrambenim navikama dobiveni su iz anketnihupitnika. Za određivanje pripadnosti mediteranskom načinu prehrane primijenjena su dva indeksa: Mediteranski indeks kvaliteteprehrane i Ocjena mediteranske prehrane.Rezultati: Prosječna ocjena kakvoće prehrane studenata ocijenjena prema Mediteranskom indeksu kvalitete prehrane iznosila je9,61, što označava srednju do nedostatnu kakvoću prehrane. Prema Ocjeni mediteranske prehrane kakvoća prehrane ocijenjena jekao nedostatna i iznosila je 3,70. Žene su imale značajno bolji Mediteranski indeks kvalitete prehrane (9,36) od muškaraca (p

Uvod: Divertikuloza (DK) debeloga crijeva i karcinom debeloga crijeva (KDC) imaju neke zajedničke karakteristike (npr. češći su u zapadnom dijelu svijeta i kod starijih osoba, slične prehrambene značajke uključene su u obje bolesti) a povremena povezanost između njih je ispitivana. Naš cilj je bio procijeniti koincidenciju KDC-a i DK u kontinentalnoj i primorskoj Hrvatskoj, kao i prehrambenu varijabilnost u našoj populaciji - prehrana s manjim udjelom vlakana u kontinetalnoj Hrvatskoj i mediteranska prehrana u primorskoj Hrvatskoj stvara povoljnu situaciju za istraživanje bolesti sa sumnjom na prehrambenu etiologiju. Metode: Analizirane su medicinske povijesti 710 bolesnika iz kontinentalne regije i 406 bolesnika iz primorske regije s dijagnozom KDC od 2011. do 2016. godine s obzirom na prevalenciju DK. Skupine su nadalje podijeljene prema različitim dobnim i spolnim skupinama, a prevalencija DK u svakoj skupini izračunata je i uspoređena. Analizirane su i distribucije DK i KDC-a za skupine KDC u usporedbi s DK. Rezultati: Prevalencija DK u skupini KDC u obalnom području iznosila je 32,3%, a u kontinentalnoj regiji 11,5%. Prevalencija DK u primorskom području bila je znatno veća u ukupnom broju u usporedbi s kontinentalnom regijom, kao i u ukupnom broju muškaraca i žena, te u dobno stratificiranoj skupini > 65. Lijevi kolon je češće zahvaćen s DK i KDC u obje skupine. Zaključci: Naši podaci upućuju da bolesnici s KDC i DK mogu proizaći iz različitih ispitivanih skupina, a učinak prehrane tek treba ustanoviti., Background: Diverticular disease (DD) of the colon and colorectal cancer (CRC) have common characteristics (e.g. more common in the westernized world and in the elderly, similar dietary features implicated for both diseases) and a casual relationship between them has been suggested. Our aim was to evaluate the coincidence of CRC and DD in continental and coastal Croatia as a dietary variability observed in our population – low fiber diet in the continent and Mediterranean diet on the coast creates a favourable situation for the investigation of diseases with suspected nutritional aetiology. Methods: Medical histories of 710 patients from the continental region and 406 from the coastal region diagnosed with CRC from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed with regard to the prevalence of DD. The groups were furthermore divided in different age and sex groups and the prevalence of DD in each group was calculated and compared. Distribution of DD and CRC in the colon for the groups of CRC in concomitance with DD were also analyzed. Results: The prevalence of DD among the CRC group in the coastal region was 32.3% and in the continental region 11.5%. The prevalence of DD in the coastal region was significantly higher in the overall number compared to the continental region as well as in the overall number of men and women, and in the age-stratified group > 65. The left colon was affected more often with DD and CRC in both groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with CRC and DD could derive from distinct groups and the effect of the diet has yet to be established.

Uvod: Mediteranska prehrana se temelji na konzumaciji minimalno obrađene hrane, kao što je povrće, voće, riba, maslinovo ulje te umjerenoj konzumaciji crnog vina tijekom obroka. Zadnjih nekoliko godina razvijene su brojne metode za mjerenje kvalitete prehrane, kao i brojni bodovni sustavi i indeksi prema kojima je također moguće odrediti kvalitetu prehrane pojedine skupine. Cilj: Cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti kvalitetu prehrane studenata Medicinskog fakulteta i Fakulteta za menadžment u turizmu i ugostiteljstvu te pripadnost mediteranskom načinu prehrane pomoću različitih indeksa za ocjenu mediteranskog načina prehrane. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 455 studenata, od kojih 336 žena te 119 muškaraca. Rezultati: Prema MDQI indeksu mladići su ukupno ostvarili 8,19, djevojke 7,44, a ukupni MDQI score iznosio je 7,63. Kvaliteta prehrane kod djevojaka se pokazala boljom, iako ne postoji značajna razlika između mladića i djevojaka. Prema MDS indeksu mladići su ostvarili 3,82, djevojke 3,64, a ukupan MDS iznosio je 3,65 bez statistički značajne razlike između mladića i djevojaka. Prema MDS+riba indeksu mladići su ostvarili 4,14, djevojke 3,97, a ukupan score iznosio je 4,02 boda bez statistički značajne razlike među njima. Nije utvrđena povezanost između indeksa tjelesne mase i prehrane studenata. Zaključak: Ostvareni bodovi ukazuju na potrebu za povećanjem unosa voća, povrća i ribe, ali i ostalih „korisnih“ namirnica svojstvenih mediteranskoj prehrani te postoji jasna potreba za stvaranjem programa promicanja zdravlja s posebnim naglaskom na edukaciji o prehrani i prehrambenim navikama mladih ljudi., Introduction: The Mediterranean diet is based on the consumption of minimally processed foods, as vegetables, fruits, fish, olive oil and moderate consumption of red wine. In the last few years, numerous methods have been developed to measure the quality of nutrition, as well as numerous point systems and indices that can also determine the nutrition quality. Aim: The main aim of this research was to evaluate the nutrition quality of students at the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management of the University of Rijeka and to determine the adherence to the Mediterranean diet by using different indices. Subjects and methods: The study involved 455 students, of whom 336 were female, and 119 were male. Results: According to MDQI, male students achieved 8,19, female 7,44, and total MDQI score was 7,63. There is no significant difference between male and female. According to the MDS, total score for male was 3,82, for female 3,64, and the total MDS was 3,65 with no statistically significant difference between male and female. According to the MDS+fish index, male students achieved 4,14, female 3,97, and the total score was 4,02 points without statistically significant differences between them. There was no correlation between body mass index and the nutrition of students. Conclusion: Achieved points indicate the need to increase the intake of fruit, vegetables nad fish as well as other „useful“ foods that are characteristic for Mediterranean diet and there is a clear need to create a health promotion program with particular emphasis on nutrition and nutrition habits of young people

