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Leptospiroza je (re)emergentna zarazna bolest mnogih domaćih i divljih životinja i čovjeka uzrokovana patogenim bakterijama iz roda Leptospira. Epizootiologija ove bolesti usko je vezana uz različite životinjske vrste koje nose i izlučuju pojedine serovare leptospira u okoliš. Ipak, glavni su rezervoari leptospiroze glodavci koji nakon infekcije ne obolijevaju i ostaju doživotni kliconoše. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učestalost infekcije u mišolikih glodavaca u endemijskim područjima leptospiroze u Republici Hrvatskoj. Metodom lančane reakcije polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu pretraženi su bubrezi 186 mišolikih glodavaca, a specifičan odsječak DNK patogenih leptospira dokazan je u 20 pretraženih uzoraka, dajući nam prosječan stupanj kliconoštva od 10,75 %. Bakterije iz roda Leptospira utvrđene su u pet od sedam pretraživanih vrsta glodavaca i lokaliteta izlova, što potvrđuje ulogu mišolikih glodavaca u održavanju endemijskih žarišta leptospiroze. Najviši stupanj kliconoštva (30 %) utvrđen je na širem području Velike Gorice. Takav se rezultat može pokušati objasniti činjenicom da to područje pripada u sliv rijeke Save i da ima velik poplavni potencijal, a vlažna područja omogućuju dulji opstanak leptospira u okolišu. Potrebna su daljna longitudinalna istraživanja kako bi se ustvrdili biotički i abiotički čimbenici koji utječu na brojnost populacije mišolikih glodavaca te postotak inficiranosti leptospirama, odnosno kliconoštvo., Leptospirosis is a (re) emerging zoonosis of many domestic and wild animals and humans, caused by pathogenic bacteria from the genus Leptospira. It is a natural foci disease with epizootiology and epidemiology closely linked to reservoir species that excrete certain serovars of Leptospira into the environment. Rats and small rodents are the main reservoirs and lifelong carriers of pathogenic Leptospira. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of infection of small rodents in areas where leptospirosis appears endemic. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to test kidney specimens of 186 animals, that were trapped in seven endemic regions of Croatia. Using this method, we obtained 20 positive samples, giving a Leptospira shedding rate of 10.75%. During this investigation Leptospira spp. were detected in five out of seven small rodent species, with the highest degree of shedding (30%) detected in the Velika Gorica municipality. These findings may be explained by the fact that this area belongs to the River Sava basin. High flooding potential and humid areas allow the longer survival of Leptospira in the environment. Further longitudinal studies are needed in order to identify all the abiotic and biotic factors that can affect the density of rodent population and shedding rates.

Brijestova osa listarica je invazivni štetnik, podrijetlom iz Japana i Kine. Unesena je u Europu posredstvom egzotičnih vrsta brijesta. U Bosni i Hercegovini je prvi puta otkrivena ovim nalazom 2017. godine na području općine Vareš na nekoliko lokaliteta. Ni na jednom od lokaliteta štetnik nije uzrokovao značajniju defolijaciju. Budući da je ovo strana i potencijalno invazivna vrsta, može se očekivati njeno širenje po čitavom području Bosne i Hercegovine., The invasive species was first discovered in 2017 year in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vareš municipality, on trees of mountain elm. It was not researched biology of pest. It was discovered characteristic zig-zag defoliation of larvae, and found female adult. No partial or full defoliation caused by this pest was found, and the defoliation was determined on individual leaves. It is needed further researchs on the biology, harm and spread of pest on elm in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

U ovome radu opisan je prvi nalaz hrastove mrežaste stjenice (Corythuca arcuata) na području centralne Bosne, na dva lokaliteta. Kako je ovo prvi nalaz ove vrste na području Bosne i Hercegovine, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja biologije i štetnosti ovog insekta. Budući da je ovo strana i potencijalno invazivna vrsta, može se očekivati njeno širenje po teritoriji čitave Bosne i Hercegovine., This research is first record of oak lace bug (Corythuca arcuata) in the municipality of Vareš, Bosnia and Herzegovina on two localities. It was found eggs, nymphs and adult insects of oak lace bug on the leaves of sessile oak. Since this is a foreign and potentially invasive species, its spread throughout the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina can be expected.

