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To develop a new technique, Electrochemiluminescence-Molecular Probe (ECL-MP), for harmful algae detection, a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system was set up based on the principle of ECL and related literature. The optimization tests were carried out, including the impact of voltage and current, the concentration of tripropylamine (TPrA) and the pH of phosphate buffer (PBS). The determination limit of Ru (bpy)3Cl2 x 6H2O was 10(-11) mol x L(-1) and the detection range was from 10(-9) - 10(-5) mol x L(-1) as well as the detection amount of substance was in the range from 0.4 pmol-4 nmol in the optimal reaction conditions with voltage of 1.0 V, current of 1.0 mA, TPrA concentration of 1.5 mol x L(-1) and pH of 7.4. It was proved by facts that this ECL analyzer was stable and highly sensitive, which was helpful in establishment of ECL-MP.

In the present study, the feasibility of using wavelet analysis to extract the eigen spectra from the absorption spectra of phytoplankton for species detection was investigated. Thirteen absorption spectra taken from single species cultures, representing four divisions (Dinophyta, Bacillariophyta, Haptophyta, and Chlorophyta), six genus (Gymnodinium, Prorocentrum, Skeletonema, Guinardia, Phaeocystis, and Prasinophyte) and seven species (Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia brevis, Prorocentrum minimum, Skeletonema costatuma, Guinardia delicatula, Phaeocystis globosa, and Pyramimonas parkeae), were used. First, the 1D wavelet analysis with five levels was applied to the thirteen absorption spectra, so each spectrum was decomposed with 5 levels. The 5th level component of low frequency corresponds to the background without information for species detection, and 1st and 2nd level component of high frequency is the random noise. The other levels (3rd to 5th) of high frequency are the useful information, and the sum of levels (3rd to 5th) of high frequency was retained as the eigen spectra for species detection. Second, the clustering analysis was used to the eigen spectra for examining the performance of the wavelet analysis in extracting species information. The clustering results were compared with the known species class information, and the results show that the 13 absorption spectra are correctly classified at the level of division, genus and species. This means that the wavelet analysis has good performance in extracting the eigen spectra for species detection. However, the above results were obtained with only limited species, and the more species data are required to identify the extensive validity of the conclusion.

Systematic study of the sorption behavior of alkyl glucoside quaternary ammonium compound (AGQAC) on kaolin and bentonite showed that the isotherms of its sorption can be described very well by the Langmuir isotherm. The rate of alkyl glucoside quaternary ammonium compound sorption on kaolin and bentonite was very fast, it could reach equilibration in one or two minutes, and its saturate sorption amount was much enough to be used to modify clays. Then the influence of alkyl glucoside quaternary ammonium compound on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense, Amphidinium carterae, Scrippsiella trochoidea were studied, it was found that when its concentration was below 0.4 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 0.8 mg/L it just restrained the growth of the algae, but when the concentration was above 0.6 mg/L, 0.75 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L it could cumber the algae's growth and even made them die after three days. When it was used combined with clays the concentration below 5 mg/L could enhance the algal removal efficiency of 50 mg/L clay from about 20% to above 90%, so it could decrease the concentration of crude clays in removing algal blooms. Meanwhile, the kinetics of red tide organism coagulation with clay was studied, the effects of different kinds and concentrations of clays, the second component added in clays were examined. Results showed that adding the second component in clay was the most efficient method to improve the algal removal efficiency.

Based on two days survey in August, 2001 in Jiaozhou Bay, the structural characteristics of phytoplankton community during harmful algae bloom was studied. The results showed that phytoplankton community was composed mainly by the coastal warm species, which were dominated by the diatom including 37 species. Only 7 Pyrrorophya and 1 Chlorophyta species were identified. The highest value of species number appeared in the central of Jiaozhou Bay, which included 37 species, but the lowest value in the edge of Jiaozhou Bay was only 10 species. The highest value of cell abundance appeared in the eastern waters of Jiaozhou Bay, being 6.96 x 10(3) cell.m-3, and the lowest value appeared in the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay, being 3.18 x 10(6) cell.m-3. The diversity and eveness of phytoplankton was the lowest in the eastern waters of Jiaozhou bay, but was higher in the mouth and the central of Jiaozhou Bay. Water mass movement and eutrophication were the main factors affecting the distribution of phytoplankton community in Jiaozhou Bay.

The fluxes of dissolved nutrients at sediment-water interface were investigated at 4 stations in the HAB area of East China Sea in May 2001 and May 2002. The benthic fluxes of nutrients were determined by incubating the sediment core samples with bottom seawater bubbled with air or nitrogen. The transfer of nutrients was more active under anoxic condition. The fluxes of dissolved nutrients were generally high at the stations close to the coast. The sediment was the source of SiO3(2-), which accounted for 6% of primary production. For DIN and PO4(3-), the sediment was the sink. DIN and PO4(3-) adsorbed by sediment accounted for 5.9% and 67% of the riverine DIN and PO4(3-) inputs, respectively, and the inputs of SiO3(2-) accounted for 7.8%.

