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Copyright of Biomass Chemical Engineering is the property of Editorial Office of Biomass Chemical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honeysuckle, as an important medicinal and edible plant, contains a variety of chemical active components, mainly including volatile oils, flavonoids, organic acids and iridoid glycosides, etc., which have antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antipyretic, and immunomodulatory effects. Honeysuckle and its extract can improve the digestion, absorption and utilization rate of feed, promote the growth and development of livestock and poultry and meat quality, regulate the metabolism of energy, protein, lipids and sugar of livestock and poultry, and improve the immune function and antioxidant capacity of livestock and poultry. In the paper, the main active components, physiological functions, and application status of honeysuckle and its extracts in livestock and poultry production were summarized, in order to provide a reference for honeysuckle and its extracts to improve the production efficiency and product quality of livestock and poultry, and to replace antibiotics in livestock and poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure aqueous nano-TiO2 solution was prepared by low temperature liquid phase method, and then Ag+ was deposited on nano-TiO2 surface to obtain pure aqueous Ag+/TiO2 solution. It was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible light absorption spectrometer (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectrometer (PL). After various characterization analysis, it can be seen that Ag+/TiO2 particles are spherical particles with a particle size of 10 nm, and the XRD characteristic peak is the superposition peak of anatase titanium dioxide and silver sulfate. In addition, the deposited Ag exists in the valence state of +1, and the photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO2 is improved, resulting in a synergistic effect. The results of antibacterial test show that the prepared pure aqueous Ag+/TiO2 solution has excellent antibacterial performance in different strains and different application environments, indication the high efficiency and broad spectrum of Ag+/TiO2 antibacterial, which has great market application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering (1673-2812) is the property of Journal of Materials Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] Bacteria MT-002-B-7 had good effect on the antagonism of tobacco bacterial wilt, the characteristics and the main components of its active antagonistic substances were studied. [Method] The characteristics of its active antagonistic substances was analyzed by the single factor condition analysis, and the main components of active antagonistic substances was analyzed by IR spectra and GC-MS. [Result] The result showed that the polarity of active antagonistic substances was similar to ethyl acetate. The active antagonistic substances had a good thermal stability, resistant to proteinase K, pepsin and trypsin. The activity of antagonistic substances were not affected by the storage time at normal temperature. But more than 8 hours of irradiating under 8 w ultraviolet radiation, pH <5 or pH >8 significantly reduced the activity. Hie results of IB spectra and GC-MS showed that the main components of active antagonistic substances were N-acetyl-3-methyl-1,4-two azabicyclo[4.3.0] -nonane-2,5-two ketone, fatty acids, and azophenvlene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel multi-functional composite microsphere with magnetic-antibacterial-fluorescence was successfully prepared by using polyglycidyl methacrylate (P G M A) as a template. The as-synthesized microspheres PGM A, amino-modified PGMA (N H. - PGMA), and magnetic PGMA (M-PGMA) all had smooth spherical surfaces and fine monodispersity. M-I)GMA microspheres had superparamagnetism, which made M-PGMA to be effectively separated from the solution by an external magnetic field. The introduction of poly(haxemethylenguanidine hydrochloride) (P H G H) made the hybrid microspheres have significant antibacterial effect. Fluorescent features (CdTe) adsorbed on the microspheres surface by electrostatic ad sorption imparted biological functions to the hybrid microspheres. The combination of magnetic？ antibacterial and fluorescent light into a single hybrid microsphere opens up the possibility of extensive research on multifunctional materials and broadens the range of potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the possible antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La) and Bifidobacterium adolescents (Ba) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Fusobacteriurn nnclearum ( Fn ). METHODS: Cylinder plate method was used to observe the inhibition zone formation. The suspensions of periodontal pathogens were mixed with cell free solutions of probiotics respectively, to investigate the antagonistic effect on the production of probiotics. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS 9.0 software package. RESULTS: La only inhibited the growth of Pg. The cell free extract of La also significantly inhibited the growth of Pg(P<0.001).There was no antagonistic effect of Ba on the two periodontal pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: La strongly inhibits the growth of Pg by its metabolites. The new strategy of confining periodontal pathogens with La as ecological modulator is worthy of further study. Supported by Key Project of Basic Scientific Research of Shanghai Municipality(09jcl409000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. is a kind of filamentous fungi with important biocontrol value. Twelve strains of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the soils of different types of crops in Shaoxing, Zhejiang and Foshan, Guangdong. The antagonistic resistance to Fusarium oxysporum was compared by plate confrontation test. The further analysis of volatile secondary metabolites for two strains were carried out using HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. The results showed that T. asperellum ZJSX5003 and GDFS1009 had fast growth ability, and the inhibition effects on F. oxysporum were 73% and 74% respectively. Six identical volatile metabolites were detected as follows 2-Methyl-1-propanol, 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol, Acetyl methyl carbinol, Butane-2,3-diol and 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PAP). Among them, 6-PAP was validated to have a higher inhibitory effect on F. oxysporum in vitro. This study will provide basis for the development of biocontrol agents with metabolites of Trichoderma, such as 6-PAP.

