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Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that plays a crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, physical and sexual development. Modern medical imaging techniques allow the study of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary region in children with low physical development [1–3]. AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the state of the hypothalamic-pituitary region in children with different forms of nanism using magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 102 boys and 96 girls with complaints of growth retardation. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain with targeted studies of the pituitary region of children and adolescents aged 8–15 years was studied. Using a high-field magnetic resonance imager, the brain was scanned in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes using standard modes and targeted examination of the pituitary region using T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences with a slice thickness of 2.0 mm. Inclusions in the pituitary gland requiring differential diagnosis betwe en adenoma and Rathke’s cleft cyst were imaged with intravenous contrast. The physical development of the children was evaluated using the AntroPlus computer program. The significance of differences between groups was determined by the confidence interval; differences were considered significant at p 0.05. RESULTS: Analysis of the obtained data shows that 92.0% of children and adolescents with idiopathic stunting have a standard deviation of growth from –2.0 to –3.0. In these children, hypoplasia of the pituitary gland was found in 36.4% of cases, residual structures of Rathke's cleft cyst in 16.5%, and inactive pituitary adenoma in 4.2%. Normal structure of the pituitary gland was found in the remaining children. In the group of patients with growth hormone deficiency, children with standard deviation of growth coefficient from –3.0 to –4.0 are more frequent (52.6% of patients), and 31.4% of boys and girls have growth retardation more than –4 σ. In these children, in addition to hypothalamic-pituitary masses and hypoplasia of the adenohypophysis, magnetic resonance imaging revealed in 26.7% of cases (including 83.4% of boys and 16.6% of girls) an abnormality of pituitary development in the form of a triad: hypoplasia of the adenohypophysis, shortened pituitary pedicle, and ectopia of the neurohypophysis. In the group of patients with growth retardation due to the presence of hereditary syndromes, 32.7% of those studied had a coefficient of standard deviation of growth between –2.0 and –3.0, and 33.4% had a coefficient of standard deviation of growth between –3.0 and –4.0. In children with more severe growth retardation, magnetic resonance signs of empty sella (22.6%) and hypoplasia of the pituitary gland (34.8%) were more frequently visualized. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging is the primary method for evaluating the pituitary gland [4]. Children with idiopathic stunting exhibit a coefficient of standard deviation of growth that is 5.4 times less frequent than that observed in boys and girls from other groups. In the group of children with growth hormone deficiency, the coefficient of standard deviation from –3.0 to –4.0 is 1.6 times more frequent than in those with hereditary syndromes. One-third of children with pituitary stunting who exhibited a growth deficit greater than –4 σ exhibited a pituitary developmental anomaly in the form of a triad (hypoplasia of the adenohypophysis, shortening of the pituitary gyrus, and ectopia of the neurohypophysis). In contrast, no such anomaly was found in the other groups. The coefficient of standard deviation of growth greater than –4 was found in single cases.

Low-level exposure to environmental heavy metals during pregnancy is common, and the effects of such exposure on the growth and development of the fetus may continue after birth. In this paper, we reviewed the epidemiological studies on heavy metal exposure during pregnancy and children's physical development at home and abroad in recent years, focusing on the associations between four common heavy metals, namely, cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic, and children's physical development levels and growth trajectories. The results of existing studies showed that cadmium and mercury exposure during pregnancy was associated with early childhood obesity, lead exposure during pregnancy may lead to dual effects of childhood obesity and growth retardation, and arsenic exposure during pregnancy was associated with childhood growth retardation. At the same time, cadmium and lead exposure during pregnancy had a more significant effect on boys, and there was a sex effect. Most studies of children's growth trajectory showed that exposure to cadmium, arsenic, and lead during pregnancy was often associated with lower childhood body mass index (BMI)/weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) growth trajectories, even into adolescence, where the first trimester and the third trimester may be critical windows for cadmium and lead exposure, respectively. The results of mercury exposure during pregnancy associated with children's growth trajectories were controversial due to differences in methods for evaluating mercury exposure. In addition, there may be certain combined effects of mixed exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy on the physical growth and development of children. There is still a need to further elucidate the effects of single metal and multiple heavy metal interactions on children's physical development by combining population-based epidemiological studies with multiple sample sources and time points, and to strengthen basic research to broaden the new understanding of involved mechanisms.

