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Between 1979 and 2003, a 35 cm thick layer of laminated tufa formed around a wooden pillar located at the beginning of the Korana River, which emerges from the Plitvice Lakes, Croatia. The laminated tufa structure allowed for the stratigraphic analysis of mineral, elemental and δ18O and δ13C isotope composition. Results are compared to other carbonate archives (lake sediments) from the Plitvice Lakes and to measured water physical–chemical data collected in the same time. An increase in water temperature and decrease in Mg/Ca ratio was observed during that period. Results showed that the tufa Mg/Ca ratio and δ18O could not be used as a temperature proxy, while an observed δ18O increase after 1990 was attributed to increase in evaporation rate. Furthermore, the constant increase in redox-sensitive elements (Mn) towards the external part of tufa may indicate periodic events of anoxia at the sediment/water interface. Local enrichment factors (LEFs) for potentially toxic elements were calculated using the background function and Al as the normalizing element. The LEFs showed an enrichment pattern of Cu and Pb in 1983 and 2001, which could indicate their anthropogenic origin and the sensitivity of the tufa to environmental changes.

Sredozemno more kao značajna točka bioraznolikosti je od samih početaka mjesto razvoja ljudske civilizacije. Antropogenim pritiskom obalne urbanizacije, turizmom, prekomjernim izlovom, zagađivanjem i klimatskim promjenama ekosustav Sredozemlja ima smanjene mogućnosti pružanja dobara i usluga društvu. U Jadranskom moru kao najsjevernijem ogranku Sredozemnog mora također su vidljivi štetni utjecaji čovjeka na morski okoliš. the Mediterranean Sea as one of the important biodiversity hotspots was the cradle of western civilization. With anthropogenic pressures such as coastal urbanisation, tourism, over-fishing, pollution and climate change there is a reduced capacity for the Mediterranean ecosystem to provide essential goods and services to society. In the Adriatic Sea the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea we can also see a human deteriorating effect on the marine ecosystem.

Urbanizacija je proces širenja gradova, a izgradnjom gradske infrastrukture dolazi do mijenjanja prirodnog okoliša. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti: (i) taksonomski sastav i brojnost makrozoobentosa (ii) razliku u sastavu i brojnosti makrozoobentosa u dva godišnja doba (proljeće/jesen) (iii) vrstu i masu mikroplastike u uzorcima sedimenta prikupljenih tijekom proljeća i jeseni 2021. godine na dvije postaje (V1, V2) smještene duž potoka Vrapčak koji protječe kroz grad Zagreb. Uzorkovanjem svaka dva do tri tjedna sakupljeno je 24 (proljeće), odnosno 18 uzoraka (jesen). Osim izdvajanja i determinacije makrozoobentosa, u uzorcima sedimenta se provodila analiza mikroplastike, fazna analiza, udio karbonatne komponente te analiza fizikalno-kemijskih parametara u uzorcima vode. Ukupna brojnost jedinki makrozoobentosa bila je veća na postaji V1 tijekom cijelog razdoblja istraživanja i u proljeće. Na proljeće je opaženo značajno više jedinki iz redova Diptera i Ephemeroptera, a na jesen jedinki Isopoda, što ukazuje na sezonske životne cikluse navedenih svojti makrozoobentosa. Najbrojnije svojte u uzorcima bile su Chironomidae i Oligochaeta. Od 76 čestica snimljenih na spektrofotometru, njih 16 je pokazalo dobra poklapanja s polimerima plastike karakteriziranih u dostupnoj literaturi. Fizikalno-kemijski parametri vode između postaja nisu pokazali značajne razlike, ali se većina mjerenih parametra značajno razlikovala između dva istraživana godišnja doba. Urbanization is the process of a city’s growth, and the construction of urban infrastructure changes the natural environment. The goal of this thesis is to investigate: (i) the taxonomical composition and abundance of macrozoobenthos, (ii) the difference in the taxonomic composition and abundance of macrozoobenthos during two seasons (spring/autumn), (iii) the type and mass of microplastics in sediment samples collected during spring and autumn 2021 at two sites (V1, V2) located along the Vrapčak stream which flows through the city of Zagreb.. By sampling every two to three weeks 24 samples were collected in spring and 18 in autumn.. Apart from extracting and identifying macrozoobenthos, the phase analysis, analysis of microplastics, the content of the carbonate component, and the analysis of physicochemical parameters in the water samples were also analyzed. The abundance of macrozoobenthos was higher at the site V1 during the entire research periodand in spring. In the spring, significantly more Diptera and Ephemeroptera individuals were observed, whereas in the autumn, there was significantly more Isopoda individuals, which indicates the seasonal life cycles of these macrozoobenthos taxa. The most abundant taxa in the samples were Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. Out of the 76 particles recorded by the spectrophotometer, 16 of them showed a good match with certain plastic polymers found in literature. Physicochemical water parameters between the sites did not show significant differences, but most of the measured parameters differed significantly between the two investigated seasons.

