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Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] In order to provide a scientific basis for improving yield and quality of pear through nutrient optimization management in China, the current situation of farmers' conventional fertilization management and yield in pear producing area was clarified, and the effects of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K₂O) fertilization measures on the yield and quality were studied. [Methods] The data of 112 journal articles published from 1992 to 2022 on the effect of optimal fertilization on pear yield and quality were integrated and analyzed to study the relationship between pear yield and N, P₂O, and K₂O application rates under conventional and optimal fertilization, and targeted fertilization suggestions were put forward for the main pear producing areas based on the yield effects. [Results] From a national perspective, the average yield of pear was 31 thm and the average amounts of N, P2O5 and K₂O application rates were 453,235 and 320 kg.hm² under conventional fertilization, while the nutrient inputs were relatively high and there were large differences between the main production areas. Compared with conventional fertilization, optimizing N, P2O5 and K₂O fertilization increased fruit soluble sugar content by 5.5%-7.3%, fruit shape index by 1.5%- 1.6%, and vitamin C content by 3.0%-3.4%, and decreased total acid by 3.6%-7.3% and peel firmness by 1.4%-2.2%. Meanwhile, reducing N, P2O5 and K₂O to a certain extent was helpful to increase the yield and quality of pears. Based on this, the appropriate application intervals of N, P2O5 and K₂O could be proposed for each main production area: the optimal input in the western producing area were 292.9-390.5 kg-hm-2, 113.1-169.6 kg.hm² and 71.0-106.4 kg.hm¯², respectively; the optimal inputs in the Yangtze River Basin producing area were 289.0-385.3 kg.hm², 221.7-277.1 kg.hm² and 158.7-238.0 kg.hm², respectively; the best inputs in the Circum-Bohai Sea producing area were 228.1-342.2 kg.hm², 113.9-170.8 kg.hm² and 261.6- 348.8 kg.hm², respectively; the best inputs of the old Yellow River producing area were 258.7-388.1 kg.hm²,164.1-218.8 -2 kg.hm², and 330.1-440.1 kg.hm², respectively. [Conclusions] Optimized fertilization could synergistically improve the yield and fruit quality of pear, and the targeted fertilization recommendations based on this will also help to achieve efficient, green and sustainable development of the main pear producing areas in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO) treatment and superficial scald in ‘Dangshansuli’ pear fruit and its impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism were explored. The levels of α-farnesene, conjugated trienes, MHO, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radical and total phenols, and the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the pericarp of ‘Dangshansuli’ pear fruit treated by MHO during cold storage were measured. In addition, the development of superficial scald was observed and recorded. The results indicated that exogenous MHO could induce symptoms similar to superficial scald in ‘Dangshansuli’ pears, significantly increase the contents of MHO, H2O2 and superoxide anion radical, and decrease the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD and SOD, and increase the contents of α-farnesene and conjugated trienes. The content of MHO in the pericarp was significantly related to the contents of H2O2 and superoxide anion radical, but was more closely correlated with the incidence rate of superficial scald than H2O2 levels. These results reveal that MHO can induce superficial scald by increasing the accumulation of ROS.

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In order to prolong the storage period of ‘Huangguan’ pear and reduce the deterioration of fruit quality during long-term storage and subsequent shelf life, this study conducted preharvest treatment with different concentrations of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) to ‘Huangguan’ pear. Before and after refrigeration for 180 days and after subsequent shelf life for 7 days, quality indicators were tested. The results showed that compared with the control group, preharvest AVG treatment delayed the decline of fruit firmness, maintained higher contents of soluble solids and titratable acids, and effectively inhibited fruit surface browning and core browning, the most pronounced effect being observed at 200 mg/L AVG. During long-term cold storage, the contents of arbutin, chlorogenic acid and total phenols increased with the occurrence of core browning, and the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased. The expression levels of PbPAL1, PbPAL2, PbPPO1, PbPPO5, PbLOX1 and PbLOX5 were up-regulated during cold storage, but down-regulated during shelf life. Preharvest treatment with 200 mg/L AVG significantly reduced the consumption of arbutin, chlorogenic acid and total phenols, inhibited the increase of PPO activity along with the expression of PbPAL1, PbPAL2, PbPPO1, PbPPO5 and PbLOX5, and thus effectively reduced core browning in ‘Huangguan’ pear .