Adolescencija je jedan od najvažnijih perioda u razvitku čovjeka. U ovom se periodu može iznimno utjecati na predispoziciju za određene bolesti kao što je na primjer osteoporoza ili pretilost. Kao jedan od najboljih obrazaca prehrane koristi se mediteranska prehrana koja je bogata nezasićenim masnim kiselinama, cjelovitim žitaricama, povrćem i voćem. Kontrolom antropometrijskih parametara može se utvrditi odstupanje od idealnih vrijednosti pojedinih parametara za određenu dobnu skupinu. U ovom istraživanju dobiveni su podaci o prehrambenim navikama i antropometrijskim parametrima učenika srednje škole u Dalmaciji. Zaključeno je da učenici spadaju u skupinu normalno uhranjenih po indeksu tjelesne mase te imaju prosječne vrijednosti omjera opsega struka i bokova i udjela masnog tkiva (izuzev nekolicine). Ispitanici ne konzumiraju brzu hranu na dnevnoj bazi i jedu dovoljno ribe, ali zato ne konzumiraju dovoljno mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda. Usporedbom prehrane i antropometrijskih veličina ispitanika možemo zaključiti da ovakav stil života ima povoljan utjecaj na zdravlje pojedinaca. Adolescence is one of the most important stages in human development. In this period, predisposition to certain diseases such as osteoporosis or obesity can be significantly affected. Mediterranean diet is used as one of the healthiest diets as it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, whole grains, vegetables and fruits. By controlling anthropometric measurements, a deviation from ideal values of parameters for a particular age group can be determined. This study obtained data on dietary habits and anthropometric measurements of secondary school students in Dalmatia. It is concluded that students fall into the group of normal weighted individuals by ITM and have average WHR values and body fat percentage. Students do not consume fast food on a daily basis and eat enough fish but don't consume enough milk and dairy products. By comparing the diet and the anthropometric measurements, we can conclude that this kind of lifestyle has a beneficial effect on the health of individuals.

Pravilna prehrana podrazumijeva umjeren, raznolik i uravnotežen unos svih hranjivih tvari koje su neophodne za održavanje optimalnog zdravlja. Najbolji primjer jest mediteranski obrazac prehrane koji je bogat cjelovitim žitaricama, voćem, povrćem i ribom. Riba je iznimno bogata kvalitetnim proteinima, vitaminima, mineralima i omega-3 masnim kiselinama koje štite od bolesti srca i krvnih žila. Stoga je provedena studija koja je istražila unos slatkovodne i morske ribe među 427 ribara u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i njihovo mišljenje o tome koja riba sadrži najviše omega-3 masnih kiselina. Rezultati studije su pokazali da je unos ribe niži ili jednak minimalnoj preporučenoj vrijednosti. Ispitanici s priobalja konzumiraju više ribe od ispitanika s kontinenta, također više preferiraju morsku ribu u odnosu na slatkovodnu. Unatoč tome, ispitanici u obje regije većinom su dali mišljenje kako najviše omega-3 masnih kiselina sadrži skuša. Proper nutrition implies moderate, varied and balanced introduction of all the nutrients necessary to maintain optimal health, moderate, varied and balanced. The best example is a Mediterranean diet that is rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fish. Fish are extremely rich in quality proteins, vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids that protect against heart and blood vessels diseases. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the intake of freshwater and marine fish among the 427 fishermen in the Republic of Croatia, as well as their opinion on which fish contains the most omega-3 fatty acids. The results of the study have shown that the fish intake is lower than or equal to the minimum recommended value. Coastline respondents consume more fish than respondents from the continent, also prefer sea fish compared to freshwater. Nonetheless, respondents in both regions largely believed that most omega-3 fatty acids contained the fat.

Smjernice za prehranu sportaša timskih sportova su u svijetu relativno dobro razrađene, ali zbog isprekidanih obrazaca aktivnosti visokih intenziteta, točni nutritivni zahtjevi vrhunskih košarkaša variraju između pozicija igrača te utakmice ili treninga. Zbog znatnog interesa za Mediteransku prehranu tijekom godina, opsežno je proučavano pridržavanje ovog obrasca prehrane, ali povezanost košarke kao timskog sporta i Mediteranske prehrane do sada nije istraživano što ovom znanstvenom radu pridaje na dodatnoj vrijednosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je usporediti usklađenost načina prehrane grčkih i hrvatskih košarkaša s Mediteranskom prehranom. Kao metoda procjene usvajanja mediteranske prehrane, primijenjeno je prethodno validirano polukvantitativno ispitivanje prehrambene frekvencije pomoću mediteranskog indeksa kakvoće hrane (MDS). Procjenjena je konzumacija određenih skupina namirnica kao broj obroka tjedno. Saznanja proizašla iz eksperimentalnog dijela ove studije uvelike mogu pomoći u kreiranju optimalnog obrasca prehrane vrhunskih i rekreativnih košarkaša i posljedično pridonjeti kvalitetnijoj sportskoj izvedbi. Guidelines for team sports nutrition are relatively well developed in the world, but due to intermittent patterns of high intensity activity, the exact nutritional requirements of top basketball players vary between the players' position of the match or the training. Because of the considerable interest in Mediterranean nutrition over the years, the adherence to this dietary pattern has been extensively studied, but the relationship between basketball as a team sport and Mediterranean are not substantially reported. The aim of the study was to record the food intake and estimate the adherence to the prudent dietary model of the Mediterranean diet in elite basketball players. As a dietary assessment method, a previously validated, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered. The FFQ assessed food groups consumption as number of servings per week. The adoption of the Mediterranean diet was assessed a priori with the use of the MedDietScore. MedDietScore can be applied as a useful and practical tool for the estimation of the dietary habits of elite basketball players and the adoption of nutritional interventions aiming to improve the dietary patterns.