Periodic and widespread algal blooms have caused a variety of problems for aquatic life and human activity throughout the world. Currently, the only remedial practice employed for removing algal blooms is to spread clay on the surface of the water. But, the algal removal efficiency by the crude minerals are not really ideal, and how to improve the capability of clays to remove algae is now the technological focus, which also is fatal to the practical value of clays. In this study, hexadecyltrimethyleamine bromide (HDTMAB), one kind of cationic organo-surfactants, was chosen to improve kaolin by surface sorption and cationic exchange, and was tested to remove Prorocentrum donghaiense, a red tide organism in Donghai Sea. The results indicated that organo-clay had an excellent ability to extinguish red tide organisms, even under the application of 0.01 g.L-1, and could subside more than 95% red tide organisms in 24 h. The efficient algae removal by organo-clay might be from the reversal of the surface electric charge on clay particles, the "net capture" by the long lipoid chains of HDTMAB, and the local high density of HDTMAB on particles surface, which could effectively kill algal cells.

The paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity levels of shellfish collected from shellfish growing zones in Zhoushan areas of East China Sea and Shenzhen areas of South China Sea during January-November 2002 were determined with AOAC bioassay method. The results showed that the toxicity levels of shellfish from Zhoushan were very low, and few shellfish samples could be detected the PSP toxicities. The same levels appeared in the shellfish from Shenzhen, but the percentage of shellfish samples contaminated PSP was up to 30%, and the scallop Chalmys nobilis was dominated in the contaminated shellfish species. Analyses on the toxic profiles of digest gland and edible tissue extraction of scallop from Shenzhen showed that a similar suite of toxins presented in the gland and edible tissues. The high potency neoSTX and low potency GTX5 had a high proportions, up to 60.8% and 11.4%, respectively in the tissue, and the high potency GTX1 + 2 and GTX5 were the dominant toxins, up to 38.9% and 20%, respectively in the gland. Most of the toxin were accumulated in ingested gland of scallop, and the toxic content in gland was about 8 folds more than that in the edible tissues.