In order to explore the genetic variation between hybrid fruits and their parents and conduct comprehensive evaluation of hybrid fruits, seven promising F1 hybrids (7-93, 8-44, 8-176, 9-188, 9-193, 10-101 and 10-173) between ‘Yuluxiang’ and ‘Shinseiki’ pears, the female parent ‘Yuluxiang’ and the popular cultivar ‘Akizuki’ were evaluated for quality indicators such as single fruit mass, fruit shape index, hardness, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, titratable acid content, sugar/acid ratio, vitamin C content, and aroma composition. Meanwhile, the differences in aroma among different cultivars were evaluated using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results showed that there was a significant difference in fruit quality among the seven F1 hybrids, with 8-44 having a fruit shape index equal to 1 and the highest soluble solids and sugar content. Altogether, 83 volatile components were detected from the nine cultivars, of which 10-173 and 8-44 had the highest total amount of volatile components, and 10-173 and 10-101 contained the highest number of volatile compounds. The major aroma components in pears were alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. The OPLS-DA results showed that the aroma components of 10-101 and 10-173 were significantly different from those of the other strains. Fruit quality traits of 10-101 had a significantly positive correlation with ethyl acetate and hexyl acetate; fruit quality traits of 10-173 had a significantly positive correlation with ethyl octanoate and α-farnesene and trans-2-hexenal, and their contents were significantly higher than those in the other strains, making the flavor more prominent. According to variable importance in the projection (VIP) results, we predicted 42 aroma markers that differed among varieties, and through odor activity value (OAV) analysis, we identified key volatile compounds that contributed to the characteristic odor of each strain. Through correlation analysis, we identified the association between pear quality traits and characteristic aromas. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the comprehensive scores of 8-44, 10-173 and 10-101 had the highest ranking, indicating that they had better fruit quality than the other strains. In summary, 8-44, 10-101, and 10-173 can be regarded as potential pear strains. This study can provide a reference for the breeding and promotion of new pear varieties.

Anthocyanin content determines fruit color, which serves as a significant indicator for assessing the commercial value of fruits. The biosynthesis of anthocyanin is regulated by MYB transcription factors, however, the precise mechanism underlying the negative regulation of MYB on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit remains to be fully elucidated. Based on the previous transcriptomic data, a member of the MYB gene family, PbrMYB19, was screened out from the differentially expressed genes, suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. To clarify its structure and function, and lay the foundation for further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of PbrMYB19 on fruit anthocyanins, in this study, the full-length PbrMYB19 was cloned by using the cDNA of Yuluxiang pear peel as a template. The structure, genetic relationship, conserved domain, and cis-acting elements of this gene were predicted via bioinformatics software. The expression level of PbrMYB19 gene in peels with different colors was analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and its function was verified by the fruit transient expression system. The results showed that the open reading frame of PbrMYB19 gene was 714 bp, encoding 237 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 26.85 ku, and the subcellular localization was predicted in the nucleus. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PbrMYB19 was on the same evolutionary branch as the reported anthocyanin transcription inhibitors FaMYB1 and PbrMYB120, and there was an EAR-like inhibitory sequence at the C-terminal of its protein. In addition, the promoter sequence of PbrMYB19 gene contained light regulation elements and plant hormone response elements. QRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of PbrMYB19 gene in red and yellow peels was significantly higher than that in green peels. Overexpression vector of PbrMYB19 gene was constructed, and the fruit was transiently transformed. It was found that PbrMYB19 overexpression significantly inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The storability and storage quality of three pear varieties were evaluated to provide theoretical support for variety breeding and fresh-keeping technology. Methods: Zaoshengxinshui, HJ18 and HJ67 pear with similar genetic background were used as test materials. Fruit with the same maturity were stored in a cold storage with a temperature of （1.0±0.5） ℃ and a relative humidity of 85%~90% for 60 days. The fruit texture, sugar and acid and volatile substances were determined every 10 days, divide storage period and quality based on clustering, principal components and time series analysis. Results: The results showed that the fruit texture, sugar, acid and volatile substances of the three pear varieties were regulated by storage time, and there was a certain correlation among different indexes. Fourteen quality evaluation parameters could be simplified into 8 indexes: firmness, chewiness, compactness, brittleness, elasticity, malic acid, citric acid, soluble solids content （SSC） and fructose. The contribution rate of sensors S2, 6, 7, 8 and 9 was larger. Based on fourteen quality indexes, HJ67 was in a relatively independent space with Zaosheng Xinshui and HJ18 during storage. Based on the response values of ten sensors, the three varieties had spatial intersection, which had not been effectively distinguished. The storage time of three pear varieties was divided into different intervals, among which HJ67 was divided into four periods: 0~20 days, 30 days, 40~50 days and 60 days based on texture, nonvolatile and volatile substances. Conclusion: It is concluded that the texture, sugars and acids contents and volatile matter of HJ67 are significantly different from those of Zaoshengxinshui and HJ18, that has a rich flavor. The change of fruit texture of three pear varieties can be well fitted by exponential equation, and the change of sugar and acid content can be well described by nonlinear equation. The prediction errors of the two prediction models are low. Based on principal component analysis, cluster analysis and time series analysis, the storage period and comprehensive quality of three pear varieties can be comprehensively and objectively evaluated.