Kao i kod opće populacije, prekomjerna tjelesna masa i pretilost bilježe porast kod zaposlene populacije te time utječu na povećanje rizika za razvoj kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti. S obzirom na bogatstvo dokaza o pozitivnom djelovanju mediteranske prehrane na zdravlje, upravo bi se takav način prehrane trebao usmjeriti prema zaposlenim osobama sa svrhom edukacije i prevencije bolesti. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti prehrambene navike zaposlenih osoba s obzirom na spol te stupanj obrazovanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 166 ispitanika, 116 žena i 50 muškaraca, koji se trenutno nalaze u radnom odnosu. Istraživanje je provedeno putem online obrasca koji je sadržavao MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) upitnik. Rezultati pokazuju statistički značajno veći prosječan ukupan broj bodova ostvaren putem MEDAS upitnika kod žena (6,0 ± 1,9), u odnosu na muškarce (4,9 ± 2,0), dok statistički značajna razlika u prosječnom broju bodova s obzirom na stupanj obrazovanja nije utvrđena. S obzirom na rezultate MEDAS upitnika može se zaključiti da su muškarci imali lošije prehrambene navike u usporedbi sa ženama, dok zaposlene osobe s višim i nižim stupnjem obrazovanja nisu imale različite prehrambene navike. Similar to general population trends, the epidemic of overweight and obesity are also showing increase among workers thus affecting the risk of chronic non-contageous diseases. Considering numerous positive effects on health, the integration of the Mediterranean diet at workplace and education of workers are likely to be a effective strategy to improve health outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary habits among workers according to the gender and education level. The study included 166 employed participants, 116 women and 60 men. The study was conducted by an online form that consisted of the MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) questionnaire. The results of the study showed significantly higher mean values of the MEDAS questionnaire score for women (6,0 ± 1,9) than men (4,9 ± 2,0), while there was no significantly difference in mean values considering the category of educational level. According to the results of the MEDAS questionnaire, it can be concluded that men had worse dietary habits compared to women, whereas employed persons with higher and lower levels of education did not have different dietary habits.

Prehranom je potrebno zadovoljiti energetske potrebe na dnevnoj razini, a za masti ona iznosi 20-35% ukupnog energetskog unosa. Koncentriran su izvor energije, a uz to i važan makronutrijent u održavanju zdravlja. Mediteranska prehrana okarakterizirana je kao način prehrane s benefitima na ljudsko zdravlje te se povezuje s mediteranskim podnebljem kojem pripada i primorska regija. Provedena je studija koja je istražila unos masti u primorskoj i kontinentalnoj regiji. Dobiveni rezultati su uspoređeni s prethodno prikupljenim antropometrijskim podacima kako bi se dobio potpuni uvid u postojeće obrasce prehrane. Studija je provedena na studentskoj populaciji (n=978) u učeničkim domovima, četiri smještena u kontinentalnoj, a pet u primorskoj regiji. Obradom podataka ustanovljene su razlike u prehrambenim navikama u dvije regije; kontinentalna ima veći udio zasićenih masti i unosa ukupne energije u odnosu na primorsku, no obje regije imaju ekscesivan unos masti koji se povezuje s povećanim udjelom masnog tkiva i rizikom od nezaraznih kroničnih bolesti. Human diet needs to meet energy requirements on a daily basis and for fat it amounts to 20-35% of total energy input. Fats are concentrated energy source, but also crucial macronutrient in maintaining health. Mediterranean diet is characterized as a way of nutrition with health benefits and it is linked to Mediterranean region and coastal region is a part of it. A study was carried out to analyze fat intake in coastal and continental regions. The obtained results were compared with previously collected anthropometric data to get a complete insight into the existing diet patterns. The study was conducted on student population (n=978) in student dormitories, four located in continental and five in coastal region. Data processing found differences in dietary habits in two regions; continental has a higher representation of saturated fats and intake of total energy, compared to coastal, but both regions have an excessive fat intake that is associated with increased body fat and the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Alzheimerova bolest je kronična neurodegenerativna bolest koja svojim napredovanjem dovodi do gubitka pamćenja, promjena ponašanja i osobnosti, poremećaja govornih i motoričkih vještina. Progresijom bolesti dolazi do odumiranja neurona na području hipokampusa, entorinalnog i temporalnog korteksa. Bolest se postupno razvija i u prosjeku prođe oko deset godina od dijagnoze do smrti. Postoji mnoštvo čimbenika koji mogu utjecati na razvoj AD (Alzheimerova bolest) a najvažniji su dob i spol. Obično se javlja u dobi preko 65 godina i dvostruko je češća u žena. Mogućnost oboljevanja značajno se povećava sa starošću jer sa starenjem dolazi do izlaganja neurona povećanom oksidativnom stresu. Stil života također igra ulogu u razvoju bolesti, osobe sa višim stupnjem obrazovanja, fizički aktivne osobe, osobe koje se vole socijalizirati imaju manji rizik od oboljenja i pojave bolesti u ranijoj dobi. Rana dijagnoza nije moguća, pacijenti se liječe prekasno tretmanima koji značajno ne doprinose usporavanju bolesti. Postoji sve više studija koje ukazuju na pozitivan utjecaj određenih komponenti hrane poput omega-3 masnih kiselina, mineralnih tvari poput željeza i selenija, određenih vitamina koji bi mogli utjecati na prevenciju opadanja kognitivnih sposobnosti. Nadalje, mediteranski tip prehrane dokazano smanjuje rizik od dijabetesa, kardiovaskularnih i neurodegenerativnih bolesti. Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati utjecaj pojedinih komponenata hrane kao potencijalne prevencije razvoja Alzheimerove bolesti. Alzheimers disease is chronic neurodegenerative disease which progressively leads to memory loss, changes in behavior and personality, speech and motor skills disorders. Disease progression causes neurons in the areas of hippocampus, entorhinal and temporal cortex to wither. The disease gradually develops and it takes around ten years in average from diagnosing to death. There are a lot of factors that can influence AD but age and gender are primary. It usually occurs in the age over 65 and twice as much in women than in men. Incidence increases with age because with aging neurons are exposed to increased oxidative stress. Lifestyle also plays role in development of the disease. Ones with higher education, physically active, sociable persons have lower risk in developing the disease in earlier age. Early diagnosis is almost impossible; patients are treated too late with treatments that do not significantly contribute in slowing down the progression of the disease. There are more and more studies that suggest positive influence of the components of some foods like Omega-3 fatty acids, mineral substances like iron and selenium, specific vitamins which could prevent cognitive impairment. Furthermore, Mediterranean diet is proven in lowering risk from diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to elaborate the effect of individual components of food as potential preventive in development of Alzheimers disease.

