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The study paper’s focus is on establishing the connection between marketing initiatives and the strategy used by numerous volunteers to plan sporting events. The manager of the volunteer sector is responsible for assembling a project team and overseeing the recruiting, selection, training, deployment, supervision, and coordination of volunteers while they work as volunteers at major sporting events. The greatest candidates for this position are coordinators for the volunteer sector who have experience as volunteers, as they can inspire others to perform selfless volunteer work. Research has shown that in order to effectively oversee 800 unpaid employees, someone must first build a direct relationship with them—something that can only be done in the event that there are a significant number of trained coordinators. Additionally, it is essential to heavily publicize the volunteer contest and emphasize the advantages that volunteers obtain by taking part in order to attract a big number of participants. In addition to the aforementioned, well-planned, organized, intricate, and gradual preparation that begins several months prior to the competition is required to prepare a big number of volunteers for high-quality and committed involvement at a sporting event. After receiving top-notch training, volunteers can serve in any area of the competition. Additionally, volunteers who have previously taken part in a well-run sporting event typically return to sports volunteering multiple times. Ultimately, the paper’s set hypothesis—which related to the contention that there is a positive connection between marketing initiatives, sports event organization, and the approach of volunteers.

This paper aims to highlight the importance of defining the dimensions of service quality and their impact on the satisfaction and loyalty of users of banking services in the banking sector of the Republic of Croatia. The study focuses on service quality parameters and customer satisfaction. The paper aims to examine discrepancies between expected and perceived attributes of banking services (Servqual model) on a sample of 130 respondents from the Republic of Croatia. Special objectives include examining the differences in the expression of scores on the dimensions of the expected and observed ABS scales in relation to the socio-demographic variables in the research (gender, age, professional education...etc). Based on the empirical study, it can be concluded that all service quality parameters play a vital role in customer satisfaction. The research results indicate that all five key dimensions of Servqual - tangibility, reliability, accountability, security, and empathy, are significantly and positively related to the overall Servqual perceived by users.

In today's modern shipping business environment, there is a shift from traditional to digital marketing. Social media has the most significant potential for companies to reach consumers; thus, this paper aims to discover the intensity and content of the marketing activities of shipping companies through social media. Two different types of companies, the container and multi-purpose ones, are the objects of research, primarily analyzed based on the number of followers, posts, likes, comments, and shares on social media. The results show the highest intensity of Facebook usage for shipping companies. It was also discovered that shipping companies actively use Facebook, and this form of online representation is considered more precise regarding brand awareness and public engagement. The content analysis revealed that shipping companies have no intention of selling services using social media. Namely, there are limited network-building or customer relationship efforts, but activities in Corporate Social Responsibility activities, Employee Brand Management, and Sustainability increase. The paper revealed that shipping companies use digital marketing toward the internal public and employees, increasing marketing and human resource management activities. This paper opens up the possibilities of a more significant application of marketing in the shipping industry, bearing in mind the trends of digitization of maritime operational processes and supply chains.

Would the neuroscientist who does not feel pain know what he is studying? In this paper, the author analyzes the subjective ontology of conscious mental states and its origin – the subject’s first-person perspective. The ontology of the mental is irreducibly first-person ontology. In the thought experiment with neuroscientist Peter, it will be shown that a comprehensive science of consciousness requires a combined approach, as the phenomena of neuroscience are internally defined. The asymmetry between first-person and third-person perspectives regarding mental states will be strongly emphasized. The third part of the paper will offer a perspectival approach to the hard problem of consciousness. In conclusion, a truly objective science of subjectivity, a genuine science of consciousness, would have to engage scientifically with the subject’s egocentric first-person perspective.

In this paper we analyze culture as integral aspect of everyday life and the ways culture is actualized through cultural participation. The research presented in this paper is part of the Center for Designing the Everyday project, which aims to explore the current state and possibilities for establishing a new model of participatory governance in culture based on the model of participatory democracy. In this research, designed and conducted to assess the state of cultural participation at two intervals over a two-year period, the aim was to determine whether there are differences in the types of participation and motivations for participation in cultural events and activities before and after initiatives aimed at reinforcing the model of participatory governance. The paper draws on three conceptual turns, namely postmodern, cultural, and participatory, to examine the repositioning of cultural participation in everyday life. Two surveys were undertaken in 2018 and 2020 in Zagreb, targeting an intentional sample of visitors to cultural institutions and associations operating in the field of visual arts. Given the specific timeframe, the results are interpreted in the context of the pandemic. Results imply strengthening of cultural participation connected to cultural consumption, while participation connected to cultural production is decaling. Furthermore, interactive cultural participation in digital and virtual environment indicates inequalities among different social groups especially when it comes to elderly population that has proven to be vulnerable in terms of frequency and availability of interactive cultural participation.

Research on religiosity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and former Yugoslavia during the socialist period consistently shows that the majority of inhabitants (70–80%) identify as not religious. In the 1990s, many things changed in B&H, the most important definitely being the fall of the socialist system, expansion of ethnic awareness among all three dominant peoples (Bosniaks, Serbs, Croats), and ethnic war. These social circumstances were followed by changes in the relationship towards religion. Religion has become a very important and socially desirable ideology. In this survey, we review psychological surveys and investigate to what extent young people in the post-socialist context of B&H are religious, and we examine the relationship between religiosity and other social, psychological, and demographic variables. The results of close to 50 empirical surveys have been analysed. Papers were written in the period from 2000 to 2022. All papers included samples from B&H. The paper with the smallest sample had 163 respondents, while the biggest sample amounted to 7,000 respondents. The majority of papers had 300–550 respondents. All surveys encompassed young people between 15 and 25 years of age. The instruments used in most of the cases were the religiosity scales that rely on Allport’s concept of religious orientation, and they imply the existence of intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions (subscales) of religiosity. The results of most of the research show that around 70–90% of participants identify as religious. People in Bosnia and Herzegovina are keen on identifying as religious, but that is much less accompanied by adequate and concrete religious attitudes and behaviours. Socio-demographic variables can be important for expressing religiosity, but those correlations are not consistent. Religiosity almost regularly correlates with conformity, authoritarianism, and conservatism. There is a tendency that religiosity can be a determinant of personal well-being. Correlation is found with better family relations, altruism, lower anti-social behaviours, and, in some research, greater satisfaction with life and optimism. In contrast to that, religiosity can be connected with certain realistically or potentially problematic constructs such as social and ethnic distances, authoritarianism, dogmatism, and ethnocentrism. In the future, it is necessary to work on the development of religiosity, which is a factor of internal and social well-being, and not of intergroup disputes.