In order to investigate the residual degradation of pyrazolin in pears and provide theoretical basis for safe drug use in production, field experiments were conducted in Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Gansu and Anhui provinces in 2020 to investigate the residual degradation of pyrazolin in pears. The results showed that the dissipation equations of pyraclostrobin in pear samples fit the first-order kinetics equation. The half-lives in pear was 9. 9 d. The pyraclostrobin was sprayed by dilution of 1 000 times and 500 times on pear for 2-6 times and samples were collected 7, 14 and 21 d after the last application. The final residue of pyraclostrobin in the pear was 0. 001-3. 601 mg/ kg. After applying high concentration, samples from 6 regions had exceeded the standard in some cases. After low-concentration application, except the samples collected at 7 and 14 days, the samples at 21 days exceed the standard. It was suggested that pesticide labeling requirements such as pesticide concentration, application times and pre-harvest interval should be strictly controlled when applying pesticide on pears, and the application times should not be blindly increased to avoid excessive standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the dynamic changes of phenolic substances and antioxidant activities during the development of different pear varieties, the total flavonoids, total phenols, phenolic substances, 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazylradical (DPPH) and 2, 2' -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS+ ) free radical scavenging abilityin the fruits of Kuche Amute, Dangshan pear and Ma pear at different developmental stages wereanalyzed and determined. The results showed that the contents of total flavonoids and total phenols in the three kinds of pear fruits were basically the same during the development process, the content was higher in young fruit stage, and gradually decreased with fruit development. A total of 13 phenolic substances were detected in the three types of pear fruits by high performance liquid chromatography, and the content of arbutin was the highest, with an average of 3 353.43 µgµg-1 DW, accounting for 51.88% of the total components; orthoic acid was the second with an average content of 2 350.29 µgµg-1 DW, accounting for 36.34% of the total components; the content of other phenolic components was low, distributed between 8.09-150.65 µg•g-1 DW, only 0.13%-2.33% of the total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity detection showed that the free radical scavenging power of DPPH and ABTS+ was Dangshan pear > Kuqa Amute > Ma pear. Correlation analysis showed that the total flavonoids, total phenols, arbutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and other substances in pear fruit had a very significant positive correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging ability (P<0.01) . The results provided the basis for in-depth research and development of natural antioxidant health drugs and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are a class of serine/threonine protein kinases widely presenting in plants, which play an important regulatory role in plant growth and development and response to stress. Based on our previous research, in the PdCDPK gene family, PbCDPK29 in Xuehua pear was downregulated with the treatment of Venturia nashicola. To clarify its structure and function, in this study, the PbCDPK29 gene was cloned from the leaves of Xuehua pear. The primary, secondary, tertiary structure and genetic relationship, conservative domain, cis acting element of PbCDPK29 was predicted by bioinformatics software. Difference significance analysis of the expression of PbCDPK29 at different time points after MeJA treatment was conducted by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the complete open reading frame of the PbCDPK29 gene was 1 554 bp, encoding 517 amino acids, with 58.26 ku of the relative molecular weight. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PbCDPK29 protein in pears had the closest genetic relationship with MdCDPK32 protein in apples, the sequence homology reached 97%. Multiple sequence alignment analysis found that all of PbCDPK29 and other known CDPK proteins contained four typical conserved domains of CDPK family. Promoter analysis indicated that the promoter of PbCDPK29 gene possessed methyl jasmonate (MeJA) response element. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of the PbCDPK29 gene was induced by MeJA. Comprehensively, it was found that MeJA induction could alleviate the infection of V.nashicola, it was speculated that exogenous MeJA might alleviate the infection of V. nashicola by inducing the expression of PdCDPK29. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Big Data is the property of Journal of Agricultural Big Data Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Big Data is the property of Journal of Agricultural Big Data Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] Anthracnose is one of the main factors for the early defoliation of pear trees, which results in tree weakness and yield reduction. In order to realize the automatic monitoring of pear leaf anthracnose spot and take timely control measures, this study proposed a recognition algorithm of pear leaf tiny anthracnose spot. [Methods] Fine grained color moments (FG-CM) was proposed to describe the color features of disease. LBP (local binary pattern) and HOG (histogram of oriented gradient) were used to extract texture and shape features of disease. The three features were fused and fed into random forest (RF) to generate optimal fusion feature. Finally, it was sent to RF classifier for training and the multi-resolution combined with deduplication algorithm was used for recognition. [Results] The results showed that the multi feature fusion method was better than single feature and pairwise combination, and multi-resolution method was better than single resolution method. RF algorithm was superior to BP (back propagation), SVM(support vector machines), R-CNN (region-based convolutional neural networks), and Faster R-CNN, SSD (single shot multibox detector) algorithm in the recognition of pear leaf anthracnose. The recognition accuracy was 97.88%, and the recall was 97.95%. It was verified that FG-CM was better than traditional color moment and was the most important factor in the recognition. [Conclusions] The algorithm based on multi-resolution and multi-class feature fusion could accurately and quickly identify the tiny anthracnose on pear leaves, which is of great significance for rapid diagnosis of pear anthracnose damage and timely prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shaker family genes play an important role in plant response to low potassium environment stress and salt stress. Pyrus betulifolia is a widely used rootstock in pear production in China. Identification of the Shaker gene family and its response to low potassium and salt stress in P.betulifolia were carried out in order to provide theoretical basis for improving the tolerance of pear to low potassium and salt stress. [Methods]Based on the published data of pear genome and Arabidopsis genome, the members of PbShaker gene family were identified and their evolutionary characteristics were analyzed. The gene expression characteristics in roots under potassium deficiency and salt stress were analyzed by RT-qPCR. [Results] The nine candidate genes of Shaker family were identified in the whole genome. These genes were distributed on seven chromosomes of pear, and they were divided into five subfamilies(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)according to evolutionary analysis. The amino acid sequence size, molecular weight and isoelectric point of the family members ranged from 587 to 1 481, (67.91-168.80)×10³ and 6.23 to 8.80. Subcellular localization prediction showed that the family members were mainly located in the plasma membrane. Gene structure analysis showed that each subgroup had similar exon/intron structure, but the number of exons and introns was different. The results of cis-acting elements analysis showed that the promoter of PbShaker contained cis-acting elements related to antioxidants, low temperature, hormones and drought stress. The expression levels of PbAKT1.1, PbAKT2/3 and PbKC1.2 in roots were significantly up-regulated under low potassium stress for 15 days, while the expression levels of all genes were significantly up-regulated under salt stress. The expression levels of PbAKT1.1/1.2 and PbKC1.1 under mild salt stress were higher than those under severe salt stress, indicating that the transcription abundance of PbAKT1.1/1.2 and PbKC1.2 increased with the increase of salt stress. [Conclusions] PbShaker family members had different responses to low potassium and salt stress, indicating that they might have different mechanisms in low potassium and salt tolerance, which provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the potassium ion transport and salt tolerance process mediated by PbShaker family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This article aimed to identify and analyze the characteristics and evolutionary characteristics of the CLE(CLAVATA3/Embryo surrounding region) peptide family, and to gain an in-depth understanding of the functions of CLE peptides from Rosaceae fruit trees. [Methods] Based on the results of whole-genome sequencing, using bioinformatics methods and referring to the CLE peptide sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana, the CLE peptide family sequences information was identified in fruit trees of Rosaceaes, including Pyrus bretschneideri, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Prunus mume, Fragaria vesca and Rubus occidentalis. The gene structure and physical and chemical properties of the pear CLE peptide family were analyzed, the expression patterns of PbrCLE members in different tissues and at different developmental stages of style and pollen through transcriptome data were analyzed, and the expression patterns of 5 PbrCLE member in pollen or style were analyzed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) technology. The pear pollen was processed by exogenous CLE peptide to study its function of regulating the growth of pollen tube. [Results] 91 CLE candidate genes were screened in Rosaceae fruit trees. The CLE genes of various species were unevenly distributed on 5-12 chromosomes. Cluster analysis divided all CLE genes into 4 groups. Ka/Ks analysis showed that most of the PbrCLE genes had undergone