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Mixed methods research is a third research paradigm that integrates qualitative and quantitative research. By combining the advantages of qualitative and quantitative research and analyzing specific problems more widely and deeply, it can increase the universality of research results and is applicable to study complex problems. At present, the application of mixed method in domestic medical research is still in the early stage, and there is no unified standard in the reporting specifications. The Mixed Methods Article Reporting Standard (MMARS) is one of the Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS). This paper comprehensively introduces MMARS and interpret MMARS through example applications, in order to provide reference for improving the quality of reporting.

Since 2000, there has been a movement toward bringing the micro-level variables of ideas and agency back into the disciplines of political science. Under these various ideational shifts, the agent-based ideas at the micro-level are conceptualized as terms of cognition or as cognitive information processes in social or cognitive psychology that are to be used to make inferences of structural or macro-level explanations on changes of policy-making or institutional transformation. This trend emphasizes that analyses of ideational factors should be unpacked as independent variables which can be operationalized and verified to have causation. Therefore, this paper suggests that studies of ideational variables should follow three lines of operationalization: the clarification of levels of analysis, the concretization of causal mechanisms, and the verification of practical inferences synthesizes the practices and the limitations of this trend toward ideas. It argues the the ideational turn facilitates the exploration of the structure-agency dilemma with theoretical models, middle-range causal mechanisms, and practical verifications in political science. However, the valid inferences on various mechanisms at different levels need further investigations and evidence-based verifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Major natural and social problems have emerged since the onset of the Anthropocene because of which geography, as a typical interdisciplinary field, has faced unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Given its focus on the complex human-nature relationship, it is necessary to overcome the dualism bias between physical and human geography and prioritize the study of coupling human-nature relationship within the discipline. In the context of Chinese geography, the key and the biggest difficulty of such coupling lies in the methodology used. To solve these major problems, the geographical community should encourage participation in diversified interdisciplinary research and promote the integration of data, technology, and society to bring about a new paradigm of governance science. This shift entails a gradual departure from the prevailing disciplinary evaluation orientation that tends to prioritize physical sciences over social sciences and humanities. Coupling physical and human geography and collaboration between geography and other disciplines are necessary to overcome the common global sustainable development issues.