Corruption is undoubtedly present everywhere in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in all pores of society and on an increasing scale. The fight against corruption is a great challenge for the most developed countries in the world. Therefore, it is not surprising that Bosnia and Herzegovina, burdened by political problems and poverty, finds it difficult to find effective mechanisms to combat this extremely negative phenomenon. The reasons for poor results in the prosecution of corrupt crimes range from the very nature of the phenomenon of corruption, which is shrouded in secrecy due to the interests of participants, which makes it difficult to disclose, to insufficiently good institutional and legal solutions. The aim of this paper is to determine the awareness of B&H citizens about corruption in the workplace and the way they relate to corruption in everyday life, but also to analyse the performance of state institutions in preventing and combating corruption. Based on the defined problem to be investigated and the set goals, the methodology used during the research was determined. The scientificresearch character of this paper is based on the analysis of relevant scientific literature and modern sources using the methods of examination, methods of analysis, methods of comparison, methods of description and methods of deduction.

In order to determine the most effective method of advertising on Instagram and attract users of the application to become permanent followers of the site, for the purposes of this paper, we used primarily collected data through weekly testing of seven selected methods. Five organic (increasing the number of followers and interactions - removing inactive followers, tracking posting time, changing the number of "tags", "liking" other users' content and a combination of 4 "likes" and 1 comment) and two paid directly from the Instagram application (foreign advertising and advertising for the domestic market). The results of the research were processed by descriptive statistics. The paper represents the synergy of theoretical and empirical work. The first part will theoretically describe facts related to the second, empirical, part of the paper and the case study, which was designed and researched. The idea stemmed from the need to select the most successful methods from the large number of the ones used to organically increase the number of followers and the number of interactions on the site. There was also a need to check whether these methods were as good for advertising as they were paid for. Also, it was necessary to determine whether they bring results in relation to the invested engagement. Comparing the achieved results of organic and paid advertising methods, it was found that certain organic advertising methods give better results in some parameters than paid ones, while paid ones give better results in other parameters

Semarang, as the capital city of Central Java province, Indonesia, has been exercising its own diplomacy in pursuit of its interests related to economy and disaster. Under the leadership of mayor named Mr. Hendrar "Hendi" Prihadi, the city administration has been practicing city diplomacy as a means to attract both domestic and foreign investors by convening a business forum, called Semarang Business Forum (Sembiz), and to explore partnership in building the city's disaster resilience by joining a city network, called 100 Resilient Cities (100RC). According to the argument by Keating (1999) in explaining Para diplomacy, this paper argues that Hendi administration's strategies in exercising city diplomacy were shaped by its motives, as reflected in Regional Long Term Development Plan (RPJMD), and the opportunity structure in terms of existing regimes where the city could observe suitable cooperation. This paper finds that Hendi administration benefited from city diplomacy in solving local urban issues, such as the tidal and flash flooding problem in the coastal area of Semarang.

An administrative contract is a specific contract with a special legal regime, subjects and characteristics that classify it as an institute between private and public law. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the general principles of contract law, and above all civil (private) law and administrative contract. This analysis should answer the questions of the basis of the contractual obligation, ie the basic elements that create a contractual obligation. The paper presents the most important principles, as well as general elements of the contract on the one hand and basic characteristics of the administrative contract on the other, in order to better understand their legal nature, similarities and differences, especially the legal nature of the administrative contract and its place in contract law.

The subject of this paper is models of consociational democracy in Austria and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim is to define in a comparative analysis the similarities and differences between consociational systems of government in these two countries, their practice and scope. Based on these conclusions, we draw new knowledge in the field of activities and possibilities of consociational arrangements in the divided societies of modern Europe. The scientific justification of this paper is that through the analysis of different consociational democracies and their practical experiences, the scope of this form of democratic rule is assessed, and the conclusions are theoretically added to the existing fund of scientific knowledge about this phenomenon. The social contribution of the paper is in the fact that consociational democracy is an increasingly common solution for many divided societies and therefore the analysis of existing consociational democracies is a socially justified topic.

By relying on Michel Foucault’s theory of social discourse and power/ knowledge where culture, customs and other elements of society are seen as the source of shared knowledge imposed on the individuals, this paper explores the theme of violence in William Faulkner’s novel Light in August (1932) to prove Joe Christmas’ violence as the result of his exposure to the social discourse of the time he lives in, namely the South during the Jim Crow era. The paper proves violence in the novel as mostly connected to the character of Joe Christmas and explores why Joe Christmas, even though the main enactor of violence, is not regarded as a villain but as an anti-hero. The period in which Christmas lives is the Jim Crow South where blackness was regarded as inferior, negative and evil which affects Joe’s self-perception and his actions. Joe, the captive of society, exhibits violence because the only thing he has been thought is to respond with violence. The paper will analyze several parts of the novel connected to Joe Christmas and violence to prove how violence in Faulkner’s novel does not exist per se but serves to prove how damaging the effect of society and social discourse can be.