purification selection. The transcriptome results showed that the expression levels of most CLE genes in different tissues of pears were low, which was consistent with the low content of peptide signal molecules in plants. Exogenously synthesized PbrCLE31 peptide could inhibit the growth of pear pollen tubes cultured in vitro. [Conclusions] There was conservative CLE gene in Rosaceae fruit trees, and the PbrCLE31 peptide could inhibit the growth of pear pollen tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives]The objectives of this study were to identify the arogenate dehydratase (ADT) gene family, analyze its evolu tionary process.gene structure, conserved functional domains, collinearity, expression characteristics in pears, and preliminarily verify the function of ADT in the formation of stone cells. [Methods] Based on the published genome-wide data of 20 species, the members were identified by the combination of BLASTp and Hmmer, and the member sequences were analyzed by a variety of bioinformatics methods. Transcriptome data and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression patterns of ADT members in pear at various stages of fruit development. PhADTI was overexpressed in young pear fruits by agrobacteria-mediated transient transformation method, and the distri bution of young fruit cells was observed by resorcinol staining. The lignin content and the expression of pathway genes were determined in experimental material. [Results] A total of 113 members of the ADT family were identified in 20 species, and the family members were divided into four subgroups by phylogenetic tree. Only one ADT gene was identified in each of the six aquatic algae, and the ADT gene family in the subsequently evolved terrestrial plants was expanded to different degrees. The transcriptome data of pear fruit development showed that the high expression level of several ADT genes was concentrated at 35 d after anthesis, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The transient overexpression of PLADTI increased the content of young fruit stone cells and lignin, and increased the expres sion level of key lignin synthase. [Conclusions] ADT gene was greatly expanded during the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial plants, and phenylalanine produced by its proteolytic enzyme was the sulestrate for lignin synthesis and vascular bundle formation. The expression pattern of ADT in pear indicated that this gene family might regulate the formation of ristone cells. The transient overexpression of PLADTV in pear fruit increased the lignin content and accelerated the diffusion of ristone cells. These results suggest that ADT gente: overexpression may influence the formation of piristone cells by promoting the expression levels of key synthases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives]In order to explore the effects of bio, organic fertilizer(BIO)or its combined application of silicon, potassium, calcium amendment(SOA)on the soil fertility and yield of pear orchards in acid red soil, an experiment based on BIO and its combined application of SOA were carried out for three consecutive years. Soil nutrient content, microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of bioorganic fertilizers and soil amendments in pear orchards. [Methods]With local custom fertilization as the control(CK), local custom fertilization with SOA(CK+SOA), only appli, cation of BIO, and mixed application of BIO and SOA(BIO+SOA), a total of 4 treatments were thus formed. The soil pH value, soil nutrient content, soil microbial activity, yield and economic benefits were measured under the four different treatments. [Results]The results showed that BIO and BIO + SOA treatments improved soil pH value, increased soil organic matter (SOM) content, and decreased ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus content. Compared with CK, the microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in the rhizosphere soil of pear trees under the BIO+SOA treatment significantly increased by 87.8% and 110. 1% (P < 0. 05), respectively. Compared with CK, BIO treatment significantly increased cellobiohydrolase ( CBH) and N, acetyl, ß, D, glucosaminidase(NAG)activities in rhizosphere, while BIO+SOA significantly increased the L, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)and NAG activities in bulk soil(P<0.05). Obviously, BIO and BIO+SOA significantly improved the pear yield about 56% to 85%(P<0.05)compared to CK and CK+SOA treatments, respectively. RDA analysis showed that the effects of different treatments on soil physical and chemical properties could explain about 87% of the changes in soil microbial activities and yield. SOM content was positively correlated with LAP, CBH and NAG activities, and NO-3, N and NH+4, N were also positively correlated with acid phosphatase(ACP)activity. [Conclusions]Bio, organic fertilizer and its combined application of silicon, potassium, calcium amendment could improve soil pH value, increase organic matter content, and activate soil microbial activities, thereby increasing pear yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] The aim of this paper was to explore the physiological mechanism of gibberellin (GA) effects on delaying leaf abscission in ' Hosui' pear, which could provide