U ovom završnom radu su analizirani podaci dobiveni monitoringom rađenom u rujnu 2019.godine na šest postaja u usporedbi s podacima dobivenih s ortofoto snimki tih postaja iz 2011., 2014., te 2018. godine. Postaje na kojima se vršilo uzorkovanje i ronilački monitoring su uvala Cisterne (Rovinj), uvala Veštar (Rovinj), uvala Saline (Rovinj), uvala Faborso (Rovinj), Vrsarska luka te uvala Funtana. Na terenu se radilo uzorkovanje metodom probnih kvadrata. Na svakoj postaji su uzeta tri uzorka. Nakon uzorkovanja uzorci su obrađeni u laboratoriju, te su dobiveni biometrijski podaci o morskim cvjetnicama sa svih postaja. Biometrijski podaci podrazumijevaju prosječan broj listova po jedinici površine, prosječnu dužinu listova po jedinici površine, te prosječnu mokru i suhu masu listova po jedinici površine, kao i prosječnu mokru i suhu masu korijenja i rizoma po jedinici površine. Pomoću ortofoto snimka s Geoportala Državne geodetske uprave Republike Hrvatske je izračunata površina rasprostranjenosti livada u 2011., 2014., te 2018. godini. Ronilačkim monitoringom je određena površina rasprostranjenosti morskih cvjetnica u 2019. na svim postajama. Na svim postajama je pronađena cvjetnica vrste Cymodocea nodosa, a na postajama Veštar i Funtana i vrsta Zostera noltii. Na postaji Funtana je pronađena i invazivna alga vrste Caulerpa cylindracea. Stanje rasprostranjenosti i biometrije cvjetnica je bilo zabrinjavajuće na postajama Funtana, Vrsar, slijede postaje Veštar, Saline, te Faborso, a na postaji Cisterne stanje rasprostranjenosti i biometrije je bilo najbolje. In this bachelor thesis it has been made an analysis between the data obtained with ortophotography pictures from the years of 2011., 2014., and 2018. and with diving monitoring in September of 2019 on six sampling stations. The sampling stations include the following places in Rovinj: Cisterne bay, Veštar bay, Saline bay, faborso bay, then the port of Vrsar and Funtana bay. The sampling was done with the quadrat method. Three samples were taken at each station. After sampling, the samples were processed in the laboratory, and after that the biometric data were obtained. Biometric data include the average number of leaves per unit area, the average leaf length per unit area, the average wet and dry leaf mass per unit area, as well the average wet and dry roots and rhizome mass per unit area. Then by using the state Geodetic Administration Geoportal of Republic Croatia the area of meadow distribution is calculated for the years of 2011, 2014 and 2018. The area of meadow distribution in the year of 2019 is calculated by direct diving monitoring of the stations. The species Cymodocea nodosa was found on all the stations, and the species Zostera noltii was found in Veštar and Funtana bay. In the Funtana bay an invasive algae species, Caulerpa cylindracea was found. The condition of the distribution area and as well the biometric data was the worst in the stations of Funtana and Vrsar bay, the stations of Veštar, Saline and Faborso showed intermediate concern, and then the station of Cisterne bay was the least concerning in the term of biometric and distribution area stability.