Kardiovaskularne bolesti kao vodeći uzrok smrtnosti u svijetu predstavljaju velik javnozdravstveni problem. Liječenje uključuje promjenu prehrane s obzirom da u podlozi većine rizičnih faktora zaslužnih za napredak bolesti stoje loše prehrambene navike. Mediteranska se prehrana tu pokazala kao najdjelotvornija zahvaljujući blagotvornoj kombinaciji namirnica koje uključuju unos svježeg voća i povrća, mahunarki i orašastih plodova te karakterističnog maslinovog ulja i ribe. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti znanje o mediteranskoj prehrani među pacijentima s bolestima srca te postoji li pozitivan ishod na njihove rezultate nakon provedene edukacije. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 40 kardiovaskularnih pacijenata prosječne dobi 62 ± 9 godina. Znanje o mediteranskoj prehrani procijenjeno je MDNK upitnikom (eng. Mediterranean Diet Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire ) prije i nakon edukacije pacijenata. Prosječan broj bodova postignut MDNK upitnikom prije edukacija iznosio je 2,78 ± 4,66 od ukupno 15 bodova, čime možemo zaključit da je njihovo znanje o mediteranskoj prehrani vrlo loše. Statistički značajna bodovna razlika utvrđena je u upitnicima provedenim nakon edukacije u odnosu na one ispunjene pri samom dolasku (p=0,017) što ukazuje na pozitivan ishod edukacije među pacijentima. Cardiovascular diseases as leading causes of death in the world represent a vast public health care problem. Treatments include a change in diet due to the fact that most of the risk factors regarding the progression of the disease are related to poor eating habits. Mediterranean diet is shown as most effective thanks to a beneficial combination of ingredients including fresh fruit and vegetables, legumes and nuts, and characteristic olive oil and fish. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the knowledge of mediterranean dieting amongst cardiovascular patients and whether or not a positive outcome is possible after experiencing the necessary education. The survey involved 40 cardiovascular patients with an average age of 62 ± 9. The knowledge of mediterranean diet was evaluated with a Mediterranean Diet Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire (MDNK questionnaire) which would be completed before and after the patients were being educated. The average number of points scored with the MDNK questionnaire before the education was 2,78 ± 4,66 out of a total of 15 points , which means we can safely say that the patients' knowledge of mediterranean dieting is very poor. There is a substantial statistic difference in scores between surveys completed after the education and those completed upon arrival (p=0,017) which indicates that there is a positive outcome regarding education amongst patients.

Šećerna bolest jedna je od najčešćih kroničnih metaboličkih bolesti koja je obilježena stanjem kronične hiperglikemije, koja najčešće nastaje kao posljedica nedovoljne produkcije inzulina ili inzulinske rezistencije. U svijetu je danas sve više oboljelih, a s obzirom na težinu i trajanje bolesti te različite komplikacije s kojima se povezuje, šećerna bolest postaje rastući javnozdravstveni problem. U liječenju šećerne bolesti primjenjuju se edukacija, promjena životnog stila, samokontrola i medikamentozna terapija. Promjena životnog stila podrazumijeva redovitu tjelesnu aktivnost te pravilnu prehranu. Osnova u terapiji šećerne bolesti jest pravilna i uravnotežena prehrana te je upravo ona temelj dijetoterapije šećerne bolesti koja se još naziva i medicinska nutritivna terapija. Medicinska nutritivna terapija prema ADA smjernicama podrazumijeva odgovarajući energetski unos, kontrolu tjelesne težine i tjelesnu aktivnost, dosljednost u dnevnom unosu ugljikohidrata, odgovarajući nutritivni sastav, te dosljedno vrijeme obroka i međuobroka. Preporučuje se da prosječan kalorijski unos bude 1500 kcal, da se obroci rasporede u tri glavna obroka i dva međuobroka . Nutritivni sastav trebalo bi indiviualizirati. Ukoliko pacijent ima prekomjernu tjelesnu težinu preporučuje se postupno smanjenje tjelesne težine za 5 – 10 % tijekom 6 mjeseci. Svim se pacijentima, bez obzira na tjelesnu težinu, preporučuje umjerena tjelesna aktivnost jer ima veoma povoljan učinak na glikemiju i inzulinsku rezistenciju. Mnoga istraživanja pokazuju prednosti prehrane sa sniženim unosom ugljikohidrata na kontrolu šećerne bolesti jer ima izuzetno povoljan učinak na glikemiju, dislipidemiju, sniženje tjelesne težine te na kroničnu upalu. Nadalje, prehrana s najpovoljnijim učinkom na šećernu bolest jest mediteranska prehrana koja također ima povoljan učinak na glikemiju, dislipidemiju, smanjenje tjelesne težine i oksidativni stres. Brojne povoljne učinke na šećernu bolest pokazale su i različite vrste prehrane temeljene na unosu namirnica biljnog podrijetla. Postoji čitav niz pojedinačnih namirnica koje također pokazuju povoljne učinke, a neke od njih su đumbir, kurkuma, cimet , kava i crno vino. Potrebno je kontinuirano educirati pacijente o važnosti prehrane u liječenju šećerne bolesti, a same preporuke vezane uz dijetoterapiju treba individualno prilagoditi kako bi se podigla suradljivost, što je osnovni preduvjet za postizanje najboljeg rezultata u liječenju., Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders which is characterised by chronic hiperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Nowadays, there is a growing number of people who suffer from diabetes mellitus, and it has become one of the most important public health issues because it is a serious, chronic illness characterised by many complications. The therapy of diabetes mellitus is based on education, lifestyle modification (which includes diet and physical activity), self-control and pharmacological therapy. Balanced and regular diet is the cornerstone of diabetes treatment. Medical nutritional therapy should include balanced calorie intake, weight management and physical activity, consistency in day-to-day carbohydrate intake, balanced nutritional content and timing of meals and snacks. Calorie intake should be on average 1500 kcal/day, divided in three main meals a day. The optimal nutritional content should be individualised. If the patient is overweight or obese, he or she should be encouraged to slowly reduce body weight by 5-10% in six months. Moderate physical activity should be recommended to every patient with diabetes mellitus because it has beneficial effects on glycemia and insulin resistance. Many studies show positive effects of low-carbohydrate diet on glycemia, dislipidemia, weight managment and chronic inflammation. Mediterranean diet also has many positive effects on glycemia, dislipidemia, weight managment and oxidative stress. In addition, plantbased diets have many good effects on diabetes mellitus as well, and can be useful in diabetes treatment. Ginger, cinnamon, turmeric, coffee, red wine and many other foods also have postive effects on diabetes control. It is important to continually educate patients about the importance of diet in diabetes treatment. However, recommendations should be individualised to improve patient compliance for the best treatment results.