Small for gestational age (SGA) children′s catch-up growth after birth has a significant impact on their future health outcomes. While there has been considerable research into the postnatal development and catch-up growth characteristics of SGA, studies on the health outcomes of such growth are relatively rare, and the conclusions vary, lacking a systematic summary. This study summarizes the research progress on the health outcomes of SGA catch-up growth from three aspects: physical development, metabolism, and neuropsychology. It also proposes hypotheses in order to provide a basis for the growth and targeted intervention of SGA.

BackgroundAssisted reproductive technology is increasingly mature and widely used in clinic. As more and more newborns are born with assisted reproductive technology， the health problems of these newborns also need more attention.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of assisted reproductive technology on newborn physique and autistic behavior， and to raise the attention of autistic behavior of assisted reproductive children.MethodsFrom the medical record information system， 588 assisted reproduction newborns （assisted reproduction group） born in the obstetrics department of Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University from August 2018 to August 2019 were selected as the study objects. From the medical records information system， 600 newborns born naturally in the obstetrics department in the same period of time were selected as the control group. The basic information of all newborns was collected， including the mother's age and years of education， sex， gestational age， birth weight and birth length， and they were assessed by the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale （CABS） at 3 years of follow-up.ResultsThe educational years of mothers in assisted reproduction group were longer than those in control group ［（12.04±1.96） years vs. （11.34±2.90） years， t=-4.887， P0.05］. At the age of three， the weight and height of the assisted reproduction group were both lower than those of the control group ［（16.16±2.53）kg vs.（16.96±1.67）kg， t=6.393， P

Objective To investigate the changes in the serum levels of Klotho, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) before and after recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment, as well as the correlation of Klotho and FGF23 with the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 growth axis in these children. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 33 children who were diagnosed with ISS in the Department of Pediatrics, Hebei Provincial People's Hospital, from March 10, 2021 to December 1, 2022 (ISS group). Twenty-nine healthy children, matched for age and sex, who attended the Department of Child Healthcare during the same period, were enrolled as the healthy control group. The children in the ISS group were treated with rhGH, and the serum levels of Klotho, FGF23, and IGF-1 were measured before treatment and after 3, 6, and 9 months of treatment. A correlation analysis was conducted on these indexes. Results There were no significant differences in the serum levels of IGF-1, Klotho, and FGF23 between the ISS and healthy control groups (P>0.05). The serum levels of Klotho, FGF23, and IGF-1 increased significantly in the ISS group after 3, 6, and 9 months of rhGH treatment (P<0.05). In the ISS group, Klotho and FGF23 levels were positively correlated with the phosphate level before treatment (P<0.05). Before treatment and after 3, 6, and 9 months of rhGH treatment, the Klotho level was positively correlated with the IGF-1 level (P<0.05), the FGF23 level was positively correlated with the IGF-1 level (P<0.05), and the Klotho level was positively correlated with the FGF23 level (P<0.05), while Klotho and FGF23 levels were not correlated with the height standard deviation of point (P>0.05). Conclusions The rhGH treatment can upregulate the levels of Klotho, FGF23, and IGF-1 and realize the catch-up growth in children with ISS. Klotho and FGF23 may not directly promote the linear growth of children with ISS, but may have indirect effects through the pathways such as IGF-1 and phosphate metabolism. The consistent changes in Klotho, FGF23 and IGF-1 levels show that there is a synergistic relationship among them in regulating the linear growth of ISS children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Assisted reproductive technology is increasingly mature and widely used in clinic. As more and more newborns are born with assisted reproductive technology, the health problems of these newborns also need more attention. Objective To investigate the effects of assisted reproductive technology on newborn physique and autistic behavior, and to raise the attention of autistic behavior of assisted reproductive children. Methods From the medical record information system, 588 assisted reproduction newborns (assisted reproduction group) born in the obstetrics department of Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University from August 2018 to August 2019 were selected as the study objects. From the medical records information system, 600 newborns born naturally in the obstetrics department in the same period of time were selected as the control group. The basic information of all newborns was collected, including the mother's age and years of education, sex, gestational age, birth weight and birth length, and they were assessed by the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale (CABS) at 3 years of follow-up. Results The educational years of mothers in assisted reproduction group were longer than those in control group[(12. 04±1. 96) years vs.(11. 34±2. 90) years, t=-4. 887, P<0. 01], gestational age and birth weight of assisted reproduction group were lower than those of control group [(38. 68± 2. 56 ) weeks vs. (39. 53±2. 91) weeks, t=5. 315, P<0. 01; (3 273. 27±720. 39) g vs. (3 158. 29±701. 74) g, t=2. 792, P<0. 05]. There was no significant difference in birth length between the two groups [(49. 97±5. 94) cm vs. (50. 07±6. 08) cm, t=-0. 287, P>0. 05]. At the age of three, the weight and height of the assisted reproduction group were both lower than those of the control group [(16. 16±2. 53 )kg vs.(16. 96±1. 67)kg, t=6. 393, P<0. 01, (95. 81±4. 50)cm vs.(97. 47±7. 49)cm, t=4. 626, P<0. 01]. Respectively, 6(1. 00%) and 15(2. 55%) children with autism were detected in the control group and assisted reproduction group, and the difference was statistically significant(χ² =4. 113, P<0. 05). Conclusion Assisted reproductive technology may affect the physical and neurological development of children. ［Funded by Outstanding Young Talents Support Program of Anhui Education Department (number, gxyqZD2022022 )]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China Medical University is the property of Journal of China Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BackgroundHeavy metals are widely present in the environment, difficult to degrade, and bioaccumulative. Children's physical development are not mature, and exposure to heavy metals which may cause irreversible harm to them. However, the current research conclusions are still inconsistent. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the impact of heavy metal pollutants on physical development.ObjectiveTo detect the level of heavy metal exposure of school-age children in Laizhou Wan, Shandong Province, and to explore the relationship between heavy metal exposure level and physical development indexes of school-age children.MethodsThe subjects of this study were 318 children born to pregnant women recruited from Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort in Shandong Province from September 2010 to December 2013. The school-age children at age 7 were followed up from July to September 2019. Their urine samples were collected and the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in urine were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). At the same time, the height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat percentage of the children were evaluate to analyze the relationship between the four heavy metals in children's urine and the indicators related to children's physical development.ResultsAmong the 318 school-age children with an age (\begin{document}$\bar x \pm s $\end{document}) of (7.77±0.67) years, the median (P25, P75) levels of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in urine were 73.98 (44.81, 124.61), 0.40 (0.27, 0.58), 1.20 (0.71, 1.72), and 2.38 (1.32, 4.80) µg·g−1 (of creatinine), respectively. The children’s urinary Cd level was positively correlated with their weight, BMI, and waist circumference (P0.05). After sex stratification, it was found that boys’ urinary Cd level was positively correlated with their height, weight, BMI, and waist circumference (P