Zaštita šuma obuhvaća ukupnost svih raspoloživih mjera koje mogu biti preventivnog ili represivnog karaktera kojoj je cilj održivost kvalitete šumskih sastojina. Kako bi se spriječio kalamitet određenih štetnika u slavonskim šumama hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.) na području kojim gospodari Uprava šuma Podružnica Vinkovci, u razdoblju od 2009. do 2011. godine, poduzete su mjere zaštite protiv malog (Operophthera brumata L.) i velikog mrazovca (Hibernia defoliaria Cl.), gubara (Lymantria dispar L.), hrastove pepelnice (Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et. Maubl.), sitnih glodavaca, te korovske vegetacije. Prije poduzimanja mjera zaštite utvrđena je brojnost glodavaca, te je procijen intenziteta napada kukaca i pepelnice. Ukupno je protiv biotskih štetnika tretirano 15 717, 6 ha sastojina pri čemu je utrošeno 7 882 607 kn (približno 1 065 000 € obračunato prema srednjem tečaju HNB koji je vrijedio u vrijeme izvođenja radova). Kukci su tretirani na površini od 6 508 ha preparaom Match 0, 5 EC. Intenzitet njihovoga napada je bio i do 80 %. Hrastova pepelnica je suzbijana na površini od 2 372, 87 ha korištenjem preparata Artea plus, Artea 330 EC i Rubigan EC. Najveći intenzitet napada ove bolesti je zabilježen 2011. godine kada je na pojedinim lokalitetima iznosio i do 100%. Te je godine bolest suzbijana na 1 694, 40 ha. Mjere zaštite protiv sitnih glodavaca su primjenjene 2009. i 2011. godine na površini od 4 657, 67 ha korištenjem rodenticida Brodilon uz prethodno utvrđivanje relativne brojnosti koja je iznosila od 61 do 100 %. Korovska vegetacija je suzbijana preparatima Cidokor, Ouragan Sistem 4, Total 480 i Herbocor na površini od 2 372, 87 ha. Kontrola uspjeha nakon svake od poduzetih mjera je bila zadovoljavajuća.

U sklopu monitoringa dabrova u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji nakon njihove reintrodukcije, evidentiraju se gubici dabrova prema mjestu i vremenu uginuća, uzroku, spolu i starosti jedinke. Podaci se prikupljaju pomoću mreže suradnika, odnosno po evidenciji događaja. Na temelju analize prikupljenih podataka o stradanju dabrova u proteklih 18 godina, uočava se porast stradalih dabrova, posebice nakon porasta populacije i prostornog širenja dabrova, odnosno 10 godina nakon ispuštanja u Hrvatskoj. U promatranom razdoblju u Hrvatskoj je evidentirano ukupno 111 gubitaka dabrova, dok je u Srbiji taj broj znatno manji i iznosi 36 jedinki. U Srbiji nije primjetan proporcionalni porast stradanja dabrova u odnosu na dinamiku populacije. Najviše dabrova stradava u prometu, 40 % u Hrvatskoj i 17 % u Srbiji, te nezakonitim lovom i ribolovom 22 % u Hrvatskoj i 19 % u Srbiji. Iznimku čini jedna jedinka koja je stradala uslijed pada stabla na odraslog dabra. Često se kod pronalaska lešine ne može utvrditi uzrok uginuća 21 % u Hrvatskoj i 28 % u Srbiji. U Srbiji je utvrđen značajan udio uginuća zbog bolesti, čak 25 % evidentiranih gubitaka. Što se tiče starosne strukture stradalih dabrova, najvećim dijelom stradavaju adultne jedinke a potom subadultne, dok je, s obzirom na brojne nepotpune informacije, često starost nepoznata. Kada se analizira spol stradalih jedinki, također je nepoznato najviše zastupljeno, što je donekle razumljivo jer ne postoji kod dabra izraženi spolni dimorfizam, a kod utvrđenog spola neznatno više stradava mužjaka. S obzirom na vrijeme stradavanja, najviše jedinki je evidentirano u proljeće i jesen, dok najmanje dabrova stradava tijekom zime. Kao mjere zaštite dabrova u prvom redu poziva se na poštivanje zakonskih propisa vezano za ilegalni lov i ribolov, a stradavanju u prometu moguće je smanjiti ili ponegdje u potpunosti spriječiti postavljanjem žičane ograde uz prometnicu na problematičnim prijelazima. Također se mogu uspješno spriječiti gubici kod radova na vodotocima u području koje nastanjuju dabrovi, da se stručno i tehničko osoblje koje obavlja zahvat na uređenju vodotoka educira i orijentira na mjere zaštite dabrova kod izvođenja radova (zaštita nastambi i jedinki od radnih strojeva). Takozvani „opasni“ objekti u koje dabrovi mogu upasti i u njima stradati, mogu se prilagoditi na način da se dabrovima onemogući ulazak u takav prostor ili da se osigura mogućnost izlaska iz takovog prostora. U biti, zaštita dabrova provodi se dobrom medijskom prezentacijom i informiranjem javnosti o dabru i njegovom način života, mjerama zaštite i edukacijom građana. Takva izravna komunikacija omogućava i jednostavnije prikupljanje podataka o dabrovima, uključujući i podatke o stradalim ili uginulim jedinkama., Population monitoring of beavers in Croatia and Serbia is being continuously run since the first release of beavers in 1996. in Croatia(Grubešić i Krapinec, 1998, Grubešić, 2014). Serbia has started with monitoring in 1999. When the first beak has been registered in the north of Vojvodina and it has been intensified since 2004. when they started with inhabitation – reintroduction (Ćirović, 2010). As a part of monitoring beavers in Croatia and Serbia since their reintroduction, beaver losses are being recorded by place and time of death, cause, sex and age of individuals. Information is being gathered with help of a network of associates, and by evidence of events. Based on the analysis of gathered information on beaver killings in the past 18 years a growth of killed beavers has been noticed, especially