Prehrana na različite načine može utjecati na razvoj kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Nepravilni odabir namirnica, prevelik unos soli, ugljikohidrata, kolesterola i masti te prevelika količina hrane, odnosno kalorijski unos pridonose razvoju i pogoršanju bolesti. Incidencija pretilosti u svijetu je u porastu, a novija saznanja pokazuju da je uz smanjenje broja kalorija u borbi protiv pretilosti potrebno unositi hranu sa smanjenim potencijalom za njezin razvoj. Kardiovaskularni bolesnici imaju loše prehrambene navike te je za njih razvijen niz dijeta. Najdjelotvornijom se pokazala mediteranska prehrana s dodatkom ekstradjevičanskoga maslinova ulja i orašastih plodova koja se pokazala učinkovitom u smanjenju kardiovaskularne smrtnosti i kardijalnih događaja u primarnoj, kao i u sekundarnoj prevenciji. Osim nje učinkovita je DASH-dijeta koja ne samo da pomaže u regulaciji krvnog tlaka i smanjenju tjelesne težine nego i u sniženju razine ukupnog kolesterola u serumu. Daljnji povoljni učinak na regulaciju krvnog tlaka postiže se smanjenjem unosa soli na 6 g/dan ili manje. U kontroliranim studijama dokazano je da unos određene vrste hrane utječe na kardiovaskularno zdravlje. Konzumacija voća i povrća, ekstradjevičanskoga maslinova ulja, orašastih plodova i mahunarki, umjerena konzumacija ribe i morskih plodova, čaja te male količine alkohola pokazale su se korisnima u redukciji kardiovaskularnog rizika. Redovita, umjerena i pravilna prehrana jedan je od najvažnijih čimbenika na koji možemo utjecati kako bismo znatno smanjili rizik od nastanka bolesti srca i krvnih žila., Our diet can affect the development of cardiovascular diseases in various ways. A wrong selection of foods, excessive intake of salt, carbohydrates, cholesterol and fat, as well as an excessive amount of food, i.e. of caloric intake can contribute to the development and worsening of the disease. Obesity is one of the major public health problems with increasing incidence worldwide. Recent findings indicate that in addition to the reduction in the number of calories, the selection of food with reduced potential for the development of obesity is crucial for weight control. Cardiovascular patients have poor eating habits and a series of diets has been developed for them, with different benefits. The most potent is the Mediterranean diet, supplemented with extra virgin olive oil and nuts, acting favourably on cardiovascular mortality and development of cardiac events both in primary and secondary prevention. The DASH diet used in the regulation of blood pressure and body weight has proved to be helpful in reducing the levels of total serum cholesterol. Further regulation of blood pressure can be achieved by reducing salt intake to 6 g or less per day. Guided exclusively on evidence and controlled studies based medicine, the impact of certain foods on cardiovascular health has been established. The benefit in reducing cardiovascular risk was found in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, extra virgin olive oil, nuts and legumes, moderate consumption of fish and seafood, tea, and small amounts of alcohol. We can actively work to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by controlling one of the most important factors and this is a regular, moderate and appropriate diet.