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Microbial communities play a crucial role in the processes of material cycling, energy conversion, and information transfer in river water. Analyzing the distribution characteristics of microbial community structure is crucial for preserving the long-term stability of river water ecosystems. In order to investigate the structure characteristics of the microbial communities and the relationships between microbial communities and hydrochemical compositions in agricultural region and urban region of Qingshui River, a total of 20 river water samples, including 13 samples from the agricultural region and 7 samples from the urban region, were collected from the River. The hydrogeochemical methods, high-throughput sequencing technology, and bioinformatics analysis were used to determine the relationships between microbial communities and hydrochemical compositions in the different functional regions of the River. The results showed that river water is generally weakly alkaline water (8.35≤pH≤9.44). The chemical type of river water is mainly HCO3-Ca•Mg water (80%), followed by Cl-Ca•Mg water (20%). Hydrochemical compositions in agricultural region were mainly controlled by the carbonate dissolution and agricultural fertilization inputs, while these in the unban region were primarily affected by the upstream hydrochemical characteristics and unban discharges. The hardening of river bottoms and its banks resulted in lower level of microbial diversity in the urban region than that in the agricultural region, and further caused the differences in microbial community structure. Limnohabitans, Rhodobacter and Flavobacterium were identified as the main genus in the agricultural region, and Cyanobium_PCC-6307, Limnohabitans and norank_f_norank_o_Chloroplast were the primary genus in the urban region. The order of the influence of hydrochemical factors on microbial community structure was NO3- (P=0.001)>SO42- (P=0.003)>DO(P=0.071)>pH(P=0.222), and among these NO3- emitted from agricultural fertilization has the most significant impact on the microbial community structure in the River. NO3- concentrition in river water was increased by the microbial nitrification process in the agricultural region, whereas it was decreased by microbial denitrification process between the agricultural region and the urban region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highly produced chemicals globally and extensively utilized in the manufacturing of plastic products. However, the widespread application of BPA has led to its frequent detection in aquatic environments, posing potential threats to the health of aquatic organisms. Previous studies have confirmed the reproductive and developmental toxic effects of BPA on various aquatic organisms; however, limited research exists regarding its impact on bivalve shellfish. In this study, clams ( Meretrix petechialis) were exposed to concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg·L-1 BPA for 14 d. The filtration rate of gill water and histopathological changes were examined while expression levels of genes in the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and the enzymatic activity, including the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed. The results showed that BPA exposure significantly influenced the filtration rate of the clam. BPA induced epithelial cell damage and hyperplasia in the gill tissues of the clam, accompanied by a reduction in cilia and gill filaments. Notably, the gill damage became more pronounced with increasing concentrations of BPA. BPA exposure significantly increased the levels of H2O2 and MDA, and the oxidative stress level was the most obvious under 1 μg·L-1 BPA exposure group. BPA exposure significantly decreased CAT activity in gill tissue, but had no significant effect on SOD activity. 1 μg·L-1 BPA exposure resulted in a significant increase in GST activity. In addition, the gene expression levels of Nrf2, Keap1, cat, and tnf-α in the gill tissue of clams were inhibited by 1 μg·L-1 BPA exposure. However, it is worth noting that catgene expression was upregulated specifically under 10 μg·L-1 BPA exposure. This study reveals that BPA exposure induces oxidative stress and tissue damage in clam gill tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estuary is a critical transitional zone between freshwater and marine ecosystems, which plays a pivotal role in the preservation of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. The ecological integrity of estuaries is vital in the sustainable ecosystem management and conservation. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of estuarine ecological integrity assessment, focusing on the methodologies and the selection of relevant indicators. The methodology primarily included physical-chemical, biological, and socio-economic indicators. The evaluation's significance was systematically analyzed through various indicators in several case studies. Finally, the paper identifies ongoing challenges in assessing estuarine ecological integrity and offers several suggestions to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the nutrient balance of water bodies is an important means to control the nutrient load of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in eutrophic water bodies and to restore the ecosystem of water bodies. The ecological restoration mechanism of water bodies based on the regulation of nutrient balance was analyzed from three aspects: microorganisms, aquatic plants and aquatic animals. This review focused on the principles, advantages and disadvantages and improvement methods of engineering remediation methods(ecological floating islands, submerged macrophytes, artificial wetlands and microbial restoration) based on nutrient balance. Ecological floating islands were vulnerability limited by the rhizome length of aquatic plants and the carbon source of the system, which can be developed by suspending the composite filler and providing reduced state inorganic matter as an electron donor instead of organic carbon source. Combining aquatic animals, microorganisms and submerged plants can improve the environmental adaptability of submerged phytoremediation. Artificial wetlands suffered from insufficient carbon oxygen levels and substrate carbon source, which can be solved by increasing oxygen and adding natural organic substances and inorganic substrates into the substrate respectively. The microbial remediation was limited by relatively few factors. A combination of these remediation methods can be used in engineering applications to build a multi-level water ecological balance system in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Red tides are a type of natural marine disaster caused by harmful algae characterized by a high toxicity, wide distribution, and long duration. Since the concentration of algal toxins in seawater increases with the occurrence of red tides, algal toxins detected in seawater could be used to predict the occurrence and evolution of red tides. Brevetoxin-A (BTX-A) is a secondary metabolite produced by the harmful algae Karenia brevis , whose detection in seawater could form the basis of an accurate warning system for incoming red tides. However, due to the inherent complexity of the seawater matrix and the extremely low levels of BTX-A in seawater, the use of instruments for its direct detection is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a sample pretreatment method for the efficient enrichment of BTX-A in seawater. In this study, a metal-organic backbone material (UiO-66) and its composite with silica microspheres (SiO 2 @UiO-66) were successfully synthesized using the solvothermal method. The prepared SiO 2 @UiO-66 exhibited good hydrophilicity, water stability, and large specific surface area. Furthermore, it also exhibited hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with BTX-A, had a strong affinity for BTX-A, and was able to efficiently adsorb BTX-A in complex matrices. Therefore, SiO 2 @UiO-66 showed potential as a novel packing material for the extraction of BTX-A from solid phase extraction columns. Combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), a highly sensitive detection method for the determination of BTX-A in marine water was established. The established analytical method had a low detection limit (3.0 pg/mL), a wide linear range (10.0 -200.0 pg/mL), and a good linear relationship ( R =0.9992). Combined with the Fujian Province Red Tide Monitoring and Early Warning Information 2021 issued by the Fujian Provincial Oceanic and Fisheries Bureau, the analytical method established herein was successfully applied to analyze and monitor the content of BTX-A in actual seawater samples. This highlights the proposed system's potential for use as an early warning factor in the monitoring of red tides, representing a simple and fast pretreatment methodology for the detection of BTX-A in seawater.

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This paper intends to reveal the phosphorus release potential energy of different phosphorus spices at varied depths of sediments in eutrophic lakes and the relevant environment risk. Lake Qingling in Wuhan City is taken as the object of case study which includes the vertical distribution characteristics of organic matter, microbial extracellular enzymes, phosphorus forms, phosphorus adsorption behavior and phosphorus adsorption index of sediments. As a result, the case study shows that iron bound phosphorus (Fe(OOH)~P) and calcium-bound phosphorus (CaCO3~P) are the main phosphorus forms in the sediments of Lake Qingling, and both Fe(OOH)~P, CaCO3~P and the hot alkali extractable organo-phosphus of the sediments possess phosphorus release potentials; besides, microorganisms and their extracellular enzymes play an important role in phosphorus release. Furthermore, as for the intensity of phosphorus release risk of the sediments in different depths: surface sediments show stronger, while deep sediments (10~15 cm and deeper) that are of good buffer capacity show less risk; and at two sampling sites in south part of the Lake, the phosphorus release risk index (ERI) of surface sediment are 20.66% and 26.57%, respectively, and at three sampling sites in north part of the Lake are 35.61%, 111.22% and 325.96%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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