after the population growth and territorial expansion of beavers, and 10 years after the release in Croatia. In the observed period in Croatia a total of 111 beaver losses have been registered, while in Serbia this number is significantly lower and amounts to 36 individuals. Based on registered beaver losses a significant rise in beaver losses in the past 7 years has been noticed on the territory of Republic of Croatia. Actually the number of killed individuals has risen significantly when the beaver population has stabilized and increased its numbers and after 10 years since the inhabitation. In Serbia, despite the stabilization and territorial expansion, registered losses are relatively small, and stagnation or slight drop in killed or died animals has been noted. The main factor of mortality in Croatia and Serbia has been traffic. About one third of beavers (50 individuals) have been killed in traffic accidents. Traffic share in beaver mortality is equal or even somewhat smaller when compared to results from some parts of Germany, where this share is from 50 % to even 86,5 % (Pokorny and associates 2014., Muller 2014).Strangulation in fishing nets has been the second most significant beaver loss in populations on the territory of Posavina and Podravina (22 beavers – 15 %). Autopsy unquestionably proved that 17 beavers (11.6 %) died from illness. For 33 of them (22,4 %), due to untimely findings or delivery to autopsy, a precise cause of death could not have been determined. When we look at beaver loss causes on the territory of Republic of Croatia traffic absolutely dominates, followed by unknown causes, and in third place illegal hunting and fishing (especially gillnets). In Serbia alongside unknown causes significant influences have diseases. From all 147 losses, only one beaver has been killed underneath a tree. Even though it has been noted he has been “killed at work” the position of the beavers body and tree points that the killing was not a consequence of knocking down the tree in question (Picture 1 and 2), but that the tree fell on the beaver as it has been passing by, most likely as a consequence of wind blowing the bitten tree down or exceptionally that an another individual knocked down the tree and it fell on the beaver passing by.Mostly adult individuals are being killed (Croatia 39, Serbia 14 beavers) which is linked to their increased activity in search for food and in moving about in general. Reasearch of other authors also shows that adult individuals are mostly being killed and mainly females (Pokorny and associates 2014).Sub adult individuals are being killed when exploring the territory (new locations) or when they inhabit a zone where the get killed easily, especially in traffic. This age group has mostly been killed in Serbia (15 beavers).In relation to sexual structure in Croatia and in Serbia a larger number of males were killed than females. Unfortunately, for half of killed beavers we were not able to tell the sex.If we look at beaver killing on a seasonal level, then two periods stick out, mostly spring then autumn. In spring beavers move more, especially the sub adult ones in search for foo and exploration of new habitats, while in autumn when they are more active in agricultural lands, they are being killed in traffic or in illegal hunting (this influence is most likely significantly bigger than the recorded one, but the prefix “illegal” points to unavailability of information and data on individuals killed this way).Illness for now are not a more significant cause of population loss, but in the future, especially in areas overcrowded by beaver, the might have a more significant role in the reduction of population, considering that we are dealing with a species (rodents) that are sensitive to certain diseases (leptospirosis, tularemia) (Parker and ass. 1951, Hopla 1974, Hornfeldti sur. 1986, Morneri sur., 1988, Wolli sur. 2012).Certain problems or flaws in delivering information on losses emerge due to associates not being educated; these are accidental findings by people who have seen this species most likely for the first time. Apart from that some information has been delivered without details that would give a clearer picture in determining a cause of death, age and sex.As a measure of protecting beavers first in line is respecting the legislation connected to illegal hunting and fishing, and the traffic killing might be decreased or somewhere completely prevented by setting up a wire fence alongside roads in troubling crosses. Also losses can be successfully prevented in watercourse construction in territories inhabited by beavers, that the personnel that is carrying out the construction is being educated and pointed to beaver protection measures while carrying out the work (lodge and animal protection from excavators). So called “dangerous” objects in which beavers can fall into and get hurt, can be adjusted in a way that beavers are enabled to get into such spaces but also to ensure the possibility of getting out from such a space. Beaver protection is being carried out by good media presentation and informing the public of beavers and their way of life, protection measures and citizen education. Such direct communication enables and simplifies information gathering on beavers, also including information on killed or died individuals.