Inspired by the article co-authored by Christian Kesteloot and Lorenzo Bagnoli, this paper proposes three bases for the integration of physical geography and human geography. First, the ontologies faced by the two academic groups need to be close; second, the two academic groups must embrace each other's methodology; and third, the organization of scientific research operation should be conducive to integration. In order to better demonstrate these three integration bases, this paper considers the case of color control in the central city of Beijing, and analyzes the difference research approaches of physical geographers and human geographers when they face this practical issue in the absence of these three bases, as well as trends in their divergence.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of three methods, Xpert (MTB/RIF), culture, and smear, in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. Methods A total of 529 sputum samples were collected from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the tuberculosis outpatient and inpatient departments of Guangzhou Liwan Central Hospital from October 2021 to September 2022. Three methods, Xpert, culture, and smear, were used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The sensitivity of Xpert, culture, and smear was 40.64% (215/529), 35.35% (187/529), and 15.31% (81/529), respectively. There was no significant difference in sensitivity between Xpert and culture (χ²=1.23, P＞0.05), but there was a significant difference between Xpert and smear (χ²=67.21, P＜0.05). In the detection of rifampicin resistance, the detection rate of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by Xpert was 22.46% (42/187), and the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert were 95.12% (39/41) and 97.95% (143/146), respectively. There was no significant difference compared to culture (χ²=0.167, P＞0.05). Conclusion Among the three detection methods; Xpert MTB/RIF system showes the highest sensitivity and specificity in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. It also provides rapid results and has the highest clinical application value; making it worthy of promotion and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teacher Education Research is the property of Teacher Education Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Major natural and social problems have emerged since the onset of the Anthropocene because of which geography, as a typical interdisciplinary field, has faced unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Given its focus on the complex human-nature relationship, it is necessary to overcome the dualism bias between physical and human geography and prioritize the study of coupling human-nature relationship within the discipline. In the context of Chinese geography, the key and the biggest difficulty of such coupling lies in the methodology used. To solve these major problems, the geographical community should encourage participation in diversified interdisciplinary research and promote the integration of data, technology, and society to bring about a new paradigm of governance science. This shift entails a gradual departure from the prevailing disciplinary evaluation orientation that tends to prioritize physical sciences over social sciences and humanities. Coupling physical and human geography and collaboration between geography and other disciplines are necessary to overcome the common global sustainable development issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the article co-authored by Christian Kesteloot and Lorenzo Bagnoli, this paper proposes three bases for the integration of physical geography and human geography. First, the ontologies faced by the two academic groups need to be close; second, the two academic groups must embrace each other's methodology; and third, the organization of scientific research operation should be conducive to integration. In order to better demonstrate these three integration bases, this paper considers the case of color control in the central city of Beijing, and analyzes the difference research approaches of physical geographers and human geographers when they face this practical issue in the absence of these three bases, as well as trends in their divergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Art is the property of Shanghai Fine Arts Publisher Ltd. co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Under the background of landscape architecture changing from a first-level discipline to a professional degree, based on the realistic background that the subject of landscape architecture is facing with the imperative introduction of sociological theories, and exploring the diversified"practice education"system, this paper discusses the methods and paths of landscape architecture social practice. Drawing on the study of landscape anthropology, and integrating the"external landscape perspective"of"spatial production theory"and the"internal landscape perspective"of"place construction theory", this paper studies the theoretical methods and implementation paths of landscape architecture social practice under the concept of"educating people with three aspects". By setting up four practice modules, namely, landscape sociology observation, community place construction, urban governance transformation, and rural revitalization research, this paper tries to find an effective method that can effectively connect macro and micro research perspectives in practice. This paper points out that it is not only an important content of exploring the social practice methods of landscape architecture, but also a key direction of expanding sociological theory research in landscape architecture in the new era, by breaking the internal and external barriers and the upper and lower barriers between"space production"and"place construction"and create a balanced and integrated"multi-phase"landscape development mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Educational Science Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, I will introduce and describe my current research work, which centres on re-interpreting Chinese philosophy by implementing an innovative approach suitable for transcultural philosophical comparisons. To commence this undertaking, I was compelled to address certain issues, leading me to seek a novel methodology for transcultural research. This article will begin by briefly addressing the still existing general problems of transcultural philosophical comparisons. I will then examine the recent and current landscape of research in the field of Chinese comparative philosophy, with a specific focus on emerging paradigms referred to as “post-comparative” approaches. In the latter part of this paper, building upon a concise overview of my previous research findings, I will elucidate the current stage of development of the method of sublation. Furthermore, I will provide a theoretical framework outlining the subsequent phases of investigation.

Based on the emulsification/demulsification method, a gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was established for the quantitative determination of 12 nitrosamines in milk. The optimization results of pretreatment conditions such as the type of filter membrane, the type of extractant and the number of extractions were as follows: The type of filter membrane was nylon, the extractant was acetonitrile, and the number of extractions was two times. After acetonitrile extraction, deproteinizing, and degreased by emulsification/demulsification, the samples were separated on the HP-INNOWAX chromatographic column. The content of nitrosamines was quantitatively determined by the internal standard method, using multi-reactive ion monitoring (MRM) mode. The results showed that the linear range of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) was 2~100 ng/mL, and the linear range of the other nitrosamines was 1~100 ng/mL. All nitrosamines had good determination coefficient which was greater than 0.995. During the high, medium and low-level fortification experiments, the recovery rate ranged from 90.90% to 114.30%, the intra-day precision ranged from 1.76% to 7.62%, and the inter-day precision ranged from 2.75% to 7.71%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) was 4 µg/kg, and the LOQ of other compounds was 2 µg/kg. The method was precise and accurate, that met the demand of accurately testing 12 nitrosamines in milk. The test results of the actual samples indicated that N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) was detected in six milk samples, and the content ranged from 4.29 to 6.67 μg/kg.