Menopauza predstavlja kraj fizioloških menstrualnih krvarenja te označava završetak razdoblja plodnosti žene. Uzrok menopauze je prestanak funkcioniranja jajnika što posljedično dovodi do smanjenog stvaranja hormona estrogena i progesterona. Ove promjene dovode do niza psihičkih i fizičkih tegoba. Menopauza se najavljuje specifičnim manifestacijama poput valova vrućine, noćnog znojenja, nesanice i razdražljivosti, što se nakon nekog vremena povlače. Promjene nastaju i na spolnim i mokraćnim organima, koži i kosi, a dolazi i do pada kognitivnih funkcija. Ozbiljnije posljedice menopauze su osteoporoza, kardiovaskularne bolesti, rak dojke i dijabetes. Prehrana ima važnu ulogu u prevenciji ovih bolesti i sprječavanju ozbiljnijih komplikacija. Istraživanja pokazuju da hrana bogata fitoestrogenima ima blagotvoran učinak na zdravlje kostiju, prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti i raka dojke zbog njihovog proestrogenog djelovanja. Prehrana bogata kalcijem i vitaminom D nužna je za očuvanje zdravih kostiju. Osim toga, minerali važni za zdravlje kostiju su i bor, bakar, magnezij, mangan, silicij i cink. Način prehrane za koji su dokazani povoljni učinci na očuvanje zdravlja srca i krvnih žila, kognitivne funkcije i prevenciju Parkinsonove i Alzheimerove bolesti te u borbi protiv pretilosti, dijabetesa i osteoporoze je mediteranska prehrana. Ovakav način prehrane obiluje žitaricama, voćem i povrćem, ribom, maslinovim uljem, dok se crveno meso i slatkiši konzumiraju u minimalnim količinama. Cilj ovog rada je objasniti uzrok i posljedice menopauze na ženino tijelo te predložiti način prehrane što može pomoći ublažiti tegobe i očuvati zdravlje žena u menopauzi. Menopause represents the end of physiological menstrual bleeding and marks the end of a woman’s fertility period. Menopause is caused by the termination of the ovarian function which leads to a decreased estrogen and progesterone production. Those changes provoke a series of psychological and physiological complaints. Menopause is announced by specific manifestations as hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia and irritability, which recede after a certain period. Changes are also observable on the genital and urinary organs, the skin and hair, whereas a loss of cognitive functions is also possible. Severe consequences of menopause are osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, and diabetes. Nutrition plays an important role in the prevention of these diseases and other severe complications. Research shows that a phytoestrogen-rich diet has a beneficent effect on bone health, helps to prevent cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer due to its pro estrogenic effect. Foods rich in calcium and vitamin D are necessary for the preservation of healthy bones. Furthermore, equally important minerals for bone health are boron, copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon and zinc. Mediterranean diet is proven to have benign effects on cardiovascular health and cognitive functions, it helps to prevent Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, and to fight obesity, diabetes and osteoporosis. Such a diet abounds in grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, and olive oil, while red meat and sweets are consumed in minimal amounts. The aim of this study is to explain the cause and effects of menopause on a woman's body and suggest a diet that can help ease symptoms and maintain the health of women in menopause.

Kontinuirana progresija prevalencije pretilosti tijekom proteklih desetljeća i njezina terapijska tvrdokornost uvrstile su pretilost u red globalno najvažnijih javnozdravstvenih, socioekonomskih i kliničkih tema. Prema recentnim smjernicama, najvažnije mjesto u liječenju pretilosti zauzima promjena životnih navika s naglaskom na dijetu i tjelesnu aktivnost. U posljednje se vrijeme ističu dobrobiti mediteranske dijete za koju danas postoji sve veći broj dokaza, ali točan mehanizam djelovanja mediteranske dijete još nije u potpunosti razjašnjen. Svrha ovoga rada bila je istražiti djelovanje mediteranske dijete na oksidativni stres kao primarnu mjeru ishoda te time pridonijeti boljem razumijevanju mehanizma njezina djelovanja u pretilih bolesnika. Sekundarne mjere ishoda obuhvaćale su antropometrijske mjere te kliničke i biokemijske čimbenike rizika u pretilih osoba. U istraživanje su bila uključena 124 pretila bolesnika (spol: 32 M i 92 Ž; dob: 47,5 ± 12,42 godina; ITM: 41,59 ± 7,32 kg/m2), randomiziranih u skupine na mediteranskoj (MD) (n = 63) ili standardnoj hipolipemičkoj dijeti (SHD) (n = 61), od čega je njih 84 završilo studiju (40 ispitanika u MD skupini i 44 ispitanika u SHD skupini). Ispitanici su bili uključeni u program mršavljenja koji se temeljio na promjenama životnih navika, a u sklopu kojega je bila petodnevna edukacija te pet kontrolnih pregleda unutar dvanaestomjesečnog razdoblja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da je MD bila značajno učinkovitija u povećanju ukupnog antioksidativnog kapaciteta (TAC); TAC je nakon dvanaest mjeseci iznosio 2,47 ± 0,45 mmolTE/L u MD skupini i 2,31 ± 0,51 mmolTE/L u SHD skupini (P < 0,001 za učinak vremena, P = 0,009 za učinak interakcije vremena i dijete). Metodom multiple regresije, vrsta dijete pokazala se kao jedini značajan čimbenik za promjenu TAC-a (P = 0,013), dok tjelesna aktivnost, spol, promjena tjelesne mase i koncentracija urata nisu značajnije doprinijeli promjeni koncentracije TAC-a. U ovom istraživanju nije primijećen statistički značajan učinak vremena niti ispitivanih intervencija na oxLDL, OLAB ili njihov omjer. Istraživanje je također potvrdilo povoljan utjecaj ispitivanih intervencija na mršavljenje; obje su intervencije utjecale na značajno smanjenje tjelesne mase (P < 0,001), opsega struka (P < 0,001) i ITM-a (P < 0,001) tijekom vremena. Osim toga, ovaj je rad potvrdio bolju učinkovitost MD u smanjenju sistoličkog arterijskoga tlaka (pad od 8,27 ± 18,32 mmHg u MD skupini vs 1,25 ± 18,34 mmHg u SHD skupini) i u povišenju vrijednosti HDL-kolesterola (porast od 0,11 ± 0,24 mmol/L u MD skupini i 0,003 ± 0,19 mmol/L u SHD skupini) u usporedbi s SHD. Stoga ovi rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu da MD dovodi do redukcije većeg broja čimbenika metaboličkog sindroma. Ovo istraživanje po prvi put je na uzorku pretilih bolesnika hrvatske populacije ustanovilo važne čimbenike uspješnosti mršavljenja uz primijenjene nefarmakološke mjere. Pored toga, dobiveni rezultati pridonijeli su razumijevanju pretpostavljenog antioksidativnog mehanizma djelovanja mediteranske prehrane, dajući dobru osnovu za daljnja usmjerena istraživanja u ovom području. The rise in global obesity rates over the last decades and its non-responsiveness to the therapeutic measures have been substantial, presenting obesity as a major public health, socioeconomic and clinical issue. The recent guidelines for the management of obesity recommend lifestyle changes with diet and physical activity as the most important therapeutic measure. Numerous evidence point to the benefits of Mediterranean diet (MD); however, its exact mechanism of action is still ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the effect of MD on oxidative stress as the primary endpoint what could lead to the better understanding of the mechanism of action of MD in obese patients. 124 obese patients participated in study (sex: 32 M and 92 F, age: 47.5 ± 12.42, BMI: 41.59 ± 7.32 kg/m2), and were randomized to either MD (n = 63) or standard hypolipemic diet (SHD) (n = 61) group. 84 subjects (40 in MD and 44 in SHD group) completed the study. All subjects participated in a weight reduction programme, involving intensive 5-day educational intervention on diet, physical activity and behavioural therapy, followed by five follow-up visits during the twelve months. The results imply MD beneficial effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAC); twelve months mean (± SD) TAC values were 2.47 ± 0,45 mmolTE/L and 2.31 ± 0.51 mmolTE/L in MD and SHD, respectively (P < 0.001 for time effect; P = 0.005 for time-diet interaction effect). Multiple regression model identified type of diet as the only significantly contributing factor to TAC change (P = 0.013), while physical activity, gender, body weight change and urate concentration did not contribute significantly. We did not observe the statistically significant time or diet effect on oxLDL, OLAB or their ratio. This study confirmed the beneficial effect of both interventions in weight management, measured as reduction in body weight (P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.001). Compared with the SHD, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased (8.27 ± 18.32 mmHg and 1.25 ± 18.34 mmHg in MD and SHD group, respectively) and HDL cholesterol increased (0.11 ± 0.24 mmol/L and 0.,003 ± 0.19 mmol/L in MD and SHD group, respectively) significantly in the MD group. Therefore, these results confirm the hypothesis that adherence to the MD is associated with more prominent reduction of the metabolic syndrome components. This is the first study identifying variables predictive of successful weight loss among obese Croatian patients. Additionally, the obtained results contribute to the understanding of proposed antioxidative mechanism of MD and could be used as the basis for further research in this area.