Sitni glodavci iz podporodica Murinae (pravi miševi) i Arvicolinae (voluharice) u šumama hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.) tijekom godina masovne pojave otežavaju prirodnu obnovu šuma, uzrokujući štete na sjemenu, stabljici i korijenu mladih hrastovih biljaka. U okviru istraživanja provedenih od 2011. g. do 2013. g. na području šumarije Lipovljani utvrđena je relativna brojnost glodavaca zajedno s udjelom dominantnih podporodica u populaciji te njihovim prostornim rasporedom. Analizirane su također štete od glodavaca na stabljici i korijenu lužnjakovog pomlatka, u okviru čega je provedena morfološka obrada oštećenoga i neoštećenoga korijenja te njihova usporedba. Utvrđeno je da pri relativno niskoj brojnosti glodavaca (0–16 %) više od petine hrastova pomlatka (22 %) može biti uništeno zbog posljedica grizenja korijena, osobito ako u strukturi populacije glodavaca dominiraju voluharice. Nadalje, pokazalo se da hranjenje glodavaca korijenjem hrasta starosti do pet godina posljedično znači gubitak do 77 % volumena korijena, 96 % korijenovih vrhova te smanjenje duljine korijena i do 97 %, čime je potvrđeno da je preživljavanje oštećenih biljaka potpuno onemogućeno. Hranjenje glodavaca korom stabljike za posljedicu je imalo stvaranje grizotina površine od 16,5 mm2 do 766,5 mm2 i to prosječno na 1,6, a najviše na pet mjesta na stabljici. Utvrđeno je da su štete na korijenu i stabljici rasle sa starošću biljaka. Usporedbom prosječnih vrijednosti volumena, duljine i broja vrhova korijena oštećenih i neoštećenih biljaka, ustanovljeno je da su razlike među njima statistički značajne kod gotovo svih visinskih kategorija biljaka i debljinskih kategorija korijena za koje je provedena usporedba. Ovim je istraživanjem dobiven kvalitativni nalaz šteta od glodavaca na korijenu hrastova pomlatka, te je potvrđeno da je sustavno praćenje dinamike, ali i udjela podporodica u strukturi populacija sitnih glodavaca, zajedno s evidentiranjem stanišnih prilika i prouzročenih šteta, preduvjet ekološki i ekonomski odgovornoj zaštiti šuma., Small rodents from subfamilies Murinae (real mice) and Arvicolinae (voles) during the years of their mass occurrence can impede natural regeneration of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) forests by causing damage to seeds, stem and roots of young plants.. Such damage on different tree species is being recorded throughout Europe periodically. In Croatian forestry an area size on which rodent damage occures in the years of their high abundance extends on 4500 hectars on average. The mere observing of the damage and of rodent presence is the most common method of evaluating rodent abundance while thorough analysis of the two is generally missing.The aim of this research was to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of rodent damage made to stem and root system of pedunculate oak saplings in accordance to rodent abundance, dynamics and population structure in young-growth pedunculate oak forest (Genisto elatae – Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938) situated within the region of Central Posavina (Lipovljani, Opeke). Quantitative analysis included monitoring of rodent abundance (linear transect method, three transects, 112 snap traps) and counting oak saplings on five experimental plots (5m 5m) where saplings that had gnawing marks on their stem or roots were sampled and counted as damaged. Qualitative analysis included measuring dimension of gnawing marks (widh x hight) along with scaning, analysing and comparing damaged and undamaged root systems of sampled oak saplings. The latter was done using scaner Epson Expression 10000 XL while the WinRhizo software was used to determine root varables: lenght, volume and the number of root tips. Data classification of the root lenght and number of root tips was made in accordance to four categories depending on the diamentar of root sections: 0–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–5 mm, > 5 mm. Roots of 115 damaged and 33 undamaged oak saplings was sampled, scaned and sorted into three categories depending on a plant hight: 80 cm. Plant and rodent sampling were done in November 2011, April 2012 and in May 2013. Morphological determination of rodents was done according to Niethammer and Krapp. Georeferencing of trapped animals was made using the GPS (Garmin Oregon 450). Collected data was analysed using Garmin MapSource ver. 6.16.3., Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and STATISTICA 8. Differences between undamaged and damaged roots of the saplings were tested by Student t-test, or in case of inhomogeneous variences, by nonparametric Mann-Whintey U-test. In all the analyzes 5 % error was considered statistically significant. Monitoring of the rodent population showed that in period from November 2011 till May 2013 rodent abundance varied from 0 % to 16 % and that ratio of subfamilies Arvicolinae and Murinae changed seasonally (Graph 1). Analysis of the rodent spatial distribution showed that most of real mice were trapped on transect covered by dense vegetation, while voles were mostly trapped on other two transects with less vegetation coverage. Quantitative analysis showed that the ratio of damaged pedunculate oak saplings varied from 0,0 % to 42,05 % within individual experimental plots, while the highest overall recorded ratio was 22 %. Qualitative analysis showed that the extent of damage made by rodents increased with the age of oak saplings (1–5 years), both on the root system (Graphs 2–6) and on the stam. Feeding on the stems of the saplings resulted in gnawing marks that varied from 16,5 mm2 to 766,5 mm2 in size and were 182,5 mm2 on average. Number of gnawing marks recorded on individual plant varied from one to five and was 1,6 on average. Rodent feeding on root system resulted in loss of 57–77 % of root volume, 71 %–97 % of root lenght and 65 %–96 % of root tips of pedunculate oak saplings depending on the hight of a plant. Statistically significant difference in volume, rooth lenght and number of root tips between damaged and undamaged oak saplings within almost all high and root categories was determened. This research confirmed that rodent abundance and population structure varies seasonally and is therefore important to be aware of it while it provides basic information for predicting the damage made by rodents on the pedunculate young-growth. It also showed that, in accordance to root volume, lenght and number of root tips of pedunculate oak saplings damaged by rodents – that were measured for the the first time within this research – the plant itself cannot recover from the loss.