U svrhu izrade ovog rada, u suradnji s Nacionalnim parkom Brijuni i znanstvenicima s Odjela za geologiju na Prirodoslovno-tehničkom fakultetu u Ljubljani, provedena je analiza sedimenta na 5 lokacija u Nacionalnom parku kako bi se utvrdile razlike između lokacija s različitim intenzitetom antropogenog utjecaja, te različitim stupnjem zaštite i dopuštenim aktivnostima na tom području. Lokacije su podjeljene s obzirom na jačinu antropogenog utjecaja i mogućnost zagađenja na: - Lokacije s izraženim antropogenim utjecajem: Luka Veli Brijun, - Lokacije s umjerenim antropogenim utjecajem: Uvala Zenadija, Rt Sokol i Otok Grunj, - Lokacija s izrazito niskim antropogenim utjecajem: Uvala Javorika. Određene su geokemijske i mineralne karakteristike sedimenta na navedenim lokacijama kako bi se na temelju dobivenih rezultata mogle utvrditi razlike između ovih lokaliteta s obzirom na jakost antropogenog utjecaja na njima. Provedena XRD analiza ukazala je na homogen mineraloški sadržaj koji je odraz geološke strukture Brijuna. Koristeći XRF metodu odredili smo u kojim koncentracijama su zastupljeni glavni, sporedni kao i potencijalno toksični elementi (PTE) na svakoj od lokacija. Izračunati su i razina onečišćenja, indeks geoakumulacije (IGEO) te faktor obogaćenja (enrichment factor - EF) za pojedine PTE za svaku lokaciju. Svaka od navedenih metoda ukazala je na povećanu onečišćenost arsenom, cinkom, olovom i bakrom u luci Veli Brijun što je vjerojatno posljedica nautičkog turizma, ispusta nepročišćenih otpadnih voda direktno u morski okoliš te korištenja protuobraštajnih sredstava. Koncentracije PTE smanjivale su se s udaljavanjem od luke. Cink je PTE koji se na svim lokacijama javlja u najvećim koncentracijama, a nalazimo ga u otpadnim vodama, antikorozivnim sredstvima, motornim uljima, akumulatorima i gumama. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu uspostave novih mjera zaštite i sustava monitoringa antropogenog utjecaja. For the purpose of this work, in cooperation with the National Park Brijuni and the scientists from the Department of Geology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences in Ljubljana, sediment analysis was carried out at 5 sites in the National Park to determine the differences between sites with different intensity of anthropogenic influence, different degrees of protection and allowed activities in this area. Locations are divided by the intensity of anthropogenic impacts and the possibility of pollution on: - Locations with a intensive anthropogenic influence: Luka Veli Brijun, - Locations with moderate anthropogenic influence: Bay Zenadija, Sokol Cape, and Grunj Island, - Location with very low anthropogenic influence: Bay Javorika. Geochemical and mineral characteristics of sediments were defined at these locations in order to determine the differences between these sites based on the different strength of anthropogenic impact on them. The XRD analysis showed a homogenous mineral content that reflects the geological structure of Brijuni. Using the XRF method, we determined the concentrations of major, minor and potentially toxic elements (PTE) on each site. The pollution level, the geoaccumulation index (IGEO) and the enrichment factor (EF) for each PTE for each location were also calculated. Each of the above mentioned methods showed increased pollution of arsenic, zinc, lead and copper in the port of Veli Brijun which is probably result of nautical tourism, the discharge of untreated waste water directly into the marine environment and the use of antifouling products. Concentrations of PTE decreased with departure from the port. Zinc is a PTE that occurs at the highest concentrations at all locations and is found in waste waters, anticorrosion agents, motor oils, accumulators and tires. The results point to the need to establish new protection measures and anthropogenic impact monitoring systems.