The traditional school system has not met the needs of students for many years. Parents, in order to allow their children to move away from the rigid class-subject-hour system, established schools. The founders of alternative schools can be citizens, parents and teachers, religious communities as well as other legal entities. These are the so-called free schools, civic educational initiatives, reform pedagogical attempts, educational boarding schools, etc. The aim of this paper is to present the pedagogical concepts and ideas of schools in the Republic of Croatia whose founders are parents. The paper presents the basic pedagogical principles and aspects of teaching Waldorf and Montessori pedagogy based on educational pluralism, a brief overview of partnership between parents and schools in Croatia and the educational model of primary Catholic schools “Ružičnjak” and “Lotrščak”. The observed schools are located in Zagreb and have only one goal - to adapt the school to the child. An effort is made to provide each student with an individual approach. The starting points are the child’s needs and interests. These are the schools where students have freedom of choice. The goal of upbringing and education is the holistic development of the child. The emphasis is on active learning methods and abandoning didactic scenarios in which the child is only a passive observer.

The COVID-19 crisis had a huge impact on education and became the subject of many scientific studies. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the opinions of professors and students on the quality of teaching and satisfaction with e-learning during the COVID-19 crisis. The aim of the research is to answer the question to what extent professors and students are satisfied with the quality of e-learning in higher education institutions, as well as their expectations in the future. The research was created on the research platform 1KA and conducted in the period from November 12, 2021 to February 12, 2022 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A survey questionnaire was used as a research instrument, which was sent to 192 addresses, 101 publics and 91 private faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and included 132 professors and 202 students. The results of the research showed that the quality of teaching is positively influenced by the satisfaction and level of usefulness of the tools used among professors, but also among students. The results also confirmed that more work experience leads to lower e-learning expectations in the future. The paper presents empirical research that was conducted on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina about the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of e-learning. The scientific contribution of the paper is reflected in the fact that it can be used in research related to the impact of crises on teaching in higher education institutions, as well as potential future emergency situations of crisis and uncertainty that result in new models of teaching that combine classroom and e-teaching.

The European Union macro-regional strategies represent a policy framework that aims to enable EU Member States and third countries sharing common interests to better coordinate their potentials in order to make the best possible use of available opportunities. This paper looks into the specificities of four EU macro-regional strategies covering 19 European Union Member States and nine non-EU countries. Given the challenging situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it also considers the future perspectives of EU macro-regional strategies as well as their adaptability to new circumstances. More specifically, it focuses on intergovernmental initiatives and their implementation, underlying the importance of the application of the principle of subsidiarity. In addition, the aim of the paper is to provide a critical overview of the subject by highlighting two pivotal elements. First, it assesses whether the EU macro-regional strategies could be genuinely successful, given the fact that they do not have their separate allocation but use the existing funding instead. Second, it explores the ability of the EU macro-regional strategies to bridge wider EU-level policies on the one hand and local policies on the other. Finally, the idea of the paper is to offer an overview of the state of affairs when macro-regions are concerned.

of freedom of expression. However, they have also made it easier and faster than ever before to spread disinformation, misinformation, propaganda and fake news. Although these phenomena are not new, the impact they have had in recent years on political processes in democratic societies (e.g. the 2016 U.S. presidential election and Brexit) and on human behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, has drawn attention to this issue. The aim of this paper is to highlight the problem of fake news as a human rights issue in the context of Art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression. The paper provides a terminological and historical overview of the term fake news and related concepts. It also provides an overview of Art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and clarifies the situations and conditions under which the restrictions on the freedom of expression are justified on the basis of Art. 10(2). The authors also provide an insight into the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights.

We understand circular economy as an economic system that aims to eliminate waste throughout an entire value chain – including manufacturing, production and use. Circular economy is also a way of rethinking our approach to waste and to every single stage of a products´ life cycle. Slovakia has been challenged recently to keep up with the changes the automotive industry is undergoing, including the green and digital transformation. The automotive industry producers have to accelerate innovations based on the required transition towards circular economy, an alternative to the unsustainable linear model of economy. The paper focuses on the principles of circular economy, demonstrated by the example of the Slovak automotive industry. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current state of use of circular economy aspects in the automotive industry in Slovakia. We found out practical approaches of circular economy incorporated by Slovak automotive producers. In context of circular economy, Slovakia perceives prospective transition to automotive electrics industry, the introduction of new progressive technologies and sophisticated production.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between qualia and language. Author will begin with the explanation of the nature of qualia using the negative method (second and third chapter), which will reveal that qualia are neither ontological properties in a traditional sense, viewed as instances of subjective experience, nor that they possess any epistemological value as such. In the fourth chapter, qualia will be confronted with language on the grounds of experience which we understand as holistic. Experience as such is not differential, which means it does not contain subject-object relationship in an ontological sense. Afterwards, phenomenologically analyzed, experience will be shown in two modes: pre-personal and personal. Pre-personal experience as unreflective cannot produce a subject-object relationship and as such is a birthplace of qualia as a stimuli-response structure. On the other hand, the possibility of personal experience depends only on consciousness. Consciousness is an active function of experience which produces the subject-object relationship by objectifying the relations between itself and the other. Such objectification is only possible within the boundaries of language which is constituted as a relationship of meanings; which is to say that without meaning there is no object at all. The final conclusion of the paper refers to the bridge connection between qualia and language (pre-personal and personal) which is established by consciousness.