Leaf blight is the main disease of Asarum. At present, chemical treatment is main measure for disease control, and there is no report on biological control. In order to achieve the biological control of Asarum leaf blight, the biocontrol strains with antagonistic effect on Asarum leaf blight were screened. The rhizosphere bacteria of healthy Asarum plants were isolated by soil dilution method, and the isolated strains were screened by the methods of antagonistic antifungal and fermentation liquid antifungal, then the strains were identified and the control effect in vivo was determined. Abiocontrol bacterial strains S2-31 which with high antagonism to leaf blight was obtained from more than 100 isolated strains. The inhibitory rates of antagonistic antifungal and fermentation liquid antifungal reached 92.47% and 60.56%, respectively. It was identified by morphology and 16 S rDNA sequence analysis, and the strain was identified as Brevibacillus laterosporus. The results of indoor potted experiment showed that the control effect was 79.87%, 71.44% and 66.82% on the 3 rd, 5 th and 7 th day after inoculation, respectively, which indicated that S2-31 could reduce the disease index and control the development of Asarum leaf blight.

To better illustrate a little red antibacterial anti-inflammatory efficacy material and to explore its pharmaceutical properties. This experiment by ultrasonic method and soxhlet extraction method respectively in a little red medicinal alkaloids substances and flavonoids extraction, and use the acid water extraction method and organic solvent extraction method for purification, study on the antibacterial activity, respectively. The results showed that little red flavonoids bacteriostatic effect is obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find new source of antifungal agents, eleven cultivable endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots,stems and leaves of Chelidonium majus by traditional method. Seven of them were identified as Colletotrichum(L1, L2, L3, S1, S3, S4, S5), and three of them were identified as Fusarium(R1,R2,R3) by morphological features and molecular biological technology. The antifungal activity test showed that all the tested fungi displayed some inhibitory activity against five common plant pathogens(C. gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Pyricularia oryza, Alternaria alternate and A. brassicae), and their inhibition rate of some test items were over 60%. Among them, R1, S2, S3 and S4 were more potent than others. This study enriches the understanding of endophytes from Ch. majus and provides a basis for the study of new microbial fungicides.

To obtain biocontrol fungus for Alternaria panax,the antifungal effects of one strain of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of healthy ginseng were screened and evaluated by using dual-culture method,and the taxonomic assignment of the screened strain was identified based on the morphological characters and ITS sequence analysis. The results of dual-culture showed that one of the endophytes marked as FS-01 had good antifungal effects and the inhibitory rates of FS-01 strain to A. panax was( 60. 21±0. 12) %.The hyphae junction of the both strains,A. panax dissolved,broke and winded,while the hyphae of FS-01 strain remained normal. The inhibitory rates of non-sterilized FS-01 strain fermentation liqud was( 13. 94±0. 21) %. Strain FS-01 identified as Chaetomium globosum.

