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Objective: To improve the water solubility and stability of apigenin and promote its antioxidant biological activity, apigenin liposomes (AP-L) were developed and subsequently surface-modified with chitosan (CS). Methods: The appropriateness of two methods, low-speed centrifugation and membrane filtration, for measuring encapsulation efficiency was evaluated. Encapsulation efficiency served as the evaluation criterion to compare the AP-L preparation methods employing the film dispersion-ultrasound and ethanol injection-ultrasound techniques. Additionally, the preparation process underwent optimization via both single-factor experiments and response surface tests. Chitosan was adsorbed onto the surface of liposomes through electrostatic adsorption to produce chitosan apigenin liposomes (CS-AP-L). The appearance, microstructure, particle size and distribution, potential, encapsulation efficiency and stability of the liposomes were observed before and after chitosan modification. The antioxidant capacity of apigenin dispersion (AP-D), AP-L and CS-AP-L was investigated by DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging assays. Results: The low-speed centrifugation method was found to be more precise in determining the entrapment efficiency of liposomes, while the membrane dispersion-ultrasonic method demonstrated higher encapsulation efficiency. The optimal preparation process for AP-L included 6 mg of apigenin, an apigenin to phospholipid ratio of 1:24, a phospholipid to cholesterol ratio of 6:1, 6.3 mL of ethanol, 20 mL of phosphate buffer solution (PBS), hydration temperature 50 ℃ and ultrasonic time 20 min. The particle size of AP-L was 157.34±1.87 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.240±0.025, and the encapsulation efficiency was 66.50%±1.00%. The particle size of CS-AP-L increased to 564.22±39.7 nm, the PDI was 0.292±0.022, and the encapsulation efficiency decreased to 60.17%±1.97%. After being stored at room temperature for 30 days, the leakage rate of AP-L was 21.92%±4.84%, compared to 10.64%±0.28% for CS-AP-L. This indicated that CS-AP-L demonstrated superior stability. Furthermore, the DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging experiment demonstrated that both AP-L and CS-AP-L could enhance the free radical scavenging capacity of apigenin, with CS-AP-L showing even greater scavenging capability. Conclusion: The CS-AP-L prepared in this study exhibits appropriate particle size, uniform distribution, high encapsulation efficiency, good stability, and the capability to enhance the antioxidant activities of apigenin, thereby offering valuable insights for the development of apigenin derivative products.

Mixtures of maltodextrin (MD), egg yolk protein (EYP), Manchurian walnut protein isolate (MWPI) and soybean protein isolate (SPI) in different proportions were used as wall materials to prepare Manchurian walnut oil microcapsules by spray drying. The micromorphology, thermal stability, storage stability and antioxidant stability of microcapsules were analyzed. The results showed that the encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules prepared with MWPI was 73.68%, with an intact and dense structure, indicating that Manchurian walnut oil was successfully encapsulated in and protected by the microcapsules. The microcapsule powder had good flowability and solubility. The MWPI microcapsules lost only 5.48% of its initial mass under programmed heating conditions (10 ℃/min, up to 150 ℃), which was much lower than that of SPI microcapsules (10.3%), thereby being more able to meet the requirements of most thermally processed products. Microencapsulation obviously slowed down the oxidation rate of Manchurian walnut oil and improved its storage stability. The antioxidant experiments demonstrated that microencapsulation could effectively improve the antioxidant stability of active ingredients in Manchurian walnut oil. Therefore, this study demonstrated MWPI to be an excellent microcapsule wall material by evaluating its performance, which will expand the range of selection of protein-based wall materials, and provide a new idea for the application of walnut protein isolate resources to improve the added value of Manchurian walnut.

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In this study, a novel polysaccharide liposome was prepared using garlic polysaccharides, soybean lecithin and cholesterol and structurally characterized. The optimal preparation conditions of garlic polysaccharide liposomes were determined by single-factor and response surface tests using the film-material ratio, lipid-drug ratio and ultrasonic time as factors and the encapsulation efficiency as response values. The obtained liposomes were characterized in terms of micromorphology, particle size, UV spectrum, IR spectrum and stability. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions of garlic polysaccharide liposomes were as follows: Film-material ratio of 4:1, lipid-drug ratio of 24:1, ultrasonic time of 14 min, with the maximum encapsulation efficiency of 61.00%±0.73%. The obtained liposomes appeared as spherical vesicles with uniform dispersion and good stability. Their particle size, polymer dispersity index and zeta potential were 213.50±1.85 nm, 0.187±0.005 and −21.07±1.27 mV, respectively. UV and IR spectra confirmed that garlic polysaccharides were successfully encapsulated into the lipid material through electrostatic interactions, without the formation of new chemical bonds. After 28 days of storage at 4 ℃, the particle size of garlic polysaccharide liposomes increased from 211.13±0.54 nm to 225.70±0.65 nm, the PDI increased from 0.187±0.003 to 0.236±0.001, and the encapsulation efficiency decreased from 60.96%±0.32% to 56.97%±0.74%, exhibiting a relative stability. Therefore, the garlic polysaccharide liposomes prepared in this study had high encapsulation efficiency, small particle size, good dispersion and high stability, which could provide a reference for the development of garlic polysaccharide derivatives.