Utvrđivanje utjecaja stanišnih elemenata na prisutnost šumske voluharice i žutogrlog šumskog miša provedeno je u Bosni na tri lokaliteta (Bitovnja, Zvijezda i Igman) u šumama bukve, jele i smreke. U svrhu definiranja uvjeta staništa, na svakoj plohi minimalnog kvadrata procjenjivani su i mjereni sljedeći parametri: prekrivenost zemljišta krošnjama stabala, ekspozicija, mikroreljef, prisutnost vode, drvnih ostataka, starost drvnih ostataka i prekrivenost zemljišta vegetacijom. Dobivenim rezultatima utvrđen je utjecaj navedenih stanišnih parametara na prisutnost šumske voluharice (Myodes glareolus) i žutogrlog šumskog miša (Apodemus falvicollis). Omjer smjese vrsta drveća, ponajprije veća prisutnost listača, kao i sama strukturna izgrađenost sastojine, utječu na povećanu prisutnost sitnih glodavaca. Manje vrijednosti veličine prekrivenosti zemljišta krošnjama stabala omogućavaju značajniju prisutnost šumske voluharice, dok staništa čije su vrijednosti ovog parametra veće, više pogoduju za nastanjivanje žutogrlog šumskog miša. Razvijen sloj prizemne vegetacije i grmlja kao što je Rubus sp., ima pozitivan utjecaj na prisutnost M. glareolus. Šumska voluharica bila je prisutnija na dijelovima sastojine koje su južno i istočno eksponirane u odnosu na druge strane. Količina drvnih ostataka u sastojini kao neophodan zaklon od prirodnih neprijatelja i mjesto na kojemu nalaze hranu, imala je važan utjecaj za prisutnost sitnih glodavaca na svim lokalitetima istraživanja., The increase of the number of population of small rodents, when they can cause significant damage, among the other impacts also depends on the characteristics of the habitat. In this paper was tested the impact of habitats elements to the presence of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and yellow necked mouse (Apodemus falvicollis). The researches were undertaken in the area of Bosnia (Bitovnja, Zvijezda and Igman) in the period 2008 and 2009. Different level of composition of plant communities and the character of human-caused impact on the object of research have enabled the identification of their impact to the presence of small rodents. Defining of types of habitat conditions for these animals was conducted according to the importance of their presence at the parts of plots of minimal square (Picture 1). This method means the determination of numerousness (abundance) of the population of small rodents based on the number of units collected at the total of 64 hunting locations/places. Hunting places of the plot were defined as small plots (micro-localities) the size of which was 15 x 15 m. For the needs of this paper, in the period of research, were placed 9 plots with minimal square, and the assessment of habitat parameters was conducted at the total of 576 small plots. The description of the habitat was intended to find the dependence between the numerousness (abundance) and living ambiance of the present species of small rodents at the researched localities. The pattern for typing (standardization) of the habitat contained the basic factors which individually or in combination describe the living space of these animals. The level of land coverage by tree crowns was defined with three categories: (1) covered, (2) partially covered, and (3) not covered. The assessment of exposure of the small plot had five categories, (1–4) for main sides of the world and (5) flat surface of the small plot. The category micro-relief has contained five elements: (1) flat small plot, (2) small plot with hollows, (3) small plot with elevations, (4) uniformly inclined surface and (5) ') INSERT INTO sve VALUES(201309,56,' 9-10/2013',438,'8,91',' combination of micro-hollows and micro-elevations. Coverage of the land with leaf litter and vegetation as the category had six elements: (1) covered with leaf litter, (2) grass vegetation, (3) combination of two previous elements, (4) without leaf litter or grass vegetation, (5) less presence of weed and (6) weeds more represented. Availability of water was reviewed through two categories: (1) available water, (2) waterless habitat. Quantity of wood remains (1) no remains, (2) medium quantity and (3) more remains present. Age of wood remains had three categories: (1) fresh remains, (2) medium-fresh remains and (3) completely decomposed. For this analysis was used the statistical program SPSS Statistics 17.0. Testing of the importance of the impact of particular ecological parameters was conducted by the analysis Cross Tab, by implementing of the method: Analyze/Descriptive/Crosstab and correlative connection Correlation, Bivariate Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Spearman, Test of Significance Two – tailed. Based on the examination of the caught species of small rodents (Table 1) was visible its significant representation in forests of beech and fir with spruce in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By conducted analyses was identified the existence of statistically important impact of particular parameters of micro-habitat at plots of all localities to the presence of M. glareolus and A. flavicollis (Tables 2–4). At particular parts of plots, or small plots, the more significant increase of the openness of the surface has contributed to forming of rich layer of ground vegetation. The change of micro-habitat conditions in this sense also had positively reflected to the numerousness (abundance) of M. glareolus (Tables 2 and 4). The favorable impact to its presence also had the intensively developed floor of herbaceous plants in the forest which provides the necessary food. From the aspect of the protection, the dense vegetation cover provides to this species a safe shelter from predators, especially at dusk, and partially also during the day time. The existence of the connection between this habitat parameter and the presence of A. flavicollis was not identified. Such result was expected due to significantly different demands of this species regarding the habitat conditions. This species prefers a dry habitat with almost complete level of canopy, poorly developed layer of brush and ground vegetation and large quantity of leaf litter at the ground with plenty