reference for controlling the early leaf abscission in pear. [Methods] Taking the abscission zone from the petiole of 'Hosui ' pear with normal growth (control group) and early leaf abscission as materials, through paraffin section observation, the contents of gibberellins and reactive oxygen species and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined and their physiological differences were analyzed. At the same time, the effects of gibberellin on leaf retention, antioxidant enzyme activity and active oxygen content were detected by spraying plant growth regulators. [Results] Through the observation of paraffin section, it was found that the petiole abscission zone of ' Hosui' pear with early leaf abscission had obvious constriction, and the cells in the abcsission zone were smaller than the adjacent cells and had dense cytoplasm. Compared with the control group, in the petiole abscission zone of the early leaf abscission group, the contents of GA3 and GA4 with physiological activity and GA12, the key intermediate of gibberellin synthesis significantly decreased, the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase significantly decreased, and the contents of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide significantly increased. Exogenous gibberellin spraying could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the detached zone of petiole, reduce the content of reactive oxygen species and increase the retention rate of leaves. [Conclusions] The appropriate concentration of gibberellin can promote the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce the content of reactive oxygen species and delay the occurrence of leaf abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective] The secondary flowering ( abnormal) of pears is common in southern China. The interaction between environmental factors and plant genetic factors in this process and the key genetic elements remain to be identified. The present paper aimed to identify SPL ( SQUAMOSA promoter- Binding protein like) gens in the genome of Pyrus bretschneideri and studies its expression changes in secondary flower induction. [ Method] In our previous study, we explored the physiological changes of simulating secondary flowering by leaf defoliation and had determined the transcriptomic changes of the process. Based on the existing genomic data of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd., the SPLencoding gene was identified from the whole genome scale, and the transcriptome data of the secondary flower induction process was combined to mine the candidate genes involved in the process. [ Result] A total of 34 typical SPL protein family members were obtained, and only three members were arranged in tandem on the current pear reference genome. The phylogenetic analysis classified 34 members into 8 evolutionary groups, in consistence with other species 'SPL classifications. Transcriptional analysis of the secondary flowering induction and uninduced materials of 'Hosui' showed that only two of the 34 SPL protein-coding genes were significantly differentially expressed, of which Pbr038289 was significantly up-regulated, while Pbr002303 was significantly decreased. [Conclusion] These two proteins are expected to become important targets for in-depth study of the flowering regulation in pear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】To evaluate the resistance to ring rot for apple and pear fruits in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia, and provide information for the breeding of disease resistance apple and pear cultivars in cold and drought area.【Methods】Taking Qiuxiang and Fuji as control, after inoculating the fruit of apple and pear with Physalospora piricola, the disease susceptibility rate, lesion diameter and lesion expansion rate were measured to evaluate the resistance of 7 kinds of apple and pear fruits(Jinhong, Shennong No.2, Lvhongbao, Jixinguo, Huoyanhaitang, Pingguo pear, Zaosu pear)in Hohhot to the disease. The micro structure of the resistant and the susceptible cultivar were compared by election microscopy.【Results】Pingguo pear, Huoyanhaitang were super susceptible cultivars to ring rot, Lvhongbao, Jinhong, Jixinguo and Zaosu pear were medium susceptible cultivars, Fuji and Qiuxiang were medium resistant cultivars, and Shennong No.2 was super resistant cultivar. The results of microstructural observation showed that Huoyanhaitang was susceptible cultivar and Shennong No.2 was resistant cultivar.【Conclusion】The Huoyanhaitang and Pingguo pear were super susceptible cultivars to ring rot, while Shennong No.2 was super resistant cultivar in Hohhot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Core browning in Korla pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) occurs generally during storage at room temperature. The browning disorder can significantly reduce the shelf stability, and thereby to cause considerable economic losses. Moreover, the browning part of pears can be taken in the juicing process, leading to the juice toxins over the safety limit for drinking. Therefore, a reliable and rapid method has been urgently demanding to nondestructively detect internal disorder for high-quality fruits. In this study, an acoustic system using the piezoelectric beam transducers was