The subject of this paper is the use of the Internet for business operations. The relevance of this topic stems from the fact that in the new digital era, the opportunities and advantages of e-business and e-commerce make a significant potential that should be used in the best and most efficient way. The aim of the paper is to point out the advantages of the Internet for business on the one hand, which saves time, and on the other hand, money. But this kind of business via the Internet also has a serious obstacle to the revival of online shopping because it represents insufficient security of online transactions. People are still reluctant to decide to send their credit card number over a network or website. Our people in Serbia, especially in Kosovo and Metohija, are especially specific in their propensity for information technologies and trust in internet business. The hypothesis of the work is that the COVID-19 pandemic changed the behavior of consumers and companies in such a way that most of them switched to internet business. Auxiliary hypotheses are that the Internet market is one of the world’s largest emerging markets and another auxiliary hypothesis is that if there is a quality offer, users can easily decide to buy online because it involves more choice, simple comparison of prices between multiple sellers and delivery service. house doors, which means time savings. However, it is realistic to expect that this problem will be overcome in the near future, as technology in this area is advancing very quickly. The first question, which is asked when performing transactions, is the issue of trust in those with whom the business is done. In electronic transactions, business takes place between two or more parties, which are physically separated. What those who offer products and services must provide is the trust of customers and users of services. The paper will apply General scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative method, statistical, historical method, and other methods immanent to the social sciences.

Decentralization in the field of local government is very necessary for regional development, it is highly recommended by local governments to improve the economy or form new regional planning. Different conditions between neighboring regions make cooperation as an alternative in the development process. This paper is a literature review of an inter-regional cooperation between local governments that can lead to development progress. In this paper an example is given of cases in the East Java Province in which the province has done a lot of cooperation between regions, but even so there are still many weaknesses that exist in the implementation of such cooperation so that development cannot be carried out properly.

Job satisfaction is positive emotional state, which is result of evaluation of some work experience. It is a multidisciplinary phenomenon, which is influenced by multiple internal and external factors. In this paper, employee satisfaction or job satisfaction was observed as a dependent variable, while interpersonal relationships are defined as influencing factor, i.e. independent variable. Interpersonal relationships imply establishment of social relations and connections between individuals at work. Interpersonal relationships can be defined as the subjective experience of employee in interaction or connection with another person (colleagues or superiors). Factors such as gender, age, education, work experience and job position are included in the analysis as control variables. Main hypothesis in this paper states that positive interpersonal relationships have impact on employee satisfaction. The independent variable is divided into three segments, namely: communication and work climate, relationship with superiors and relationship with colleagues. Each segment of interpersonal relationships was separately tested in relation to the dependent variable. The base of this paper is an empirical research conducted in 2019. Based on the survey questionnaire, data from 143 employees in the surveyed company were collected. Data processing was performed on the basis of statistical software for social sciences-SPSS. Descriptive and correlation analysis were applied in the data analysis. All hypotheses tested were confirmed. Testing the hypotheses confirm that there is a statistically significant relationship between observed variables and that there is a moderate positive correlation, which implies that interpersonal relationship is a factor of job satisfaction. Main limitation of this research relates to the observation of relationship between variables in a single business entity. However, the coverage of all employees in the conducted research and the high response rate of employees (82%) provide a good basis for data analysis and giving some general conclusions. Detailed description of research methodology enables its repetition in other organizations.

The work deals with the issue of protecting the interests of the child in the process of institutional care through the implementation of the principle of “best interests of the child” in the social welfare centers. The intention of the paper was to, through a qualitative analysis, analyze the cases of placement of children in a social care institution as well as the measures and procedures that are implemented in social protection in these cases. The research was conducted by collecting and analyzing files at the Derventa Center for Social Work. The paper presents a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of cases of separation of 26 children from 14 families in a period of ten years (2010-2020), and the intervention of guardianship institution. The results pointed to conclusion that the children were separated from the reason of the existence of a threat by family situation, and that the adoption of this decision was preceded by a series of extensive professional procedures and interventions. Finally, the importance of the assessment of guardianship center professionals by the principle of “best interests of the child” was emphasized, as emphasized the need to improve the child protection system without adequate parental care in forms of personnel changes, systemic cooperation, development of deinstitutionalized child care and improving the system of family support.

Scholarly works on film sound are vastly outnumbered by works on film visual aspects. One reason for this discrepancy lies in the “hegemony of the visual”. Another may be the dominance of the visual in the cinema viewing experience, which results in our being naturally less attuned to how we are affected by the aural aspect. Nonetheless, the interaction of music, diegetic sound, and silence plays a vital role in achieving the director’s intention in creating a film and is crucial to establishing the bond between the film and its viewer. In his paper, the author shows, on the example of German contemporary film and TV series, that any analysis of film must examine the interaction of film music, dialogue, silence and diegetic sounds. The paper explores a specific approach to the sonic landscape in German film and TV series and raises questions to be pursued in further research on this topic.

The paper analyzes contextually expressive lexis or figurative usage of words. It is about usage of figures of speech and tropes, whose recognition and analysis requires context in which they appear and at the same time effect the text expressiveness. Essays (published in the collection Sadašnjost za vječnost) and feuilletons (published in the collection En Passant) by Veselko Tenžera, were used for the purpose of this paper. Following figures of speech and tropes were analyzed in terms of their frequency: ellipsis, personification, comparison, hyperbole, metonymy, oxymoron, irony and sarcasm. The analysis shows that figurative usage of words contributes to expressiveness of the text, because in this way additional possibilities are used in language as a system for making new connections between words. The uniqueness of these texts is the author’s creativity, individuality and subjectivity in creating new unusual language forms whose meaning and function are conditioned mainly by the context in which they are put by Tenžera.

The paper gives an overview of modern society and popular culture as a culture of imposed values, the influences that arise from it and the ways in which today’s society, that lives in a kind of media forest, functions. It will also give an overview of how society functions in unlimited freedom of choice and observes today's value system, as well as the influences resulting from the media content consumed. The focus is on the individual and the question is raised as to whether, in today's information forest, the individual can muster the strength to look deeply at the information presented with the intention of various manipulative effects and separate it from that information which is disseminated as such for literal information. The paper presents the idea of today's modern society, which, on one hand, lives its life to the fullest in the accessibility of everything and surrounded by all, but, on the other hand, faces isolation and loneliness.