of beech seeds. Significant correlation connection was identified between the presence of species from the genus Rubus and bank mole at Mt. Bitovnja. Namely, Rubus species create favorable place for living of animals at particular micro-habitat providing an adequate shelter and during the ripening of fruits (July-August) also the plenty of food. Significant differences regarding the numerousness of M. glareolus were identified in comparison of numerousness at southern-exposed small plots compared to other exposures (Table 2), and numerousness at eastern-exposed parts of plots compared to the other (Table 3). The impact of the exposure as the result represents in essence the demand of this species for increased heat and light. According to the results of these researches, one could say that for bank mole are favorable habitats with micro-hollows (Table 3). High numbers of these animals are related to the presence of small hollows, or it indicates its preference for moist or wet surfaces of the habitat. There were identified significant differences in numerousness of M. glareolus and A. flavicollis depending on the presence of dead wood (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Different dead wood remains like: assortments, logs and branches, ensure shelter for these animals. It covers underground passages and nests, and, what is also important, indirectly, by growing of plants, moss, lichens and fungi on it, also provide food for it. Fallen trees help the inhabiting of insects and other invertebrates which represent significant share in the nutrition of small rodents. Identified impacts of the presence of different tree species and its structure, and the other parameters of habitat to the representation and abundance of species of small rodents can represent a good starting basis in creating the silviculture works and other activities in the forest, or the forming of conditions of stands unfavorable for their living.

Šume i šumska zemljišta zauzimaju oko 43 % ukupne površine Hrvatske. Zbog velikoga šumskog bogatstva gospodarenje šumama ima posebnu ulogu u Hrvatskoj. Šumsko sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo važna su sastavnica gospodarenja šumama koje obuhvaća jednostavnu i proširenu biološku reprodukciju. Niz različitih negativnih pojava, kao što su sušenje šuma, štete i nestanak šuma nakon požara, napadi raznih štetnika, jaki vjetrovi te u najnovije vrijeme promijenjene klimatske prilike, utjecale su na potrebu unapređenja šumskog sjemenarstva radi poboljšanja rasadničke proizvodnje te osnivanja kultura i plantaža. Klonske sjemenske plantaže najvažnijih autohtonih vrsta šumskog drveća, njih 18, te 140-ak registriranih priznatih sjemenskih sastojina dobra su podloga za kontinuiranu i kvalitetnu proizvodnju šumskog sjemena. U Republici Hrvatskoj registrirana su 43 rasadnika za proizvodnju šumskoga reprodukcijskog materijala bjelogorice i crnogorice. U ovom radu prikazani su svi rasadnici prema vlasničkoj strukturi, teritorijalnom smještaju, ukupnoj površini, proizvodnom programu, vrstama drveća i načinu proizvodnje šumskoga reprodukcijskog materijala. Proizvodi se oko 20 vrsta četinjač (sjeme se skuplja na 1350 ha priznatih ili izabranih sjemenskih sastojina) te oko 20 vrsta listopadnog drveća (sjeme se skuplja na 16 309 ha priznatih ili izabranih sastojina). Količina i kvaliteta proizvedenoga šumskog reprodukcijskog materijala varira od godine do godine, a prikazana je za razdoblje od 1992. do 2008. Najzastupljenije su sljedeće vrste bjelogorice: hrast lužnjak, hrast kitnjak i poljski jasen. Od četinjača najzastupljenija je obična smreka. Analiziran je trend proizvodnje za isto razdoblje. Prikazani su i najčešći uzročnici šteta u rasadničkoj proizvodnji (gljive, kukci, glodavci, ptice, puževi, korovi) te utjecaj abiotskih čimbenika. Svi analizirani parametri upućuju na veliku važnost rasadničke proizvodnje, a daljnjom modernizacijom proizvodnog procesa osigurava se kvalitetnija proizvodnja šumskoga reprodukcijskog materijala u rasadnicima., Forests and forest land occupy approximately 43% of total surface in Croatia. Due to significant forest wealth forest management has a special role. Forest seed production and nursery production are integral components of forest management which encompasses basic and extended biological forest reproduction. Series of different negative effects; such as forests dieback, damages and disappearance of forests due to fires, attack of various pests, strong winds, and subsequently climate changes; had impact on the necessity of improving the forest seed production with the aim of improving the nursery production and establishing forest plantations and seed orchards. Clone seed orchards of the most important domestic tree species, 18 of them; same as the 140 yet registered recognized seminal stands are good foundation for continuous and qualitative production of forest seed. In Republic of Croatia there are 47 registered nurseries dealing with the production of forest reproductive material for broadleaves and conifers. This work shows all nurseries according to their ownership structure, territorial distribution, overall surface, production programme, tree species and production methods of forest reproductive material. Approximately 20 species of conifers are produced there (seed is collected at 1350 ha of recognized or selected seminal stands) and 18 species of broadleaves tree species (seed is collected at 16309 ha of recognized or selected stands). The quantity and quality of produced forest reproductive material varies from year to year, and is presented for last 15 years. The most common are following species of broadleaves: common oak, sessile oak and english elm. Among conifers most common is Norway spruce. Trend of production for the same period is analyzed. The most frequent causes of calamities in nursery production are shown (fungi, insects, rodents, birds, gastropods, weed) same as the influence of abiotic factors. All analyzed parameters show great importance of nursery production, and by further modernization of production process is assured more qualitative production of forest reproductive material in nurseries.