Health equity can narrow the health gap between different groups and enable citizens to enjoy fair health services. Clinical practice guideline makers have been paying more and more attention to health equity, and exploring and applying the consideration to the development of corresponding guidelines. However, existing clinical practice guideline development gives little consideration to the structured and systematic construction of health equity, and the guidance for future guidelines is limited. This paper aims to put forward methodological suggestions for in-depth consideration of health equity in clinical practice guideline development, withthe hope of providing reference for guideline developers.

Evidence synthesis is the synthesis of existing research using a systematic and appropriate method. Various types of evidence synthesis are currently in use. Correctly choosing and applying the best evidence synthesis method is crucial for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Thus, based on summarizing the current situation, progress, and classification of evidence synthesis methods, we introduced the definition and characteristics of common evidence synthesis methods and problems in their application, and presented thoughts and suggestions for the problems in the application of evidence synthesis methods.

With the organic synthetic chemistry developed in recent years, molecular editing technology has gradually demonstrated significant advantages in both synthetic chemistry and retrosynthetic analysis and plays an important part in the decoration and the optimization of drugs. We introduce some of the reactions about molecular editing, such as skeletal rearrangement and C―H functionalization, and the prospect of molecular editing in the future is discussed in the final part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The global amount of investment in companies developing artificial intelligence (AI)-based software technologies for medical diagnostics reached $80 million in 2016, rose to $152 million in 2017, and is expected to continue growing. While software manufacturing companies should comply with existing clinical, bioethical, legal, and methodological frameworks and standards, there is a lack of uniform national and international standards and protocols for testing and monitoring AI-based software. AIM: This objective of this study is to develop a universal methodology for testing and monitoring AI-based software for medical diagnostics, with the aim of improving its quality and implementing its integration into practical healthcare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research process involved an analytical phase in which a literature review was conducted on the PubMed and eLibrary databases. The practical stage included the approbation of the developed methodology within the framework of an experiment focused on the use of innovative technologies in the field of computer vision to analyze medical images and further application in the health care system of the city of Moscow. RESULTS: A methodology for testing and monitoring AI-based software for medical diagnostics has been developed, aimed at improving its quality and introducing it into practical healthcare. The methodology consists of seven stages: self-testing, functional testing, calibration testing, technological monitoring, clinical monitoring, feedback, and refinement. CONCLUSION: Distinctive features of the methodology include its cyclical stages of monitoring and software development, leading to continuous improvement of its quality, the presence of detailed requirements for the results of the software work, and the participation of doctors in software evaluation. The methodology will allow software developers to achieve significant outcomes and demonstrate achievements across various areas. It also empowers users to make informed and confident choices among software options that have passed an independent and comprehensive quality check.

ObjectiveThis study delves into the pivotal factors influencing the consensus process within traditional Chinese medicine guideline development, with the objective of augmenting the quality of this process through methodological recommendations aimed at elevating standardization.MethodsSemi-structured qualitative interviews were used to interview guideline leaders, working groups and consensus groups to explore the pertinent elements impacting the credibility of consensus and gather insights into the constitution and progression of the consensus methodology.ResultsThe study encompassed interviews with 26 participants, yielding 212 codes that were subsequently categorized into five domains: establishment of the consensus group, integration of patient participation, adeptness of the meeting moderator, preparation for consensus formulation, and overarching factors influencing consensus. The research distilled three fundamental phases for forming a consensus group and delineated 17 fundamental tenets for applying the consensus methodology.ConclusionsIn forthcoming guideline development endeavors, it is advisable to bolster methodological training ahead of the consensus process while ensuring comprehensive engagement of methodologists. Encouraging experts to navigate differences judiciously and prioritizing meticulous methodology and evidentiary groundwork are recommended. The process should involve openly disclosing the selection of consensus group members, heightening the involvement of patients, and effective management and disclosure of conflicts of interest. This collective approach helps curtail bias, enhance transparency, bolster reliability, and fortify the scientific rigor of consensus outcomes.