To investigate the changes of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), 25 hydroxyvitamin D[25 (0H) D] and cortisol levels in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) before and after treatment, and their correlation with physical development and bone age. 88 children with ISS who were admitted to Anhui Children's Hospital from July 2017 to March 2021 were selected as the study group. Another 88 healthy children for physical examination at the same period were selected as the control group. The levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3, 25 (OH) D and cortisol were compared between the two groups. The levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3, 25 (OH) D, cortisol, physical indexes and bone age indexes were compared before and after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3, 25 (OH) D and cortisol and physical indexes and bone age indexes in children with ISS. The levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and 25 (OH) D in the study group were lower than those in the control group, while the levels of cortisol were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and 25 (OH) D in children with ISS after treatment were higher than those before treatment, while the levels of cortisol were lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05). The height, weight, bone age difference (BAD), bone age index (BAI) and body mass index (BMI) of children with ISS after treatment were higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and 25 (OH) D in children with ISS were positively correlated with height, weight, BAD, BAI and BMI. Cortisol was negatively correlated with height, weight, BAD, BAI and BMI (all P<0.05). The levels of serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and 25 (OH) D in children with ISS decreased abnormally, and the level of cortisol increased. The above four indexes are related to height, weight, BAD and BAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the birth status, serious complications, outcome and follow-up of very premature infants, and to analyze the influencing factors. Methods: The clinical data of very preterm infants hospitalized in our department from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 were retrospectively collected. We compared and analyzed the difference of their birth status, perinatal status, treatment and outcome, and compared the physical development of infants who were followed up at 40 weeks, 1 month and 3 months after discharge. Results: A total of 101 premature infants were investigated. The gestational age was 22+5-31+6 weeks and the average was 29+6 weeks. The birth weight was 440-2 100 g, and the average was 1 348.21 g. All cases were grouped according to gestational age. All cases were grouped according to gestational age. The number of patients less than 28 weeks was the least, accounting for 10.89%, and the number of patients 30 -30+6 weeks and 31-31+6 weeks were the most, accounting for 27.72% respectively. The older the gestational age, the greater the birth weight, the higher the cesarean section rate, and the higher the Apgar score at 1 minute and 5 minutes. The perinatal related factors in each group were statistically different only in the presence of premature rupture of membranes. In terms of treatment measures, there were significant differences in invasive ventilation time and parenteral nutrition time. In terms of complications, there was significant difference in the incidence of moderate and severe BPD. There were significant differences in hospital stay, improvement rate and abandonment rate among the groups. Among the 75 discharged children who participated in the follow-up of physical development, the average head circumference, average length and average weight of infants of all ages exceeded the P10 percentile, and there was no significant difference between male and female infants. Conclusion: The younger the gestational age, the longer the need for invasive ventilation and parenteral nutrition, the more prone to premature delivery related complications such as moderate and severe BPD, and the survival rate is also more likely to be affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To investigate the changes in the serum levels of Klotho, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) before and after recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment, as well as the correlation of Klotho and FGF23 with the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 growth axis in these children., Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 33 children who were diagnosed with ISS in the Department of Pediatrics, Hebei Provincial People's Hospital, from March 10, 2021 to December 1, 2022 (ISS group). Twenty-nine healthy children, matched for age and sex, who attended the Department of Child Healthcare during the same period, were enrolled as the healthy control group. The children in the ISS group were treated with rhGH, and the serum levels of Klotho, FGF23, and IGF-1 were measured before treatment and after 3, 6, and 9 months of treatment. A correlation analysis was conducted on these indexes., Results: There were no significant differences in the serum levels of IGF-1, Klotho, and FGF23 between the ISS and healthy control groups ( P >0.05). The serum levels of Klotho, FGF23, and IGF-1 increased significantly in the ISS group after 3, 6, and 9 months of rhGH treatment ( P <0.05). In the ISS group, Klotho and FGF23 levels were positively correlated with the phosphate level before treatment ( P <0.05). Before treatment and after 3, 6, and 9 months of rhGH treatment, the Klotho level was positively correlated with the IGF-1 level ( P <0.05), the FGF23 level was positively correlated with the IGF-1 level ( P <0.05), and the Klotho level was positively correlated with the FGF23 level ( P <0.05), while Klotho and FGF23 levels were not correlated with the height standard deviation of point ( P >0.05)., Conclusions: The rhGH treatment can upregulate the levels of Klotho, FGF23, and IGF-1 and realize the catch-up growth in children with ISS. Klotho and FGF23 may not directly promote the linear growth of children with ISS, but may have indirect effects through the pathways such as IGF-1 and phosphate metabolism. The consistent changes in Klotho, FGF23 and IGF-1 levels show that there is a synergistic relationship among them in regulating the linear growth of ISS children.