developed for nondestructively detecting disorder of pears with different internal browning. The obtained response signals were analyzed to extract 11 statistical features in time domain, and seven statistical features in frequency domain. Accordingly, three modes of feature vectors were formed in the time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency domain. A Compensation Distance Evaluation Technology (CDET) was also used to evaluate the sensitivities of each parameter in feature vectors. Normally, the larger values of sensitivity evaluation factor can imply the higher sensitivities to the browning classes of pears. Based on sensitivity evaluation factors values in the healthy and browning of pears, the descending order of 11 time-domain features were the mean (T1), shape factor (T11), kurtosis (T6), square root amplitude value (T5), clearance indicator (T8), peak (T3), impulse factor (T9), root mean square (T2), short-time energy (T4), kurtosis factor (T7), and crest factor (T10). The sensitivities of seven frequency-domain features were also ranked in order, the variance (F2), mean square (F6), root mean square (F7), standard deviation (F3), mean (F1), kurtosis (F4), and gravity (F5). Combining two types of features, the descending order of all the features was as follows: T11, F2, T6, T5, F7, F6, T1, F3, F4, F1, F5, T8, T3, T9, T2, T4, T10, and T7. In the slight browning and moderate browning of pears, the sensitivities of time-domain features can be ranked in the descending order of T7, T11, T8, T3, T9, T10, T6, T2, T5, T4, and T1. The obtained order for the frequency-domain features was F4, F3, F7, F6, F1, F5, and F2. In the combined time-frequency features, the order was as follows: T11, T8, F6, T3, F7, F3, T7, F4, F1, F2, T9, F5, T10, T6, T2, T5, T4, and T1. Subsequently, a K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm was utilized to train the classifier using the first n sensitive features as the inputted data. Therefore, a browning discrimination model was constructed for the moderate disorder, whereas, a slight browning discrimination model for the mild disorder. Both models performed the best, when combining the features from the time-domain and frequency-domain. In the browning discrimination model, a high overall accuracy of 91.84 % was obtained with the specific feature vectors, including three time-domain features (T11, T6 and T5), and one frequency-domain feature (F2). In slight browning discrimination model, the slight browning of pears can be further identified with an accuracy of 81.82 %. In the case of slight browning, the specific feature vectors were adopted, including two time-domain features (T11 and T8), and one frequency-domain feature (F6). In the confusion matrix analysis, the high values of F1 indicated that two discrimination models can be used to achieve the high robustness and performance, and further to be generalized for the identification of fruits. These findings can provide a sound theoretical basis and strategy for the industrial real-time in-line detection, and automatic grading in the internal browning disorder of pears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accurate prediction of first flowering dates is an important basis for the flower management and blossom festival activities of Dangshansu pear. Used to linear trend analysis, the phenological and meteorological data of Dangshansu pear were used to analyze the annual fluctuation trend of blossom from 1983 to 2018. Correlation analysis was used to screen the key meteorological factors affecting the first flowering dates and the characteristic variable set was formed according to different forecast dates. The random forest algorithm (RF) was used to construct a daily rolling prediction model of the first flowering dates. Starting from March 11th to March 25 th, the random forest algorithm (RF) was used to train one forecast model every day to realize the daily rolling weather forecast of the blossom period. The results showed that: 1) The first flowering date from 1983 to 2018 showed an extremely significant advanced trend (P<0.001), about 2.750 days earlier in every 10a. 2) Among the 16 daily weather forecasting models, a total of 200 meteorological factors were closely related to the first flowering date. There were the average temperature from mid- February to late February, the average temperature from mid- February to early March, the average temperature from mid- February to mid-March, the average temperature from early- March to mid-March, the average minimum temperature of late February and mid-March, the average max temperature of middle and late February, the active accumulated temperature of the days before flowering in different periods ≥0℃ and ≥3℃, and the effective accumulated temperature of the days before flowering in different periods ≥3℃, ≥5℃ and ≥7.2℃. The correlation coefficient |r| was between 0.469-0.789. Among them, the closer the accumulated temperature of different boundary effect variables were to the early and late flowering period, the higher the correlation degree was. 3) From March 10th to March 25 th, a total of 16 beginning flowering day by day forecast model of training set and test set. Among them, 11 feature variables were included in 10 models from March 10 to 19, and 15 feature variables were included in six models from March 20th to 25th. The average accuracy (Nd) of the training set and the test set of the weather forecasting model were 92.9% and 75.5% respectively. Their mean Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were 1.693-2.870 and 2.240-7.237. Their mean decision coefficients (R2) were 0.891 and 0.701 respectively. From March 10th to March 25th, the determination coefficients of each model test set and training set of meteorological forecast gradually increased as the forecast date approached the actual blossom period. 