In the face of a serious occupational disease prevention and control situation, the lack of efficient supervision and regulation methods has become a prominent contradiction. This paper reviewed the progress and application of occupational health grading and classification supervision methods for employers in China in recent years, and analyzed the characteristics and limitations of selected methods. The grading and classification supervision methods have gradually developed from considering only inherent health risk of occupational disease hazards, to considering both inherent attributes of occupational disease hazards and exposure duration. Some regional authorities introduced trial measures for grading and classification of occupational health supervision by embracing exposure level of an occupational disease hazard of interest, associated outcome severity, and occupational health management situation of targeted employers. In October 2022, the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau issued the Notice on Carrying out Pilot Work of Occupational Health Classification Supervision and Law Enforcement, which further promoted the establishment of a differentiated occupational health supervision model. Grading and classification of occupational health supervision can improve the supervision efficiency of public health administration departments and promote employers to fulfill the main responsibility of occupational disease prevention and control.

Background At the end of 2014, the department of policies, regulations and supervision of the State Administration of traditional Chinese medicine carried out started to the preparation development and revision of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine at the end of 2014, and made progressdeveloped in 240 clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine in 13 specialized fields. The Chinese society of traditional Chinese medicine undertookakes this part of the work. Objective In order to understand the current situation of the preparation development and revision of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines for in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, analyze the problems existing in the work of thethis project team from the perspective of methodology and give suggestions, this project team conducted investigated research on the preparation development and revision project team of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of developed by traditional Chinese medicine of the Chinese Academy of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods The survey will be conducted from June to December 2020. The survey object participants are is the project groups of the preparation development and revision of the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of Chinese medicine of the Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Each project team member of this project team finishedlls in a questionnaire, and finally gathers the overall opinions of the project team were collected. The Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine issued a notice to invite all project teams to participate in the survey by means ofusing questionnaire star electronic questionnaire, and finally collected the answers on the network. Focusing Based on the research theme, the questionnaire includes five aspects: 1. understanding of the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of for traditional Chinese medicine; 2. guide preparation development and revision procedures and application of methodology application; 3. key issues and key links steps in the preparation development and revision of the guidelines; 4. implementation, promotion and application of the guidelines; 5. overall investigation on about the guidelines preparation development and revision of the guidelines. The questionnaire is semi-structured, with 30 structured questions and 4 open questions. After the completion of the survey, the researchers conducted data summary and descriptive analysis on the results after survey. Results The survey finally recovered collected 198 valid questionnaires. The survey results suggest that most project teams (94.45%, 187/198) think that more clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of for traditional Chinese medicine are still needed in this field, and the coverage of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine is still not wide enough, and the clinical application is poor; In terms of the procedures for the preparation development and revision of the guidelines and the application of methodology application, 99.49% (197/198) of the project teams followed the technical plan for the preparation development and revision of the guidelines, and 99.49% (197/198) of the project teams had methodological experts participating in the whole process. In terms of the key issues and key linkssteps in the preparation development and revision of the guidelines, most project teams believed that the main difficulties difficulties mainly focus on theare lack of high-quality clinical research evidence support (89.39%, 177/198), the lack of methodological tools consistent with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (70.20%, 139/198), the difficulty in unifying clinical classification standards (66.16%, 131/198), and the absence of fixed standards for the selection and dosage of prescriptions and drugs (60.61%, 119/198). In terms of the implementation, promotion and application of the guidelines, 71.21% (141/198) of the project team believed that the promotion and application were in line with expectations, but there were also some difficulties in promotion and application; In terms of overall research investigation on about the preparation development and revision of the guidelines, the vast majority (96.97%, 192/198) of the project teams said that they had invested a lot of human, material, energy and other resources in the preparation development and revision of the guidelines. Conclusion Most project teams thought clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines for traditional Chinese medicine had significant guidance in clinical practice, and each project team face some problems and difficulties in guideline development and revisions. We give proposed the following suggestions: in the future, attention should be paid to the preparation development and revision of the guidelines, and relevant financial support should be increased; during the preparation development and revision of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine, all working groups need to have methodological experts participate in the whole process and control the quality; increase training on evidence-based medicine and the formulation of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines; strictly follow the latest technical solutions and methodological processes; during the preparation development and revision of the guidelines, we should pay attention to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment, and aim at clinical practicality and applicability, in order to improve the quality of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine and promote traditional Chinese medicine to better serve people's health.