Djeca i adolescenti se smatraju populacijskom skupinom u kojoj bi obrazac mediteranske prehrane mogao biti najznačajnije narušen, pa je stoga zaslužuje posebnu pažnju. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti kakvoću prehrane djece predškolske dobi (KIDMED indeks) te utvrditi utjecaj parametara kao što su spol, dob i uhranjenost djeteta, odnosno uhranjenost i postignuto obrazovanje majke. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 60 djece, od kojih je bilo 32 djevojčice i 28 dječaka u dobi od 4 do 6 godina. Većina sudionika (oko 60%) u određenoj mjeri je slijedila principe mediteranske prehrane. Nije pronađena značajna razlika između KIDMED indeksa u odnosu na spol,dobi uhranjenost djeteta te obrazovanje majke i njenu uhranjenost (p>0,05). Rezultate je potrebno potvrditi na većem uzorku ispitanika. Children and adolescents are considered as a population group in which form the Mediterranean diet could be the most significant disrupted, and therefore deserves special attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the diet of preschool children (KIDMED index) and to determine the effect of parameters such as sex, age and nutritional status of the child or the nutritional status and educational attainment of the mother. The study involved 60 children, of whom there were 32 girls and 28 boys between the ages of 4 to 6 years. Most participants (60 %) to some extent followed the principles of the Mediterranean diet. There was no significant difference between KIDMED index in relation to sex, age, nutritional status of the child and the mother's education and her nutritional status (p> 0.05). The results must be confirmed in a larger sample.

Bolesti srca i krvnih žila, odnosno kardiovaskularne bolesti imaju veliki utjecaj na preranu smrt, ali i na kvalitetu samog života te su glavni uzrok smrtnosti u svijetu. Odgovorne su za 30 % svih smrtnih slučajeva u svijetu. U kardiovaskularne bolesti se među ostalima ubrajaju infarkt miokarda, ishemijska bolest srca i ateroskleroza. Uzroci kardiovaskularnih bolesti su: visok unos masnoća, visok unos soli, jednostavnih ugljikohidrata odnosno rafiniranih, arterijska hipertenzija, debljina, genetski čimbenici, pušenje te neke druge bolesti kao što su bolesti štitnjače, dijabetes tipa 2, te psihosocijalni čimbenici i stres. U cilju smanjenja rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti značajna je odgovarajuća prehrana, smanjenje unosa soli, svakodnevna tjelesna aktivnost, prestanak pušenja, umjereno konzumiranje alkohola te izbjegavanje stresa. Postoje dva principa prehrane koji dokazano smanjuju rizik od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, a to su Dash dijeta i mediteranska prehrana. Mediteranska prehrana je postala preporučeni način prehrane diljem svijeta i smatra se najzdravijim načinom prehrane, čije temeljno obilježje uporaba maslinovog ulja koje dokazano smanjuje rizik od kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati principe ova dva načina prehrane s aspekta smanjenja rizika za kardiovaskularne bolesti povezanih s profilom lipoproteina. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have immense impact on preterm death, as well as on the overall quality of life, and represent number one death cause. Out of all death causes, 30 % are due to CVDs. CVDs among others include myocardial infarction, ischemic heart diseases and atherosclerosis. The main causes of CVDs are high intake of fats, high intake of salt, simple carbohydrates, hypertension, obesity, genetic factors, smoking, and other diseases like thyroid diseases, type 2 diabetes, psychosocial factors and stress. Minding the aim of lower risk for CVDs significant influence have adequate diet, lower intake of salt, regular physical activity, avoiding smoking, occasional alcohol consumption and stress relief. Two dietary principles have been proven to lower the risk for CVDs; DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet. The Mediterranean diet has become the recommended dietary regime around the globe and is considered to be the healthiest diet. Its main characteristics include regular olive oil consumption, which has been proven to diminish the risk for CVDs. The aim of this paper is to show principles of these two dietary regimes with the aspect of lower risk for CVDs related to blood lipoproteins.