Copyright of China Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is the property of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of physical training on children’s physical development, and explore the training mode of promoting children’s physical development. Method: Four kindergarten were chosen from Yichang xiling district and all the children were divided into experimental group(312 cases) and control group(301 cases). Physical training were carried out in experimental group for one year, while common teaching were conducted among children in the control group. Compared the physique index, rate of attendance and myopia of two groups before and after the training. Result: After one year intervention training, There were no significant difference in height and weight between each age group of two group(P>0.05). In quality indicators, there were significantly different between two groups in 10 m shuttle run, standing long jump, tennis throw far, feet jump in succession,body anteflexion in sitting position(P<0.05); but in walking the balance beam,only the difference of 7~ age group was statistically significant(P<0.05). The excellent rate of the experimental group attendance was significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). And it had no significant difference in myopia rate of between two groups before or after the intervention(P>0.05). Conclution: Developing physical training can promote children’s physical development, and it should be widely applied in the kindergarten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the physical and neuropsychological development of children with Citrin deficiency (CD)., Methods: A total of 93 children, aged 1.9-59.8 months, who were diagnosed with CD by SLC25A13 gene analysis in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from August 2010 to August 2015, were enrolled as subjects. A retrospective analysis was performed for their birth condition and physical growth and neuropsychological development indices. Among these children, 7 underwent physical measurement and neuropsychological development assessment within 1 year old and after 1 year old, and therefore, a total of 100 cases were included for analysis., Results: For the 93 children with CD, the incidence rate of failure to thrive was 25% (23 children) and the proportion of small for gestational age was 47% (44 children). For the 100 cases of CD, the incidence rates of growth retardation, underweight, emaciation, overweight, and microcephalus were 23% (23 cases), 14% (14 cases), 4% (4 cases), 8% (8 cases), and 9% (9 cases), respectively. The incidence rate of neuropsychological developmental delay was 25% (25 cases), and the incidence rates of development delay in the five domains of adaptability, gross motor, fine motor, language, and social ability were 7% (7 cases), 15% (15 cases), 7% (7 cases), 9% (9 cases), and 7% (7 cases), respectively., Conclusions: Physical and neuropsychological developmental delay can be observed in children with CD, and physical and neuropsychological development should be regularly assessed.