In this paper, we imply the role and influence of expert associates on the development and application of educational programs for children with autism spectrum disorders. The research sought to determine the extent to which professionals know the characteristics of autism, use appropriate methods of work and on this basis propose developmental and program goals, measures and areas for work and monitoring the achievements of a child with autism. We used the focus group method as a semi-structured instrument conducted by regions. There were a total of 43 respondents: special educators and rehabilitators, psychologists and pedagogues. The paper deals with the fact that school associates work on approaches based on visualization, organization, design, focus, purposefulness, and functionality are applied to children with autism. The basis of the work is the Individual Developmental-Educational Program (IDEP), which sets educational and developmental goals for each child. We found that in Montenegro the level of knowledge among professionals varies in relation to the methods of working with a child with autism spectrum disorders. Speech therapists are somewhat more able to recognize the needs and organize an appropriate approach, special educators are in transition from the paradigm of special to inclusive education, psychologists, pedagogues are not familiar with the characteristics and procedures of working with children with autism spectrum disorders. They identify important development and program goals insufficiently, the focus is on the role of speech therapists and less attention is given to resource experts. Based on the findings it is reccommended that a general framework for autism be developed. Conceptual solutions are oriented towards early learning, primary education and vocational training. Individual program focuses on developmental areas: communication, interaction, behavior, and independence. Then, evaluation indicators should monitor whether the child is being worked with on the basis of adjustments, visual instructions, structure and positive approach, level of communication development...

This paper discusses the medieval theological and political history, and the difference between blue and red blood. The popular phrase blue blood had a special significance during the Middle Ages, and its echo has been present in our culture ever since. One might think that such an abstract concept is only an insignificant legend that emerged from the oral folk tradition without any roots in theory and literature. The author’s intention is to present the concept of blue and red blood as a part of fictional genre theory. The fictional genre discourse becomes especially evident when the king’s simultaneously natural and supernatural bodies, or more simply, the notion that the king possesses a superbody, are discussed. In the given period the concept of blue blood, which referred to the king’s dignity, was coined. Thomas Hobbes, in his famous work Leviathan, develops the social contract theory, which is used to explain the development of the modern political community. Blue blood becomes red when an ordinary citizen becomes involved in politics, as this paper confirms.

This paper explores the current level of legal protection of climate migrants in international and EU law and the repercussions that the present approach might have on the rule of law. It first analyses whether the current binding instruments of refugee and climate change law offer any protection for climate migrants and identifies a legal gap in this regard. It then briefly addresses the progress made by recently adopted soft law instruments and the UN Human Rights Committee decision in the Teitiota case, at the same time pointing out that the latter decision has set criteria which might jeopardise the realisation of the non-refoulement right which it aims to guarantee. The paper then analyses the literature on the link of climate change and migration, using the example of the Syrian civil war, the rise of anti-immigration populism which subsequently occurred, as well as the threat that such movements might pose for the rule of law. The authors conclude that the planned and systematic response of the international community to climate migration and continued good regional and bilateral practices are more likely to prevent sudden spikes in mass migration which could lead to anti-immigration populist movements.

This paper analyzes the political and constitutional confrontation of Kosovo and Croatia with the COVID-19 pandemic. The similarities of the constitutional provisions governing emergency situations and possible restrictions on human freedoms and rights in both countries, alongside hybrid parliamentary systems with strong presidents, have produced the same approaches, respectively similar in political and constitutional terms as well as in the academic and professional aspect. Therefore, this paper is focused more on government responses to the situation, including divergences between presidents and governments, as well as constitutional court approaches and respective academic opinions on the subject axis: extraordinary measures within the ordinary or extraordinary legal order with a formal declaration of a “State of Emergency”. Both countries set out for the first model, contenting themselves with amending legal frameworks without a formal declaration of a state of emergency. How and why, it happened is explained in the second and third parts of the paper, resulting in conclusions and recommendations.

The article examines the role of small, medium and large enterprises in the economy of Republic of Srpska for the period from 2014 to 2022 year. The authors analyzed the economic indicators, according to company size (profitability rate, labor costs per employee, added value per employed person – productivity, employees – annual average and average wages paid per employed person), and also annual business indicators by company size (number of entrepreneurs, number of employees, number of companies and turnover). The aim of the paper is to analyze the operations of SMEs in order to give recommendations for future business improvement and to indicate the main obstacles and weaknesses as well as recommendations. The method of description and classification of data and the method of analysis and synthesis were used in order to achieve the objectives of the research.

In this paper, we explore the potential of blockchain technology to enhance public administration efficiency in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Facing challenges in communication and service delivery between the government and its citizens, our research investigates how blockchain can provide solutions. We employed questionnaires to gather citizens’ opinions and conducted a comparative analysis of best practices from countries that have successfully implemented blockchain in public sectors. This approach allows us to identify specific areas where blockchain, particularly through smart contracts and hybrid networks, can improve efficiencies and outcomes. Blockchain technology, known for its decentralization, transparency, and security features, shows promise in several sectors, including finance, cryptocurrency, business support, and law, offering substantial benefits. Our analysis suggests that by adopting similar strategies, Bosnia and Herzegovina can address many current issues undermining public administration effectiveness. Our findings, based on citizens’ feedback and international case studies, indicate that the existing system falls short in efficiency, underscoring the need for innovative solutions like blockchain to enhance public service delivery. We acknowledge potential challenges in implementation, such as technological infrastructure, legal frameworks, and socio-economic considerations. Despite these hurdles, our research presents a compelling case for blockchain technology as a means to facilitate more effective communication and services between the government and its citizens. We conclude with recommendations for adopting blockchain technology in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s public administration, supported by our comparative analysis and questionnaire insights. Additionally, we suggest areas for future research to continue exploring the transformative potential of blockchain in public services.