The aim of this study was to investigated the biological diversity, antibacterial activites and the plant growth-promoting traits of endophytic fungi of sandal (Santalum album), and to assess their potential in the development of antibacterial substances and rapid cultivation of sandal. The results of isolation and taxa analysis of endophytic fungi from sandal showed that 325 strains of endophytic fungi belonging to 16 genera of endophytic fungi were isolated from sandal (of which 86 from roots, 105 from stems and 134 from leaves). The isolation rate and colonization rate of endophytic fungi in different sandal parts showed the same pattern of change: leave>stems>roots. The diversity index of endophytic fungi in sandal roots was significantly higher than that of stems and leaves. The dominant endophytic fungi of sandal roots, stems and leaves showed significant differences. The dominant endophytic fungi of roots were Fusarium (50.00%) and Alternaria (10.47%), Alternaria (58.11%) and Acremonium (20.00%) for stems, and Pantoea (74.63%) for leaves. The antibacterial activity of 40 representative strains of sandal endophytic fungi were analyzed and the results showed that 90% of endophytic fungi exhibited inhibitory activity against at least one of the tested bacteria strains, and the strains with inhibitory activity to Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis accounted for 45.0%, 30%, 47.5%, 55%, 72.5%, and 62.5%, respectively. The sandal fungal endophytes with plant growth-promoting characteristics were screened, and 5 strains of endophytic fungi with phosphorus-solubilizing activity, 8 strains of endophytic fungi producing IAA, and 4 strains of endophytic fungi producing siderophores were found. Among them, endophytic fungus Monilia sp TXRF45 clould produced IAA and siderophores, and also show phosphate-solubilizing activity. The results indicated that the endophytic fungi of Sandal were rich in species diversity and their distribution had a certain tissue specificity. Some strains showed good antibacterial activity and growth-promoting properties, which could potentially applicable for the development of antibacterial substances and rapid cultivation of sandal., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Nano-silver solution was prepared by maltose. The size and distribution of maltose nanoparticles were tested with HPPS and TEM. After cotton fabrics were finished with maltose nanoparticles, whiteness, antibacterial efficacy and washing durability of the fabrics were studied. The results showed the average size of maltose nanoparticles was about 20 nm, and the dispersibility and uniformity were nice. The antibacterial test indicated the treated cotton fabrics had good antibacterial effect, and the bacteria inhibitive rate exceeded 98% even after 50 washing cycles, which meant the washing durability was excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy-two strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from roots, stems and leaves of Pogostemon cablin and identified as 40 species of 25 genera based on ITS sequences analysis. Among them, Phomopsis, Colletotrichum and Fusarium were dominant genera. Distribution of endophytic fungi in P. cablin showed obvious tissue-specificity, and more strains were isolated from stems with an isolation rate of 78%. The bioassay results indicated that 34 strains of 15 genera displayed antimicrobial activities against at least one of test bacteria or plant pathogenic fungi. The results obtained in this study showed that endophytic fungi in P. cablin were rich in species diversity, and some strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activities, which deserve further research., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

A rhizobacteria strain named RS-3 exhibited inhibitory activity against all five Panax ginseng pathogens was isolated from the root of P. ginseng. This strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphological character and 16S rDNA sequence. Antagonistic activity experiments indicated that the strain could strongly suppress Botrytis cinerea Pers with an inhibitory rate of 54.4%, suggesting the potentialities of biocontrol agent against diseases that frequently happen on ginseng., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: The effects of repeated freeze-thaw cycles(F-Tc) on cell shape of fermented Bacillus subtilis and the inhibitory activity to Alternaria alternata, the primary infection pathogen of jujube fruit shrunken disease, were determined using an endophytic B. subtilis strain St-zn-34 isolated from winter jujube., Methods: The fermented broth was freeze-thawed after batch fermentation of the test strain. The population of living bacteria and bacterial endospores were determined by dilution methods of plate counting, and the inhibitory activity to A. alternata was tested by filter paper disks with filtrate of fermented broth. The shape of B. subtilis with different freeze-thaw cycles was observed under environment scanning electron microscope., Results: Changes of pH, living bacteria, bacterial endospore counts in the fermentation broth and the inhibitory activity of filtrate at different time generally increased first and decreased afterwards. The inhibitory activity at 60 h was higher than other time points. The bacterial cells fermented for 60 h were treated with F-Tc, and the living bacteria count and inhibitory activity decreased gradually when cells of B. subtilis were freeze-thawed for 3 cycles, but it had no significant difference (P>0.05) after being freeze-thawed for more than 3 times. With the increase of freeze-thawing times, the bacteria cells became smaller than the normal cells, the surface twisted with one or more depressions, and the jelly flowed out under environment scanning electron microscope. The inhibitory activity of filtrate was determined and it showed a broad-spectrum inhibitive capability against twelve species of plant pathogens. The treatment of different temperature and proteinase to the filtrate showed that the temperature below 60℃ did not affect the inhibitive activity and had no significant difference compared with that of the control. However, the inhibition decreased with increasing of the temperature above 80℃ and was significantly lower than that of control. The inhibitory activity of filtrate to A. alternata decreased by treatment with proteinase K., Conclusion: Repeated freeze-thaw cycles could affect the shape of B. subtilis and reduced the inhibitory activity of filtrate to A. alternata.