Kardiovaskularne bolesti (KVB) glavni su uzrok smrtnosti u svijetu. Imaju velik utjecaj na preranu smrtnost, ali i na kvalitetu samog života. U kardiovaskularne bolesti ubrajaju se: infarkt miokarda, bolesti zatajenja srca, ishemijske bolesti srca koje su velikim dijelom posljedica suženja krvnih žila, moždani udar, promjene na krvnim žilama nogu, ateroskleroza i demencija kao posljedica promjena na krvnim žilama, arterijska hipertenzija, promjene na bubrezima zbog bolesti krvnih žila. Brojni su uzroci nastanka kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Najvažnijima se smatraju: arterijska hipertenzija, povišene masnoće u krvi, pušenje, debljina, dijabetes, genetski čimbenici, neke druge bolesti kao što su bolesti štitnjače te stres i psihosocijalni čimbenici. U prevenciji kardiovaskularnih bolesti značajna je svakodnevna tjelesna aktivnost, umjereno konzumiranje alkohola, prestanak pušenja, izbjegavanje stresa te, što je osobito važno, odgovarajuća prehrana. Jedan od modela prehrane koji smanjuje nastanak kardiovaskularnih bolesti je mediteranska prehrana koja obiluje prirodnom funkcionalnom hranom. Karakteristične namirnice za ovu vrstu prehrane su maslinovo ulje, riba, voće i povrće, svojstveno začinsko bilje, te crveno vino. Konzumacijom tih namirnica u organizam se unose nutrijenti, kao što su nezasićene i esencijalne masne kiseline, antioksidansi, fenoli, koji zajedno sudjeluju u smanjenju rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of mortality in the world. They have a great impact on premature mortality, but also on quality of life. CVDs include: myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic heart diseases which are in large part caused by impaired artery flow, stroke, changes on limbs blood vessels, atherosclerosis and dementia as a result of changes in blood vessels, arterial hypertension, and kidney alterations due to vascular disease. There are many causes of cardiovascular disease. The most important are considered: hypertension, elevated blood lipids, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and genetic factors, other diseases such as thyroid disease and stress and psychosocial factors. The CVDs prevention is significant and includes daily physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, quitting smoking, avoiding stress, and what is especially important, adequate nutrition. One of the diet models that reduce CVDs is the Mediterranean diet that is rich in natural functional foods. Typical foods of the Mediterranean diet are olive oil, fish, fruits and vegetables, characteristic herbs, and red wine. Consumption of these foods gives essential nutrients such as unsaturated and essential fatty acids, antioxidants, phenols, which all together reduce CVD risks.

Maslinovo ulje danas je postalo sinonim zdravog načina prehrane i modernog življe-nja. Sve je više znanstvenih istraživanja i spoznaja o kvalitetnom ekstra djevičanskom maslinovom ulju, tako da i obični potrošač postaje svjestan važnosti njegove visoke kakvoće. Mediteranski način prehrane prelazi okvire mediteranskog bazena i postaje posebno popularan u zemljama srednje Europe, sjeverne i južne Amerike, Kanade, Australije, Novog Zelanda, Japana i Tajlanda gdje se provode velike promocije o važnosti kakvoće maslinovog ulja i njegovom konzumiranju. U ovom radu opisano je značenje masti i ulja u prehrani čovjeka, s posebnim naglaskom na maslinovom ulju, njegovim osnovnim značajkama i utjecaju na zdravlje čovjeka. Na kraju je opisan mediteranski način prehrane s prikazom piramide mediteranske dijete koja svoju popularnost doživljava tek posljednjih 10 godina., Today olive oil has become a synonym for healthy diet and modern living. There are more and more scientific investigations and knowledge on the quality of extra virgin olive oil, so even common consumers become aware of its importance. Mediterranean diet has crossed the borders of the Mediterranean basin becoming particularly popular in the countries of middle Europe, north and south America, Canada, Australia, New Zeeland, Japan and Thailand, where great promotion campaigns on olive oil quality importance and its consumption are going on. In this paper, the significance of fats and oils in human diet is described, with special accent on olive oil, its' principal characteristics and influence on human health. At the end, the Mediterranean diet is described, with the Mediterranean diet pyramid that has become populari in the last 10 years.

Pojava pretilosti i neaktivnosti s posljedičnom velikom učestalošću kardiovaskularnih bolesti karakteristika su civilizacijskog napretka i ekonomskog blagostanja. Promjena načina života utjecala je i na pojavu bolesti i fi zički izgled velikog broja osoba srednje i starije životne dobi. Iz tog su razloga osnovni oblici liječenja metaboličkog sindroma vrlo jednostavni, ali najteže primjenjivi. Motivaciju za smanjenje kalorijskog unosa i pojačanu potrošnju energije bolesnici dobivaju tek nakon doživljavanja vaskularnog incidenta, odnosno osjećajem boli ili straha. Čim prestanu ti simptomi većina se vraća na stare navike. Pitanje je kako potaknuti i zadržati motivaciju za brigu o vlastitome zdravlju primjenom osnovnih oblika liječenja metaboličkog sindroma - pojačana tjelesna aktivnost, pravilna prehrana i reduciranje suvišne tjelesne težine., Obesity and physical inactivity, which result in a high incidence of cardiovascular diseases, are characteristic of civilisation progress and economic prosperity. Changes in lifestyle both lead to the development of diseases and affect the physical appearance in a high number of middle-aged and senior citizens. Consequently, basic forms of the metabolic syndrome treatment are at the same time very simple, but most diffi cult to apply. The patients are motivated to reduce the intake of calories and increase energy consumption only after vascular incidents, or after they experience pain or fear. As soon as these symptoms disappear, most of them get back into their old habits. Therefore, the motivation for medical self-care, i.e. increased physical activity, appropriate diet and weight loss, remains the main problem.