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BACKGROUND: Vasectomy is currently an effective method of male birth control, and the main concern is clinical complications after vasectomy. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of different surgical methods of vasectomy on physiological function of the testis in rats. METHODS: After 1-week adaptive feeding, 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 rats in each group, including negative control group, sham-operation group, operation group and traditional group. The rats in the operation group were subjected to bilateral oblique vasectomy, the proximal end of the vas deferens was ligated and the distal end was separated but not ligated. The rats in the traditional group underwent bilateral oblique vasectomy, with both ends of the vas deferens ligated. In the sham-operation group, the both ends of the vas deferens were separated without ligation. The negative control group had no special treatment. Three months after the operation, methylene blue was injected and observed. After anesthesia, the rats were sacrificed and their testicles were collected for routine pathological examination using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Testicular tissue was collected and the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, 3βHSD and human epididymal protein 4 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis in testicular tissue was detected by TUNEL assay. Serum interleukin-1 and testosterone levels were detected using ELISA/biochemical detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining: compared with the sham operation group, the testis was swollen and hard in texture in the traditional and operation groups; the incidence of testicular aseptic inflammation in the traditional group was higher than that in the negative control group; no spermatogenic granuloma was found in the testis of the operation group and the histological structure of the testis in the traditional group was remarkably changed. TUNEL detection: Compared with the negative control and sham operation groups, apoptosis was increased in the operation and traditional groups; and there was less apoptosis in the operation group than the traditional group. Immunohistochemical detection: Compared with the negative control group, the expression of Bax changed insignificantly in the sham operation group and increased in the operation and traditional groups, especially in the traditional group. Compared with the negative control group, the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased in the operation and traditional groups, especially in the traditional group. Compared with the negative control and sham operation group, the protein expression of 3βHSD and epididymal protein 4 in the rat testis was lower in the operation and traditional groups and there was no significant difference between the operation and traditional groups. ELISA/biochemical detection: Compared with the negative control group, the levels of serum interleukin-1 and testosterone were significantly increased in the operation group (P < 0.05) but significantly decreased in the traditional group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that pelvic vasectomy has little effect on the physiological function of the testis in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the development of the painless induced abortion technique, due to the young female lack of the awareness of birth control and reproductive health, and the rising rate of repeat induced abortion, the long-term complications caused by intrauterine adhesions as abortion also increases year by year. At present, the diagnosis and treatment of hysteroscopy which is caused by intrauterine adhesions, is the most simple and effective method, and has become an important gynaecology minimally invasive surgery. The infertility is caused by intrauterine adhesions in different level. Severe caused by intrauterine adhesions, now in addition to the separation of adhesion under hysteroscopy, there is no ideal method to prevent recurrent caused by intrauterine adhesions. At present the study of intrauterine adhesions are limited in the diagnosis and treatment, and the fact of lacking in current report about formation mechanism and pathological physiology change is obvious at home and abroad. In the wake of cultivation of imaging and hysteroscopy technology, and significant changes having taken place in clinical practice for intrauterine adhesions, the uterine cavity adhesion for the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention research has been put forward to higher request. Apparently, the key of preventing the intrauterine adhesion is to improve the skills of artificial abortion and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the performance, acceptability and safety of Woman's Condom (WC) in China. Methods: This is a single-arm, open study. 30 couples were enrolled into the study and asked to use 4 WCs in 3 weeks. Data were collected via questionnaires and interviews. Results: WC is easy to use. 79.3% users reported the insertion process was easy, 20.7% moderate and none difficult. WC location did not move during intercourse. For the affection on sexual pleasure, 86.2% females and 69.0% males answered "no affect", 3.4% females and 3.4% males "enhanced" and 10.3% females and 27.6% males "interfered". 96.6% females and 93.1% males expressed "satisfactory" or "okay" for the general feel of WC, only 3.4% females and 6.9% males expressed "unsatisfactory". The incidence of adverse events was 0.4% (1/234). Conclusions: The Woman's Condom is easy to use, stable and acceptable, with high comfort level and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Sixth National Census showed that the amount of migrant population in China reached 260 million in 2010, which had increased by about 120 million compared with "the fifth census". This epidemiological study was designed to explore the contraception knowledge level of migrant population in three cities, Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu. Methods: This study was a multicenter cross-sectional survey. From Aug. to Dec. 2007, we chose 4 factories, 4 construction sites and 4 entertainment sites which were the gathered lots of migrant population in three cities. All the employees who met the inclusion criteria were included. Face-to-face questionnaire survey was done by those investigators trained uniformly. Database was established with Epidata 3. 1, and data were inputted by two different persons and analyzed using SAS 9. 1 package. Results: 6 304 migrant population were actually investigated, including 2 001 from Shanghai, 2 106 from Beijing and 2 197 from Chengdu. The knowledge levels of 9 common contraceptive methods, including their usage methods, principles, advantages and side effects, were scored. The average scores of 3 cities were all very low. The fitted multivariate linear regression model suggested that subjects from Beijing and Chengdu, male subjects, subjects unmarried and had no sexual behavior, subjects from construction sites, subjects who had lower capita income, and subjects who were agricultural residence registration, had lower scores. As for answering whether the six contraception could prevent HIV transmission, 75.08% of subjects provided correct answer in the item of male condom, while only 40% subjects provided correct answer in the items of other 5 contraception methods. Conclusions: The knowledge levels of the usage, principles, advantages and side effects, and prevention against HIV transmission of common contraceptive methods, are still poor in migrant population. Subjects who are male, unmarried, haven't sexual behavior, or are in bad economic status, are the key population of reproductive health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the potential regulation on the unplanned births of Shanghai immigrants, by which to guide