Objectives: To study the effect of levothyroxine sodium tablets on the growth and development and thyroid function in preterm infants with thyroid dysfunction., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for 82 preterm infants who were born in the Department of Obstetrics of the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017, and these infants were hospitalized after birth in the Department of Neonatology of the hospital. They were regularly followed up to observe growth and development and thyroid function at the outpatient service of the Department of Neonatology. According to thyroid function test results, they were divided into an abnormal thyroid function group (observation group; n =31) and a normal thyroid function group (control group; n =51). The infants in the observation group were given oral administration of levothyroxine sodium tablets, while those in the control group were not given any treatment. The two groups were compared in terms of the physical and intelligence development and thyroid function of preterm infants with various gestational ages (28-<32 weeks, 32-<34 weeks, and 34-<37 weeks) after regular follow-up to the corrected age of 12 months., Results: There were no significant differences in physical development indices (body length, body weight, and head circumference) between the observation and control groups at various gestational ages after follow-up to the corrected age of 12 months ( P >0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the scores of each functional area of the Gesell Developmental Scale among the preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-<32 weeks and 32-<34 weeks after follow-up to the corrected age of 12 months ( P >0.05). For the preterm infants with a gestational age of 34-<37 weeks, compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly lower score of gross motor ability at the age of 3 and 12 months, significantly lower scores of fine motor ability, language ability, and adaptation ability at the age of 12 months ( P <0.05), and a significantly lower score of personal-social ability at the age of 3 months ( P <0.05). However, the score of personal-social ability in the observation group was not significantly different from the control group at the age of 12 months ( P >0.05). After 2-4 weeks of treatment with levothyroxine sodium tablets, the thyroid function of the 31 preterm infants with thyroid dysfunction returned to normal. Among the 31 infants, 21 (68%) achieved complete drug withdrawal, with normal results of neonatal screening (100%); 10 infants (32%) failed to achieve drug withdrawal, and only 2 (20%) out of the 10 infants had normal neonatal screening results ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Early diagnosis and reasonable treatment can reduce the impact on growth and development in preterm infants with thyroid dysfunction. Most preterm infants tend to have transient thyroid dysfunction, while those with positive results of neonatal screening are more likely to develop permanent thyroid dysfunction.

Objective: To explore influence on physical development of children aged 18 months from HIV-positive mothers for prevention mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, and provide evidence for the improvement PMTCT program. Methods: This retrospective case control study was conducted in 554 HIV negative infants aged 18 months whose HIV positive mothers had received PMTCT services reported through PMTCT system database from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017 and 1 109 healthy infants born in 2017, whose mothers were healthy, in Lingshan, Luzhai, and Hengxian counties, ranking top three counties with high HIV infection prevalence, in Guangxi. PMTCT data and physical development data such as height, weight and head circumference of children aged 18 months were collected. The physical dysplasia in the infants was defined as at least one of the three main indicators of height, weight and head circumference below the normal range. Results: The number of HIV-positive mother and their infants in the case group were 667 and 554 respectively, and the PMTCT rates were 91.15 % (608/667) and 96.57 % (535/554) respectively. HIV positive rate, mortality rate and mother to child transmission rate of the infants aged 18 months were 1.44 % (8/554), 3.07 % (17/554) and 1.91 % (8/418) respectively, and the physical examination results of the infants aged 18 months showed that the physical dysplasia rate was 30.51 % (169/554). Among the 1 109 infants in the control group, the physical dysplasia rate was 9.83 % (109/1 109). The difference between the case group and the control group was significant ( P <0.01). Conclusion: The PMTCT rates of HIV positive mother and their children were more than 90.00 % , respectively. However, poor physical development rate of infants aged 18 months were more than 30.00 % . The possible influence of PMTCT on physical development of the infants aged 18 months of HIV positive mother's needs to be further studied.