Copyright of International & Comparative Education is the property of International & Comparative Education Editorial, Beijing Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tsinghua Journal of Education is the property of Tsinghua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diabetes is a complex disease caused by the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors， which seriously affects people’s health level and living quality. As a special research tool， the twin method can be used to estimate the relative effects of genes and environment on diabetes-related traits. Moreover， compared with regular study subjects， twins have natural controls. The extended methods combined with genetic statistics and molecular biology techniques also help to analyze risk factors of diabetes and clarify the true relationship between exposure and outcome. This paper reviewed the progress of the application of the twin method to diabetes factorial studies in the past ten years at home and abroad， and summarized the advantages and limitations of the classical twin model， co-twin control studies， and genome-wide and epigenetic epidemiological studies.

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is of great importance to establish the One Pipeline Network(OPN) to implement the national oil and gas system reform and the new national energy security strategy, as well as to build a unified national market. Herein, the pain spots faced by the construction and operation of oil and gas infrastructures were summarized by studying the 14th Five Year Plan for modern energy system issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration in 2022. Meanwhile, the definition and connotation of OPN was proposed by referring to the practical experience in construction of intelligent power grid of the State Grid and Alibaba Cloud's industrial brain for digital transformation of enterprises. Thereby, it was recommended to establish the market prediction and analysis model of oil and gas resources, the natural gas logistics balance and optimization model, the analysis and optimization model of natural gas pipeline hydraulic system, the value evaluation model, the geographic information system and the network layout methodology for OPN, so as to realize the co-construction and sharing of relevant data, algorithm and computing power in OPN, promote the establishment of OPN, and achieve the reform goal of building a unified national oil and gas market.(1 Figure, 20 References)

With the increasing usage of quality improvement (QI) methodology, the application of QI in healthcare field is gradually gaining attention. QI in healthcare field, guided by the specific aim, is to use the methodology of continuous and cyclic interventions to transform existing knowledge into clinical practice and to measure whether the interventions are effective through monitoring of quantifiable indicators, so as to improve the medical process and outcomes. In this paper, we introduce the structures of QI projects and reporting elements, including the title and abstract, introduction, results and discussion section, and offer examples for detailed explanation, with the hope of helping medical staff to better understand QI in the field of healthcare.

Copyright of Public Art is the property of Shanghai Fine Arts Publisher Ltd. co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foreign Language & Literature Research is the property of Central China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective The potential of greenhouse gas emission reduction is analyzed for the natural gas residual pressure power generation project of the natural gas purification plant of PetroChina Southwest Oil 84. Gasfield Company. Methods The greenhouse gas emission is analyzed for the natural gas residual pressure power generation in different work conditions by using CMS-025-V01 waste energy recycling ( waste gas/waste heat/waste pressure), which is one of Chinese certified emission reduction ( CCER) methodology. Results Based on natural gas residual pressure power generation, the maximum annual power generation is expected to be 4. 187 3 million kW • h and the maximum annual greenhouse gas emission reduction is 2 393 t. Conclusions The natural gas purification plant residual pressure power generation project can not only provide power supply for the purification plant, but also reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geography & Geographic Information Science is the property of Geography & Geo-Information Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the research methodology of Chinese intellectual history developed by the Modern Confucian Xu Fuguan 徐復觀 (1904–1982). His novel methodological approach differed significantly from the methodology advocated by Fu Sinian 傅斯年 (1896–1950), the founder of the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica in 1928, who advocated a rigorous adoption of Western scientific methodology in historical research, based exclusively on a philological perspective. Fu Sinian’s methodological approach, however, prevailed among Chinese historians in mainland China in the first half of the 20th century and in Taiwan after 1949. Xu Fuguan was highly critical of such an approach, considering it inadequate and inappropriate because it did not allow for conceptual interpretations on the one hand, and disregarded the contextualization and historical development of concepts and meanings on the other. Xu’s methodology is based on the application of the hermeneutic circle, which Xu calls dynamic and structural holism from a comparative perspective. In his methodology, a method of seeking embodied experience (zhui tiyan de fangfa 追體驗的方法) and intersubjectivenes (zhuti jianxing 主題間性) play a crucial role as they enable actualization of and communication with ancient thinkers in present times. However, Xu’s methodological approaches are also strikingly similar to Gadamer’s method of the fusion of horizons and Schleiermacher’s hermeneutic circle, which begs the question whether his critique of Fu’s adoption of Western methods was not based upon hypocritical grounds.