The digital technological revolution began in the second half of the last century. Its development in the first decades after the discovery of the transistor was rather slow. Acceleration and a wider awareness of the possibilities began to spread after the introduction of the Internet. And then the last two decades brought rapid development of digital technologies and general acceptance in private and business life. The benefits for individuals, companies, institutions and society as a whole are enormous and unquestionable. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the conducted studies on the degree of digitization of certain areas of society and certain countries, it is considered that the potential is huge. And significant breakthroughs supported by artificial intelligence are still expected. However, in addition to the undoubted benefits, there are also certain negatives, which are not sufficiently clarified or which are often obscured. Therefore, this paper aimed to determine the attitudes of the users themselves towards digital technologies, and in its last part, it examined the existence of negative effects on the mental health of users of digital technologies. The results are expected in the part of the examination of the benefits arising from the use of digital technologies. The existence of negative effects on the health of users is not a surprise either. The surprise is the degree of negative impact and lack of corrective action by the user. In other words, users are aware of the negatives that arise from, primarily, the excessive use of digital technologies, but they still do almost nothing to reduce these negative consequences.

Observed from the school education system, it can be said that the entire educational activity should respect the needs and possibilities of each student and develop his potential to the maximum. In parallel with the development of students’ potential, the students’ needs for everyday coping and solving problem situations also grow. Contemporary views on students’ acquisition of knowledge and skills in mathematics teaching is learning through inquiry and problem solving. In this paper, we will answer the question whether the application of problem-based teaching makes the teaching of mathematics interesting for students. We will examine how students, parents and teachers think, to what extent the application of problem-based learning, teaching and problem solving in mathematics classes makes mathematics teaching interesting for students, from the perspective of students, parents and teachers.

Corruption is one of most destructive and complex problems nowadays. Its results negatively influence business environment, political stability and level of standard. On global level corruption presents major barrier in international trade. Governments of many countries have passed national program for battling corruption. The total cost of fraud will be difficult to objectively assess, in particular, will be difficult to calculate the indirect damage caused by fraud. Some frauds will never be discovered. It is estimated that organisations around the world on average lose 5% of annual revenues to fraud. Small reduction in costs due to fraud can significantly increase profit of organisation. The International Organization for Standardization has developed standard ISO 37001 – Anti-bribery management systems. It’s the International Standard that allows organizations of all types to prevent, detect and address bribery by adopting an antibribery policy, appointing a person to oversee anti-bribery compliance, training, risk assessments and due diligence on projects and business associates, implementing financial and commercial controls, and instituting reporting and investigation procedures. Providing a globally recognized way to address a destructive criminal activity that turns over a trillion dollars of dirty money each year, ISO 37001 addresses one of the world’s most destructive and challenging issues head-on, and demonstrates a committed approach to stamping out corruption. Paper presents research on level of corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina, comparison with level of corruption in other courtiers, as well as correlation with the global competitiveness index. Moreover, paper presents methodology for development and implementation of system for battel against corruption in companies. Research results bring new scientific facts and findings in battle against corruption and methodological process of implementation of system for battel against corruption in companies.

This paper presents the impact of modern communication technologies on online learning of students. Communication technologies are in the center of research, especially their impact on online learning, which was trying to be avoided for so long. The prejudices that stood next to online learning were lifted. During Covid-19 lockdown online learning was salvation for tens of thousands of students who had the possibility to continue education when it seemed that the whole world around them seemed to have stopped. During preparation of this paper systematic approach has been used by studying pros and cons of online learning in 21st century and whether it provides an improvement in the overall education of students and teachers. Education is the main foundation and key to success of each individual. With the development of communication technologies this has been enabled for people living far away from big cities. Trough the usage of software platforms for communication and collaboration learning has been enabled via audio and video meetings and data storage, all in one place.

This work provides an analysis of the “Safarnameh” written by the Persian traveler Haji Pirzada Naeini in 1887. The focus of this paper was specifically on those segments which detail his passage through Romania and Bulgaria, through the cities of Bucharest, Giurgiu, Ruse and Varna. In his travelogue he provides interesting descriptions of these settlements, as well as giving information on presence of Persian citizens in these areas during the second half of the 19th century.

Simulation in the production process represents the implementation of processes in real-time and space. Current trends are heading towards the implementation and expansion of various types of automated delivery systems in many industrial enterprises. These efforts are supported by requirements to increase reliability, reduce operating costs and time as well as meet operational schedules. The present article pays attention to the use of simulations, which are supporting tools in ensuring the operation of the production process, focusing on the evaluation and planning of the material flow. The first part of the paper presents a theoretical description of problems in the area of application of simulation tools in the production process with a subsequent focus on material flow analysis. The core of the paper presents a description of the analysis of approaches to material flow assessment, using supportive simulation tools in line with the ideas of business digitization. At the end of the article, the overall evaluation and summary of the issue are described.

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to organize and perform specific actions which are necessary to accomplish desired goals. It does not refer to objective abilities to carry out a specific action, but to subjective estimate if the action can be performed successfully. Self-efficacy is the key factor of human functioning, it is a determinant and a predictor of the degree of success that will eventually be achieved. Self-efficacy is largely affected by qualitative leadership in work environment. The precondition of qualitative principal’s leadership are his optimally developed pedagogical competencies. On the basis of theoretical hypotheses and empirical research this paper seeks to examine the way preschool teachers evaluate their self-efficacy and their principals' pedagogical competencies. The relationship between preschool teachers’ evaluation of self-efficacy and their evaluation of principals’ pedagogical competencies is also studied in the paper. The study included 75 preschool teachers in Vukovar-Srijem County. The results have shown that the teachers highly evaluate their self-efficacy as well as the principals’ pedagogical competencies. The statistically significant positive relationship between preschool teachers' evaluation of self-efficacy and their evaluation of principals' pedagogical competencies is found. The paper elaborates reasons of importance of self-efficacy in preschool teachers’ work as well as the key roles of principals’ pedagogical competencies and their quality management of the educational institution.