U posljednjih 60 godina zabilježeno je nekoliko velikih gradacija gubara (Lymantria dispar L.). Prisutnost gubara različitog intenziteta u 2002. godini zabilježena je na 58 458 ha šuma, 2003. godine na 84 409,56 ha, a 2004. godine na 149 153,39 ha. Na temelju procjene brojnosti u jesen 2004. godine, u proljeće 2005. godine očekivala se povećana brojnost ove vrste, te su organizirane mjere zaštite na ukupnoj površini od 31 304 ha šuma kojima gospodare Uprave šuma Podružnice Vinkovci, Osijek, Našice, Zagreb, Sisak i Nova Gradiška. Tijekom 2005. godine, za suzbijanje gubara korišteni su sljedeći preparati: Foray 48 B (22 311 l), Match 050 EC (6 229 l), Karate 2,5 EC (2 525 l), Decis 2,5 EC (884 l) i Dimilin SC 48 (210 l). Na temelju cijene preparata, njegovog utroška po jedinici površine (ha) te cijene rada zrakoplova, trošak suzbijanja po jedinici površine za korištene preparate iznosio je: 488,00 kn/ha (Foray 48 B); 234,00 kn/ha (Match 0,5 EC); 242,00 kn/ha (Dimilin SC 48 ); 106,00 kn/ha (Decis 2,5 EC) i 99,00 kn/ha (Karate 2,5 EC). Trošak suzbijanja gubara tijekom 2005. godine (ukupno sve tretirane površine u Republici Hrvatskoj) iznosio je 6106190,00 kn ili prosječno 195,06 kn/ha., The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) is a polyphagous pest that in the caterpillar stage causes defoliation (eating leaves) on the following tree species: common oak (Quercus robur L.), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), poplars (Populus spp.) willows (Salix spp.), alders (Alnus spp.), plums (Prunus spp.), apples (Malus spp.) and others. At the time of massive appearances, they can damage tree leaves over a large area. In the past 60 years, several large gradations of this type were recorded in the following periods: 1945–1950, 1953–1956, 1963–1967, 1969–1975 and 2002–2005. Defoliation damage is manifested in the reduction of the growth interval and the lack of fruit. In the case of total defoliation, the growth interval can be reduced up to 30%. In the event that the leaves appearing after defoliation are destroyed by the powdery oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et Maubl.), it has been established that the reduction of the growth interval is even greater, thereby creating the conditions for massive forest drying. Forest protection tasks, one of the core activities of the state-held company Croatian Forests d.o.o. Zagreb, are organized in a three tier system (Direction, District forest management, forest district), in which each level has clearly defined tasks as prescribed by the Forests Act, the Plant Protection Act, the Fire Protection Act, general company acts and a series of other laws and by-laws. Assessments of the abundance of the gypsy moth in the forests of Croatia have been carried out by determining the abundance of egg masses along a diagonal line laid down in the forest stand. The intensity of representation is divided into five degrees depending on the percentage of trees on which egg masses are recorded. In 2002, the presence of the gypsy moth was recorded of varying intensity on 58,458 ha of forest, in 2003 on 84,409.56 ha, and in 2004 on 149,153.39 ha. Based on the abundance assessment for autumn 2004, the assumption was that the abundance of this species was expected to rise in spring 2005, and protection measures were organized on an overall area of 31,304 ha of forests managed by the District Forest Managements of Vinkovci, Osijek, Našice, Zagreb, Sisak and Nova Gradiška. Controlling actions included the following activities: determining the areas for control, determining the method of control, preparing maps with areas where the pest was recorded, determining the type of insecticide to be used and procuring the same, determining the airport to be used, ensuring a sufficient number of transport vehicles for the supply of insecticide and personnel to the airport and informing the public (particularly bee-keepers) of the time of implementing the activities. The decision to use certain substances was made based on the following criteria: percentage of trees where egg batches were recorded (intensity of the “attack”), status of individual stands (whether they lie in a protected area or not), the available quantity of all types of protective measures, meteorological conditions, technical aircraft equipment and a study of caterpillar development. Pursuant to these criteria, the following substances were used to control gypsy moths in 2005: Foray 48 B (22,311 l), Match 050 EC (6,229 l), Karate 2.5 EC (2,525 l), Decis 2.5 EC (884 l) and Dimilin SC 48 (210 l). Based on the price of the substance, its consumption per unit area (ha) and the aircraft costs, the control costs per unit area by substance were: 488 HRK/ha (Foray 48 B); 234 HRK/ha (Match 0.5 EC); 242 HRK/ha (Dimilin SC 48); 106 HRK/ha (Decis 2.5 EC) and 99 HRK/ha (Karate 2.5 EC). The costs of controlling gypsy moth during 2005 (the total of all treated areas in the Republic of Croatia) totalled 6,106,190 HRK or an average of 195.06 HRK/ha, regardless of the type of substance used. To determine the success of the control measures, visual observation and the method of setting up control plates were used.