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A 15% lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension of polyurea resin was prepared as a capsule material by interfacial polymerization. In the preparation of lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension, the initial oil-water ratio (Ri) was obtained by the quotient of the weight of the oil phase and the weight of the initial water. The effect of the Ri value on the physico-chemical properties of the lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension was also investigated. Four 15% lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspensions treated with different initial oil-water ratios were prepared. Their Ri values were 1 : 0.55, 1 : 0.69, 1 : 0.83 and 1 : 0.97, respectively. The morphology of the microcapsules was characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser particle size analyzer. The encapsulation efficiency and storage stability of each treatment were determined. The experimental results showed that, when the Ri values were 1 : 0.83 and 1 : 0.97, the 15% lambdacyhalothrin microcapsule suspension had high capsule quality, good microcapsule morphology, and the microcapsule encapsulation efficiency was 90% or higher. The particle sizes were in the range of 3-4 μm (D95), and the storage stability has also be qualified. This study has provided a reference for the preparation of lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a biodegradable polymer with good biocompatibility. Because the products of its hydrolysis process are Lactic acid (LA) and Glycolic acid (GA), the middle products of normal metabolism, which are finally catabolized into carbon dioxide and water that are respectively eliminated via lungs and kidneys and make no bad effects on human bodies, it is often as the preferred carrier to be used to prepare microspheres.In recent years, microsphere has developed rapidly in pharmaceutical field and it has turned out to be a potential formulation with great advantages inanticancer, vaccine, protein administration and gene therapy, diagnostic reagents and cytoskeleton. At present, some PLGA microspheres have been approved by the FDA in US and have acquired satisfactory results in clinical application without serious side effects being reported. However the quality of domestic PLGA microspheres still exists many problems such as the bigger particle size, the lower encapsulation efficiency and drug loading and the larger burst rate which have great scope to improve. This article will review the influence factors such as the physicochemical properties of the drug itself, the preparation method, structure features of PLGA and organic solvents on particle size, encapsulation efficiency during the procedure of PLGA microspheres encapsuled with hydrophilic drugs in order to make a good theory basis of improving pesticide effects of medicine loaded by PLGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) has become a hot spot in drug carrier protein research due to its natural particle self-assembly ability and ease of modification. The truncation of the C-terminal polyarginine domain (CTD, aa 151-183) of HBc does not affect the self-assembly of the particles. However, it does affect the internal and external charges of the particles, which may subsequently affect drug encapsulation. Thus, the truncated C-terminal polyarginine domain (CTD) of HBc and the inserted RGD peptide were selected to construct and express three HBc variants (RH) encapsulated with ICG (RH/ICG) with different C-terminal lengths to compare the stability and drug activity of their nanoformulations. RH160/ICG was found to have a great advantages in encapsulation efficiency and biological imaging. Compared with other HBc variants, RH160/ICG significantly improved encapsulation efficiency, up to 32.77%±1.23%. Cytotoxicity and hemolysis assays further demonstrated the good biocompatibility of RH160/ICG. Cell uptake and in vivo imaging experiments in mice showed that RH160/ICG could efficiently deliver ICG in tumor cells and tumor sites with good imaging effect. This research provides a new direction for further expanding the diagnosis and treatment application of ICG and development of HBc-based nanoparticle drug carrier platform.

In order to optimize the prescription and preparation process of norcantharidin/tetrandrine dual loaded liposomes, the dual drug loaded liposomes were prepared by film dispersion-ultrasonic method using norcantharidin-mesoporous silica nanoparticles（MSN-NCTD）and tetrandrine（Tet）. With particle size and encapsulation efficiency as comprehensive indexes, the influences of phospholipid cholesterol amount, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power on prescription process were investigated by orthogonal test; the in vitro release characteristics of liposomes were investigated by dialysis method. The results indicated that the best prescription process of prepared norcantharidin/tetrandrine dual loaded liposomes was as follows: phospholipid-cholesterol ratio 2.5:1, ultrasonic time 4 min, ultrasonic power 40%; the encapsulation efficiency was 86.62% and 79.19%respectively for NCTD and Tet;liposomes were well-shaped under the transmission microscope, with average particle size of （207.5±3.6） nm, Zeta potential of （1.345±0.173） mV; and the 48 h cumulative release rates of NCTD and Tet were 85.14% and 85.00% respectively. The experiment results proved that the dual drug loaded liposomes prepared by film dispersion-ultrasonic method had uniform particle size, high encapsulation efficiency and in vitro sustained release characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)