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Main common property of novel food processing technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed light and high intensity ultrasound is non-thermal treatment. Such technologies input minimal amount of heat energy in food, which is low enough to preserve bioactive compounds, textural and other organoleptic properties of processed food. High pressure processing and ultrasonics also utilize relatively short processing times, ranging from a few seconds up to 30 minutes. Main goals of this research are to improve conventional milk homogenization technology, show advantages of application of high intensity ultrasound in the batch (maximal power 100 W) and continuous setup (maximal power of 1000 W, with flow cell), as well as investigate influence of high pressure processing (up to 600 MPa) on particle size distribution of fat globules. Milk homogenization is conducted under optimal processing parameters, which have statistically significant influence on changes in the size distribution of milk fat globules (degree of homogenization). Influence of high intensity ultrasound and high pressure processing on changes in chemical composition of cow milk is also investigated. Optimal globule size distribution in interval between 0.3 and 6 µm is achieved using both setups. Median value decrease is achieved processing with 200 MPa pressure. Chemical analysis counducted with low intensity ultrasound indicate that batch ultrasound processing and high hydrostatic pressure processing of milk have minimal or no statistically significant influence on chemical composition of milk. Continuous ultrasonic processing at lower volume flows have small but statistically significant influence on ash composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography of the central nervous system is an integral part of a prenatal scan, and the development of imaging technologies has led to better diagnostic possibilities. Posterior fossa anomalies have traditionally been divided into Dandy Walke malformation, Dandy Walker variation and megacisterna magna, but this approach, due to diversity of the extensive number of possible disorders covered by this classification, unables accurate prognosis and therefore adequate counselling. An alternative approach to the classification of posterior fossa anomalies is to divide them into agenesis of the vermis, which could be partial or complete, cerebellar hypoplasia, pontocerebellar hypoplasia and cerebellar atrophy. Different ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imagining of appearances of the posterior fossa anomalies in prenatal period are discussed in the article, as well as possible syndromes and prognosis of different entities. Diversity of anomalies of the central nervous system, and in particular, subtle differences in prenatal appearances of posterior fossa anomalies, which may have major impact on the prognosis, demand a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound scan, magnetic resonance imaging, infectious diseases and metabolic disorders work-ups as well as individual approach to every case involving of a team of experts in the field of perinatology, radiology, paediatrics, neurology and genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]