Whether or not non-fiction writing can be fictional has always been a theoretical proposition debated in academia. In fact, non-fiction writing is not only fictional in the creative process: but also, it needs to be fictional. It has important theoretical significance in manifesting the authenticity, literature, and thoughtfulness of non-fiction writing. In essence, fiction in non-fiction writing is not only a matter of "how to write" a methodological issue about rhetorical expression, narrative strategy and soon; it is more a matter of reflecting the depth of thought in non-fiction writing, reflecting the writer's deep understanding of the world, so it is also a question of epistemology. To deal with fiction in non-fiction writing, it is important to learn the technical methods, but it is more important to improve the fictional ability. The five abilities of learning, thinking, acting, creativity and expression are particularly important for the fictional ability of non-fiction writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the volatile substances in the base wine of Wuyi red qu yellow rice wine was clarified, and the established method for the detection of volatile substances in the base wine of Wuyi red qu yellow rice wine was investigated. The volatile components in 10-year-old red qu yellow rice wine were analyzed by gas chromatography. The volatile substances in 10-year-old red qu yellow rice wine were analyzed by gas chromatography. A total of 48 volatile components were detected, including 22 esters, 5 alcohols, 5 acids and 3 aldehydes. The main components were phenylethanol> benzaldehyde> diethyl succinate, 2-hydracrylic acid ethyl, furfuraldehyde, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-octanone and 2-methyl-l-propyl alcohol. The results of the methodological investigation showed that the relative standard deviations of the relative retention time and the relative peak area of chromatographic peaks of the top 10 volatile substances in base wine were less than 0. 2% and 5%, respectively, which could meet the detection requirements of volatile substances in the base wine of Wuyi red qu yellow rice wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of earth system science and groundwater flow system theory marked the beginning of a new era of hydrogeology.The theory of groundwater flow systems has become a new paradigm of hydrogeology, and its development has provided new enlightenment in methodology for groundwater research.Since the early 1980s, the Groundwater Flow System Group of China University of Geosciences(Wuhan) has continued to carry out theoretical and applied research on groundwater flow systems.In this paper, we attempt to review and summarize these research from a methodological point of view.Groundwater problems are affected by many factors.The research should be based on the "combination of goal and problem orientation".Only when the target is accurate, can one move towards the goal without losing direction in the vast amount of information.The "hypothetical deduction method" adopted in the research, first deduces the expected phenomenon based on the existing knowledge and data, then observes and seek evidence purposefully, and then revises the hypothesis to continue the verification until the hypothesis is confirmed or falsified.In the process of deductive evidence-seeking, technical methods such as "controlled experiment", "information extraction and organization", and "integration of multidisciplinary methods and means" can be used.The case analysis confirmed that the controlled simulation experiment has enabled us to obtain a new understanding of the groundwater flow patterns; the use of multi-channel information extraction, processing and organization to build a groundwater flow system patterns can effectively solve practical problems in various projects; and the integration of multiple disciplines and means, and the mutual verification of various information have improved the credibility of the results.Based on the case studies, we summarized the methodologies in order to provide a reference for correctly understanding the theory of groundwater flow systems and promote the application of new theories and new ideas in hydrogeological research.