those Shanghai immigrants to change their child-bearing concept and to promote the fusion between immigrants and local population. Methods: The typical survey was performed in Huamu Street, Pudong, Shanghai, where there were a large number of immigrants. More than 550 cases of immigrants were included by the questionnaire survey combined with survey symposium. The questionnaire includes fertility concept, fertility intentions, the cognition of family planning policies and regulations, the need for family planning services, etc. The SPSS 19.0 software was used for data processing. Results: Shanghai immigrants have distinctive thought and behavior characteristics, including strong child-bearing intentions, low understanding and approval of family planning policies and regulations in Shanghai. They obeyed the law of family planning in poor status. The service of family planning can not effectively met the demand of the Shanghai immigrants. Conclusions: It is important to guide the Shanghai immigrants to transform their child-bearing concept and to understand and obey the family planning law by enhancing education of family planning and management of legal system, and providing the high-quality services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

contract-based family planning strategy is proposed. According to this strategy, when getting married, citizens are allowed by the form of contract to choose, as the precondition of terminating having children, to successfully give birth to one boy, one girl, or two children. The feasibility of this strategy is discussed mathematically by means of probability analysis and stochastic process analysis. And results show that not only does this strategy guarantee the citizens' basic right of choosing the gender or number of their children, but it also makes one couple averagely give birth to about 2 children. While the strategy in general makes the population stable, it would not cause ratio imbalance of male to female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed an increasing pressure for students to find a job in the situation of 'Family Birth Control' and "Enrollment Expansion in Higher Education", and in particular the impact of financial crisis upon China. Accordingly, the fact that the main part of the students from one child families and that they have strong self-consciousness and self-realization demand have provided the students ideological work new requirements because the students face challenges hitherto unknown; in fact, the pressure is on the increase. Such a case has prompted us to introduce into students' ideological work the "professional learning" methodologies. It is concerning this topic that the present papers aims to deal with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a constructed theoretical model, this paper studies the operation of family planning policy in rural China during the post agricultural tax era. Within the current fiscal system, this paper finds fines for over births becomes rural government’s main fiscal revenue, and consequently rural government encourages people to give more births to increase its revenue. Therefore, the population control policy is losing its effectiveness. Through the model, the bargaining power among the fiscal system, rural residents, and rural government is the key to the birth control problem. When the fines for over birth become rural government’s main revenue source, the growth in number of rural births also increases rural government’s total utility, producing the co-existence of high-fines and high-births. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique “only-child generation” phenomenon is taking place as a result of the strict family planning policy. This national policy is astonishing in terms of its large sphere of influence, strong and consistent implementation, and a long span of time. Unlike the naturally existed only-children before this policy in China and relatively few only-children in the Western countries, the present “only-child generation” is the “fruits” of this great experiment of family planning which gives birth to unprecedented number of only-children. The 1980s generation is the first “only-child generation”. The future development of China will be in the handsof the “only-child generation”. This article has conducted a comprehensive literature review of studies on the only-children in China and abroad. Moreover, we attempt to propose a feasible direction of future studies on the only-children, considering the present situation of the "only-child generation" in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its daily expanding population since 1980s, China executed a strict birth control policy which produced significant influence and generated much discussion. This paper focuses on the imbalanced sex ratio at birth resulting from the one-child policy. The authors attempt to explain the regional disparity of the sex ratio at birth using the methods of GIS and spatial analysis, with the county-level city as a unit of analysis and the population census of the year 2000. Research shows that places with the phenomenon have dynamic sex ratios at birth, and the spatial distribution is non-random. Generally, there are high sex ratios at birth in regions with large Han populations, high population densities, high per-capita incomes,large birth orders, and stricter birth control regulations. Notably, the influence of the neighborhood effects is well evident. This means that after controlling socioeconomic and ethnic variables, there are still clear evidence of agglomeration; this may be due to the imitation, learning, and idea diffusion between neighboring regions, or a natural result of location- specific cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility rates in China had started to decline sharply before the one-child policy was put into effect in 1979. Shanghai experienced a decline in the late 1950s and the 1960s, somewhat ahead of the rest of China. This decline was the consequence of birth control campaigns that the government had intermittently conducted since the mid-1950s in response to high demographic pressures. Birth control, which became known as jihua shengyu (birth planning), was not compulsory but was practiced on a voluntary basis throughout this period. Despite this, coping with the double burden of work and home, women willingly complied with birth control campaigns launched by Shanghai Health Bureau, women's federation, and other organizations. By the early 1960s, the concept of birth control had reached even uneducated working-class women. But birth control methods at that time were not sufficiently developed in regards to safety, effectiveness, and convenience. Moreover most of men were not willing to use birth control. These technological limitations on top of the gendered social structure led Shanghai women to adopt induced abortion and jueyu (tubal ligation), which could harm their health but allowed them to make decisions on reproduction for themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive health refers to keeping the physical, psychological and social adaptation in good condition at different stages of the whole life, which also involves the population control, sustainable development and women's rights. Thus, the reproductive health was extensively attended by the international community. In 1995, WHO proposed the goal of "In 2015, universal access to reproductive health". However, due to the urban-rural dual structure, the situation of women reproductive health in China is not satisfactory, while differences of reproductive health level in different population are significant. We here reviewed the research progress of women's reproductive health in different populations, including the status, knowledgement and services accessibility of reproductive health, and then proposed our reasonable suggestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]