The paper analyzes relations of semantic opposites among words in the feuilletons (En Passant) and essays (Sadašnjost za vječnost – selection from the works) by Veselko Tenžera, especially those conditional upon context. Since those relations are not visible outside the mentioned context, we call that phenomenon antonymy. Examples of the real opposite or antonymy are given at the beginning of the paper, but due to the context in which they are put, they also contribute to greater language expressiveness and stylistic refinement of the expression. Expressiveness and stylization of the expression are especially evident in the second part of the paper which singles out expressions and syntagms mutually opposite solely because of the context – antonymicity. Examples of such opposite, achieved by figures of speech or putting different words into unusual connections, influence on the stylistic expressiveness. That is especially the case with multi-part antonymic expressions whose surface structure is completely lost out of sight due to context, while the expressiveness of the text is increased.

Although democracy in Israel is sustainable and stable, it does not match any of the western types of democracy. Israel is a typical divided society whose political system and social structure do not often make a great deal of sense for the rest of the world. This paper represents a brief analysis, based on theoretical frameworks and typological placement of democracy which is closely connected to social rifts of the Israeli society. The paper investigates if democracy in Israel was being developed in order to facilitates the social divisions management and if it alleviated or strengthened social rifts.

Hagiographic codex Passionale MR 164 is considered as the oldest of Archdiocesan Library Metropolitana in Zagreb. It consists of two parts: the main one is Carolingian Passionale and the other is Beneventan appendix Secunda expositio super psalmum CXIX and Vita Marie Egipciace de Greko in Latinum translata. Hagiographic Passionale is dated in 10th century and it is considered to be written in the east Adriatic coast, in Ravenna. Beneventan part is dated by the note of its scribe deacon Majon at the beginning of the 11th century. It is written in Split for the needs of Split’s Archdiocese and the Archbishop Paulus. The content analysis and sanctoral of Carolingian part lead MR 164 to Ravenna’s church Sant' Apollinare Nuovo. The linguistic analysis confirms language of MR 164 to be the Biblical Latin of non-Biblical texts. This paper deals with flexion, derivation and syntax of the names within Biblical Latin of non-Biblical texts found in Carolingian Passionale. One of the topics considered is the independence of Biblical Latin as a special idiom, as well as its connection to Vulgar Latin. Transcription of Passio Sancte Barbare is attached to the main text of the paper.

The paper deals with tattoos of Catholic women from Bosnia and Herzegovina, function of the tattoo from the identity, religious and communication aspect, primarily as a means of non-verbal visual communication as well as its contemporary perception. The traditional/religious tattoo on the example of tattooed Catholic women from BiH, which is the subject of this research, represents a conscious bodily modification historically conditioned by the environment and culture. The paper studied perception of traditional/religious tattoos taking into consideration the fact that more than 90% of the population of the Republic of Croatia are declared believers and whether a person with a tattooed religious symbol is a believer, or whether that person is perceived as a believer because of a tattooed religious symbol/sign. The paper also discusses the possibility of traditional tattoos contribution to the process of new evangelization. The research was conducted on a sample of 310 respondents, and the aim of the research is to determine the perception of religious/traditional tattoos, i.e. whether they are influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, whether it is generally acceptable or declared believers have a more positive attitude and can the traditional tattoo be a communication symbol of declared believers.

The paper seeks first to give a summarized historical overview of the most significant metaphor theories that can be followed from Aristotle’s systematic studying in two separate areas, rhetoric and poetics, to contemporary research in cognitive linguistics and semantics. The paper describes the main tenets of the most important metaphor theorists which should serve as the framework in which the work on corpus is conducted, analysis of individual examples of metaphors in the Gospel of Luke. At the same time, we would like to emphasize that that is not the only, exclusive model of the analysis, but it contains a lot of its own contribution on the basis of the previous knowledge on metaphor. The reason for such approach can be found in the specific nature of the Biblical text, which is as a whole or in individual parts inherently metaphoric. The mentioned claims can be confirmed in the examples of metaphors from the Gospel of Luke, metaphor examples that put into words Biblical terms important for understanding the central Gospel message. The metaphor examples are taken from the Bible published by Kršćanska sadašnjost, translation of the New Testament by Friar Ljudevit Rupčić, PhD.

The paper includes an overview of New Hollywood directors and their films, as well as the sociopolitical context and changes in the American way of life that preceded the arrival of the so-called blockbusters, i.e. new genre films. The paper will discuss a new approach to the genre film by a generation of educated directors who will successfully renew genre in their works and, in some cases, make sequels in the form of (even today very popular) franchise. The analysis of some works made by a younger and partly older generation will show their relation to social and political circumstances, revitalization of marginalized genres, as well as stylistic features such as: intertextuality, citations, pastiche, homage (dedication), etc.

The aim of this paper is to research applicability of the existing alternative dispute resolution methods’ in the administrative law and give some suggestion for their improvement. Firstly, in this paper, the concept of alternative and consensual dispute resolution in administrative law is analysed. After that, the advantages and disadvantages of the non-jurisdictional forms of disposing an administrative matter are pointed out. Then, the contemporary regulations devoted to such methods in Croatia are presented. The experiences of alternative dispute resolution methods in Poland are also discussed, because Poland tried to establish this system in the very similar environment like in Croatia, but several years ago. Finally, in conclusion authors give their attitude on applicability of non-jurisdictional forms of dispute resolution in Croatian administrative law and suggest some steps for their improvements.

The paper examines the current state and the possibilities of using contemporary approaches and tools in HelpDesk systems development with the aim to examine its disadvantages. Disadvantages are accurately analyzed and the paper gives clear guidance how to eliminate them. It has been noticed that current design and development approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages. The application of the unified approach that combines the best individual characteristics of the existing approaches enables development of an automated HelpDesk system that is capable of expanding its own expertise. By combining unified aspect approach with the zero tolerance model driven approach, a new innovative approach to the development of a wide range of expert systems is obtained. This innovative approach is characterized by the highest possible degree of modularity. The application of the aforementioned approaches has also enabled expansion and improvement of the existing expert systems used for servicing numerous companies operating in various fields of business.