4) Among the experimental weather forecasts for 2019, the prediction accuracy of 16 weather forecasting models was relatively high, among which the prediction values of the nine forecast days starting from March 17 and following were completely consistent with the actual conditions. This study showed that the RF algorithm had a certain operational application potential in the daily weather forecast of pear blossom period. The forecast accuracy basically reached the demand of sufficient weather service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】In order to find out the factors affecting the difference of fruit firmness between ‘Korla fragrant pear’ and its bud mutation ‘Sha 01’, the aim was to provide reference for breeding new varieties of ‘Korla fragrant pear’. 【Method】In mature stage, the fruit characters, the content of cell wall components and enzymes activity in ‘Korla fragrant pear’ and ‘Sha 01’ were measured and correlated with fruit firmness with or without pericarp. 【Result】(i)The fruit firmness with and without pericarp of ‘Sha 01’ were both significantly lower than that of ‘Korla fragrant pear’, and the fruit weight and shape index were very significantly negatively correlated and very significantly positively correlated with fruit firmness.(ii)The SP content was very significantly negatively correlated with fruit firmness in the pericarp. The PP content was very significantly positively correlated with fruit firmness in the pulp, and the hemicellulose content was very significantly negatively correlated with fruit firmness.(iii)The activity of PL, PE, cellulase and xylanase in the pericarp were very significantly negatively correlated with the firmness, and significantly negatively correlated with activity of PG and PAL. The activity of PG and cellulase in the pulp were very significantly negatively correlated with the firmness, and significantly negatively correlated with activity of PE, PAL and xylanase. The activity of PPO was very significantly positively correlated with fruit firmness. 【Conclusion】The SP and hemicellulose content, the activity of PG, PL, cellulase, xylanase and PPO in the pericarp, the PP and hemicellulose content, the activity of PG, cellulase, xylanase and PPO in the pulp, single fruit weight and fruit shape index are the factors that affect the difference in fruit firmness between the two varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] The objectives of this study were to identify the defensin-like(DEFL) gene family of pear(Pyrus bretschneideri) genome, and analyze their sequence characteristics, evolutionary relationship, gene structure, conservatively functional domains of amino acid sequences, chromosomal locations and expression characteristics, and provide a reference to the functional research and application of PbrDEFL.[Methods] Based on the whole genome sequencing of P. bretschneideri, the sequences of PbrDEFL were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics. Quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR) and transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression patterns of PbrDEFL from various tissues and different stages of pollen tube development. Subcellular localization was used to analyze the distributions of PbrDEFL38 and PbrDEFL15 in cells. Optimum conditions were established for the production and purification of recombinant PbrDEFL38 and PbrDEFL15 from Escherichia coli.[Results] The results showed that PbrDEFL family were divided into 2 groups, which included 39 DEFL genes(PbrDEFL1-PbrDEFL39) containing the stable cysteine αβ model(CS αβ motif). Members of PbrDEFL gene family were unevenly distributed among 9 chromosomes and purification selection was the driving force of PbrDEFL gene family. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of PbrDEFL presented tissue-specificity, mainly expressed in pollen or leaves; and over 60% of PbrDEFL genes showed a single peak expression trend during the pollen tube development in two pear cultivars('Dangshansuli' and 'Huanghua'). The prediction of PbrDEFL subcellular localization indicated that all proteins were located outside the cell, which was further confirmed by transient expression of PbrDEFL38-GFP and PbrDEFL15-GFP in tobacco. Additionally, the expression and purification conditions of PbrDEFL38 and PbrDEFL15 from E.coli were further analyzed. And the most suitable induction was 15℃ and 0.5 mmol·L-1 IPTG.[Conclusions] This study showed that the members of PbrDEFL gene family were highly conserved, and function was mainly outside the cell. It played an important role in the process of plant immune defense as well as in the pear pollen tube growth and self-incompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]