Objective: To study the lunch quality and physical development status of primary school students in a certain area of Wuhan City, and to provide the scientific basis for improving the nutritional status of school-age children., Methods: A total of 1001 students of third to sixth grade from two primary schools in Wuhan were enrolled in this study. The three-day lunch meal survey and physical examination were conducted, and students' lunch at school were recorded by meal review. The lunch intake was compared with the standard, and the correlation between nutrient intake and school-age children's height and weight was analyzed., Results: The height of the subjects was(139.81±8.87) cm and the body weight was(35.91±9.44) kg. The average protein intake at lunch of all age groups reached 40% estimated average requirement(EAR), and vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium, selenium and other nutrients were seriously inadequate; all age groups of animal meat intake reached the standard. And fish, shrimp, eggs, soybeans and nuts, milk were lack of intake; energy of lunch, carbohydrates, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron intake were correlated with height and weight of school-age children(P<0.05)., Conclusion: There are some problems such as micronutrient deficiency and unbalanced diet in school-age children aged 9-12 in Wuhan. Physical development did not reach the national average level.

Objective: To study the dose-response relationship between maternal thyroid hormone levels in the first twenty weeks of pregnancy and the infant physical and neuropsychological development. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, a total of 945 women and their children were included. Maternal serum samples during first half of the pregnancy were collected and analyzed for levels of thyroid hormones by using the electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. Maternal social demographic information was collected by using the a self-administered questionnaire. Physical measurements of newborns and neuropsychological evaluation of infants were performed by doctors of maternal and child health care. Results: The differences in newborns' birth length and head circumference were significant among the newborns of mothers with different percentiles of maternal serum (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) levels ( P <0.05). Newborns with maternal TSH level ≥ P(95) or < P(5) had significantly lower birth length and birth head circumference, compared with the newborns with maternal TSH level between P(25) - P(75) ( P <0.05). Newborns' birth head circumferences showed an inverted U-shaped association with maternal serum TSH level ( Y =33.940+0.003 X -0.109 X (2), F =4.685, P =0.009). The difference in mental development index (MDI) of the infants at 18-30 months were significant among the infants of mothers with different percentiles of maternal serum TSH level ( P <0.05). Infants with maternal TSH level ≥ P(90) showed lower MDI (6.39, 95 %CI : 2.29-10.49, P =0.002) compared with the infants with maternal TSH level between P(25) - P(75) . Infant's MDI at 18- 30 months also showed an inverted U-shaped association with maternal serum TSH level ( Y =103.249-1.524 X -0.939 X (2), F =6.616, P =0.001). Conclusions: Maternal TSH level was associated with newborn's birth length, birth head circumference and infant's MDI at 18-30 months. Newborn's birth head circumference and infant's MDI at 18-30 months showed an inverted U-shaped association with maternal serum TSH-Z score.

Objective: To understand the physical development of Uygur and Han children under 7 years old in Urumuqi, and analyze the age of adiposity rebound., Methods: Using stratified cluster sampling, 9682 Uygur and Han children under 7 years old were selected in 7 districts and 1 county in Urumqi in June 2015, measuring their heights, weights, sitting heights, head circumference and chest circumference; comparingthe differences of weight for height Z-score( WHZ), drawing WHZ curves, calculating the adiposity rebound ages of Uygur and Han nationality boys and girls., Results: The difference of physical development in low age groups was significant. There were significant differences in the WHZ of Uygur and Han boys in 0 month-( t = 4. 277, P <0. 001), 6 months-( t = 2. 133, P = 0. 033), 5 years-( t = 2. 278, P = 0. 023), 6-7 years( t = 2. 503, P = 0. 013) and all ages combined( t = 5. 238, P < 0. 001), and significant differences exist in WHZ of Uygur and Han girls in 0 month-( t = 2. 533, P =0. 011) and 1 year old-( t =-2. 141, P = 0. 033). The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys was higher than that in girls under 7 years old( overweight rate: Uygur boys 7. 97%, Uygur girls 5. 46%; Han boys 12. 55%, Han girls 5. 90%; obesity rate:Uygur boys 5. 58%, Uygur girls 3. 48%; Han boys 7. 73%, Han girls 3. 92%), while overweight obesity ratio( OOR) in Uygur girls were higher than Uygur boys( girls OOR =1. 57, boys OOR = 1. 43) and OOR of Han girls was lower than that of boys( girls OOR =1. 50, boys OOR = 1. 62). Mathematical model indicated that the adiposity rebound age of Han boys was 3. 94 years old( 95% CI 3. 54-4. 33), Uygur boys was 4. 17 years old( 95% CI 2. 70-5. 72) and Han girls was 4. 56 years old( 95% CI 4. 14-4. 99), and the adiposity rebound age of Uygur girls was 5. 57 years old( 95% CI 4. 00-7. 13)., Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Han children under seven years old is higher than that of Uygur children, and the age of fat rebound in Han children is earlier than that of Uygur children.