Although teacher competencies are acquired during initial training in faculties of education, among which methodological competencies have a special place, many teachers are not trained to work with students with specific learning difficulties and do not know how to deal with them in the classroom. Research on specific learning difficulties has begun recently as the symptoms of such students have been gradually explored and efforts have been made to adapt teaching methods to each student. The purpose of this paper is to explain the specific learning difficulties - dyslexia and dysgraphia - and to describe the ways in which teachers can work with students who suffer from these difficulties. A survey was conducted to investigate how Croatian language teachers adapt their work to students with reading and writing difficulties. The teachers’ awareness of the students’ difficulties, the way they prepare teaching materials, the use of teaching methods when working with these students, the way they give work instructions, the way they check their knowledge, and effective examples of teaching students with specific reading and writ- ing difficulties were investigated. The sample included 40 Croatian language teachers at primary and secondary level of education. The results are generally satisfactory, and it can be said that teachers’ handling of students with these difficulties in teaching language expression is good, although additional training could improve the quality.

The subject of the paper is to consider the evolution of theoretical approaches to economic rationality as a key principle of economic choice in economic science. Thanks to various theoretical approaches, the category of economic rationality has got a completely different meaning and a much broader meaning than its neoclassical interpretation. The two basic (typical) theoretical models of economic behavior of man are explained and explained: full rationality and limited rationality, which can be irrational (irrational or spontaneous) behavior and institutional (so-called post-rational) behavior. In doing so, a special emphasis is placed on the fragmentation of institutional rationality, which implies institutional pluralism as the most dominant principle of economic and social development. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the importance of institutions in general and for economic development in particular, which is undeniable in contemporary economic literature, as well as the dominance of institutional (post-rational) approach to economic behavior. In addition, the aim of the paper is to briefly explain the underlying reasons for the front, as well as the consequences of non-compliance, respectively the acceptance of monistic institutional improvisations (alternatives of alternative institutions) in place of institutional pluralism. Using the methods of abstraction, induction, deduction, descriptive analysis, and comparisons, the paper attempts to prove the hypothesis that institutional pluralism is the dominant and the only possible modern development principle recommended by non-institutional economic theories (NET), and proves the practice of all economically developed countries in which there is no room for any monistic improvisations (such as neoliberalism, dirigisism, etc.). The plenary emphasizes the beginning of institutional pluralism for social and economic development.

The subject of the paper is a) an explanation of the term of intelligence, b) a finding of deterioration of the social status (position) of intelligence, and (i) descriptive and hypothetical analysis of the root causes in selected post socialistic countries in South-Eastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia. The aim of the research is to point to the importance of the social role of intelligence, the boundaries of its development in the observed states in socialism and the period of post-socialist transition, as well as the hypothetical research of the perception of the position of intelligence and the intensity of the influence of the basic factors on it. The paper explains in a gradual way the causes and consequences of neglecting the role of intelligence in the observed countries, which have followed a similar developmental path. It shows that this is neither in line with the civilization achievements and intelligence potentials nor with its position in developed countries in which intelligence is a valued profession and social group with a significant political role in society and it is the main bearer of social consciousness. It is the most sophisticated group in society, and in the developed world it has the highest social prestige and authority, as it creates significant achievements in the fields of science, culture, journalism, literature, art and others. As intelligence unites knowledge, truth, moral values and aesthetic judgement, its ignorance can be reasonably understood as denying those principles in society. The hypothesis is that the aggravation of the intelligence position in the countries concerned has been caused by the synergistic influence of the complex braking factors, which have been of political, economic and institutional nature. By using polling method, the initial hypothesis has been hypothetically verified. In conclusion, the authors point to a) the need to improve the position of intelligence and intensify its role in society as a precondition for overcoming the existing institutional, social, economic and general development problems; and b) basic reasons for the position of intelligence. In addition, the survey results of 400 respondents from 60-75 age-old intellectuals in the four observed states hypothetically indicate that they are in a large percentage and sufficiently homogeneous to assess the deteriorating position of intelligence in society as well as its root causes proposed by researchers.

Results of quantitative and bibliometric research, as well as decisions that might be made on the basis of those results and influence on certain policies, greatly depend on the quality of input data downloaded from bibliometric and citation databases. This assertion is directly connected to a high number of bibliometric and scientometric research that uncritically download data from bibliographic and citation databases, WoS – Web of Science or Scopus. This research, which has been conducted in the framework of the Croatian national project Research activity, collaboration and orientation in social sciences in Croatia and other post-socialist European countries – RACOSS, lead by Maja Jokic, PhD, analyzes the role of the classification system in downloading and processing data, i.e. making conclusions. Bibliographic records, downloaded in the period from 1996 to 2013, published in 4896 journals, represent the result of strategy on searching the scientific productivity and citation index of social scientists from 15 European post-socialist countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia). Classification of science by Scopus is based on the subject and content orientation of indexed journals. Diversity of classification system that uses the Scopus classification of a certain country can cause wrong interpretation on the basis of collected data. In this paper we made the analysis of journals and papers, and contrastive analysis of a certain journal affiliation to the field of social sciences was made on the basis of Scopus and Croatian classification of social sciences based on OECD Frascati fields of science. After the experts in this area had checked the journals and compared them to the classification system used in Croatia, the initial sample for reliable bibliometric analyses decreased to the portion of 44%. Affiliation to a certain field was made on the basis of the subject and content orientation of the indexed journals. Besides filtration of scientific fields, it is necessary to check the affiliation of a journal to the certain field by hand in order to get papers that belong only to social sciences. In this way there appeared a significant difference in the citation index additionally to lower number of papers and journals. The aim of this research is to warn researchers to possible and real deficiencies of input data used for evaluation on the example of the Scopus database, which is relatively reliable source of data for bibliometric research.