Istraživanje utjecaja europskoga dabra (Castor fiber L.) na šumski ekosustav gospodarske jedinice “Turopoljski lug” obavljeno je u lipnju 2006. godine u šumskoj zajednici Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938. Rad se sstojao od analize zastupljenosti vrsta biljaka na terenu, broja oštećenog drveća i grmlja od dabrova, te mjerenja visine oštećenja i promjera ispod mjesta oštećenja na šest transekata dužine od 16,50 m do 37,80 m i širine dva metra. Aktivnost dabrova duž korita rijeke Odre analizirana je na transektu dužine 250 metara, postavljenog paralelno na 15 metara od obale s vodotokom. Postotak oštećenog drveća i grmlja utvrđen je na uzorku od 523 biljke, dok je mjerenje visine oštećenja i promjera ispod mjesta oštećenja obavljeno na uzorku od 200 biljaka. U uzorku pregledanih biljaka utvrđeno je da je bilo 85,09 % neoštećenih, 4,02 % staro oštećenih, 7,65 % staro oborenih, 0,19 % svježe oštećenih, te 3,06 % svježe oborenih. Najčešće oštećivane vrste bile su A. campestre (37 %) i Crataegus sp. (12 %)., The following of the European beaver (Castor fiber L.) after its reintroduction in Croatia has been carried out continuously since first individuals were released in 1996. The results of such a paper were data about inhabited sites (active habitats), locations where a beaver has been noticed, traces of its presence, scope and types of activities, the time of the first registration of the activity on the site and removal of beavers. The beaver settled into the area of the management unit “Turopoljski lug” after 1998 upon the completion of the project of its return into Croatia. The research of the influence of this species on the forest ecosystem of the management unit “Turopoljski lug” was published in June, 2006 in a forest stand Genisto elatae- Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938. The researched area is between 16o05’ and 16o15’ of the east geographical longitude and 45o35’ and 45o40’ of the northern geographical latitude on the average altitude between 97 and 109 meters. The complex situated along the river Odra comprises the biggest part of the management unit where beavers spread looking for suitable habitats and own grounds. The paper consisted of the analysis of the number of damaged trees and bushes, representation of certain plant species on the terrain and measuring the damage height and diameter under the damage place. The research was carried out on six parallel transects from 16.50 to 37.80 m long and two meters wide on the mutual distance of 50 meters, vertical on the river Odra, by which the possibility of their mutual intersection was prevented. The length of transects was measured from the bank to the farthest plant which belonged to the transect and where the signs of a beaver’s activity were noticed (bites). All woody species were listed along the whole transect and their damages from beavers were categorised into the following five categories: undamaged plants, freshly damaged, but unfelled plants, freshly felled plants, old damaged, but unfelled plants and old felled plants. The intensity of beavers activity was analysed on a transect 250 meters long, placed 15 meters from the bank, parallel with the river Odra water course. A habitat was put every five meters (the total of 49) of the square meter 10 m2 where the activity of beavers was estimated in the following five categories: 1. no activity, 2. very little activity, 3. medium activity, 4. much activity and 5 very much activity. The percentage of the damaged trees and bushes was determined on the smple of 523 plants, while the measurement of the damage height and diameter under the place of damage was done on the smple of 200 plants. The following plant species were determined: Corylus avellana L., Cornus snguinea L., Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl., Ulmus minor L., Carpinus betulus L., Salix alba L., Rhamnus catharticus L., Crataegus sp., Euonymus europaeus L., Pyrus pyraster Burgsd., Acer campestre L., Rubus fruticosus L. and Quercus robur L.) and Crataegus sp. (12 %). In the smple of examined plants 85.09 % were undamaged, 4.02 % old damaged, 7.65 % old felled, 0.19 % freshly damaged and 3.06 % of freshly felled. Most frequently damaged species were A. campestre (37 %) and Crataegus sp. (12 %). By examining the smple of 200 damaged plants it was established that the average height of damages was 32.57 cm and the average diameter of plants under the place of damage was 3.45 cm. It was determined that beavers move mostly in the zone 15 m from the bank and that there maximum activities were 42 m from the water course.