Establishment of physiological reference interval (RI) is important for health status evaluation, disease screening and diagnosis, and the effect assessment of clinical therapy. Currently, there is no review on methodology of RI establishment in China. Therefore, by reviewing of literatures on methodology of RI establishment, this article comprehensively described the purpose and significance of RI establishment,its statistical methods of calculation and its application. Three methods are commonly used for RI calculation: the nonparametric, parametric and robust estimate. Researchers may use a specific method based on research purpose and the characteristics of the data. This review provides methodological reference for RI establishment in China and also some guidelines to better understand the meaning of physiological constant RI in health practices.

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To discuss the comparability of electrolyte detection results by dry biochemical analyzer and traditional wet chemical analyzer.Methods The methodological comparison was carried out according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）EP9-A3document,the Roche Cobasc701automatic biochemical analyzer was selected as the reference system,and the Ortho VITROS 5600automatic biochemical analyzer was selected as the under-test system,and a total of 40clinical specimens were measured respectively by two systems（dry biochemical analyzer and traditional wet chemistry analyzer）.The generalized extreme studenization deviate（ESD）method was used to detect outliers,and bias and scatter plots were plotted to determine the characteristics of the data.The bias was preliminarily estimated by using the deviation diagram,and the regression equation was fitted and the deviation at the medical decision level was calculated.Results The outlier was no found by the ESD method.The results of the two systems were well correlated（R2≥0.95）,and the bias of each item was less than the acceptable standard.Conclusion There was no obvious difference between dry biochemical analyzer and traditional wet chemical analyzer in the results of electrolyte detection,which is comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper introduces a method of doing and teaching East Asian philosophy transculturally. The method underlies a pedagogy that has proven successful with students from diverse international backgrounds studying primarily in English, which suggests its potential for the wider scholarly community. The method centres on the practice, or gongfu, of doing philosophy with classical Chinese texts. The gongfu approach emphasizes the skill of interpreting and analysing texts within the context of the traditional works themselves. We have found that this skills-based approach to analysis bears much philosophical fruit. It does so, moreover, without subordinating the texts, their ideas, and their arguments to other more academically predominant frameworks. Or in more positive terms, it allows and encourages students to critically philosophize with the early Confucian and Daoist texts on their own terms, and to then creatively bring those unique insights and perspectives to bear on contemporary life. This paper first introduces the gongfu approach to doing and teaching Chinese philosophy and its distinctive characteristics. It then contextualizes the value of this method through critically examining the nature of Chinese philosophy and how we can do Chinese philosophy in English. (How Chinese is it, and in what ways?) Throughout I offer short case studies from our program. I conclude by highlighting its promise as a mode (or valuable component) of transcultural philosophizing and briefly reflect on some reservations one might have.

The history of pizza is shrouded in mystery. Competing interpretations of the exact origin, development, and even etymology are as diverse as pizzas themselves. What is certain, however, is that from various types of flatbread meals popular among soldiers and poor workers emerged some standards. Certain experts were then able to refine the process and carefully combine ingredients. The key to this tradition, as well as its popularity around the world, is found in the core elements developed by such pizzaiolos. But this has all changed, and contemporary pizza is no longer topped with whatever just happens to be available, as in the flatbreads of old. Nor does it have to adhere to the standards set forth by experts on taste. Today there are Hawaiian, chocolate, and even fruit pizzas. There are pizzas with cauliflower crust, smashed chicken “bread” and pizzas topped with 24 karat gold. And perhaps most importantly, customized pizzas—pizzas that are designed by the consumer with no regard for anything but their own momentary desires. We think this represents a twofold problem, in terms of both approach and of carrying on tradition, and also think comparative philosophy is just like pizza. In this paper we will thus address these problems through proposing a conception of the trans-cultural that is linked to the art of pizza. Moreover, we expand the scope of diversification to include methodology. Based on methodological insights derived from Chinese tradition and contemporary Chinese scholarship, we argue that comparative philosophy as an art (poiesis) could be a welcome alternative which involves: respect for authority (tradition), trust in tested methods and recipes as conditions for creativity and originality, recognition of the philosophical import of style (form is content) and the significance of inspiration and mastery of skills.

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)