Using Alternaria longipes as tested phytopathogen, endophytic bacteria isolated from soybean nodules were selected to study antagonistic effects by confrontation and metabolic liquid culture methods. The inhibited hyphae were determined by microscopic observation, and the screened strains were characterized by cell culture, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rDNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and inoculation trials in greenhouse. The results indicated that the seven of the endophytes exerted more than 42% inhibitory effects after the first and the second screening. These strains belonged to genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Sinorhizobium and Stenotrophomonas, respectively. Microscopic observation showed that the affected hyphae ends of A. longipes appear deformity of coralline branch, spherical expansions and so on. Antagonistic experiments with metabolites showed that the inhibition of endophytic bacteria against pathogenic fungus played an effective role mainly by bacteria producing extracellular substances. Confrontation tests suggested that endophytic Bacillus rapidly produced biofilm to effectively hinder the growth and extension of pathogen hyphae. Inoculation experiments showed that the disease index of treatment group was significantly lowered compared with the control, suggesting it could be utilized as a biological control resource inhibiting tobacco brown spot.

Endophytes were isolated and purified from the roots of medicinal plant Fengdan also known as Paeonia suffruticosa from Tongling region, Anhui province, China. Morphology and molecular biology methods were applied to indentify the endophyte strains. And methods of growth rate and filtering paper were also used for studying antibacterial/antifungal effects of the strains. As a result, 129 endophyte strains were isolated. Fifty-eight endophytic fungi strains were identified as 6 species in 4 genera and the dominant genus was Fusarium. Seventy-one endophytic bacteria strains were identified as 9 species in 3 genera and the dominant genus was Bacillus. Inhibitory diameter with endophytic fermenting liquid of Pseudomonas chlororaphis, F. nematophilum and B. megaterium from P. suffruticosa against Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli and B. subtilis reached 25.0,20.2,24.0 mm respectively. The inhibition rate of endophytic fermenting liquid from F. nematophilum against Penicillium sp. and Colletotrichum dematium reached 90.6% and 83.3%, respectively. The inhibition effect of P. chlororaphis against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Mucor sp. was good and the antifungal rate reached 80.0% and 84.9%, respectively. P. suffruticosa in Tongling region contains abundant endophytes. P. chlororaphis and F. nematophilum are valuable species as starting strain about microbicide., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

In recent years, root rot diseases of Chinese herbal medicine have been posing grave threat to the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry. This article presents a review on the occurring situation of the root rot disease, including the occurrence of the disease, the diversity of the pathogens, the regional difference in dominant pathogens,and the complexity of symptoms and a survey of the progress in bio-control of the disease using antagonistic microorganisms. The paper also discusses the existing problems and future prospects in the research.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Bacillus pumilus AR03 against Altenaria alternata and Erysiphe cichoracearum. The antagonistic activities were studied in the way of co-culture on plate, inhibition of pathogen conidia germination on concave slides and LB agar medium. In the investigation, the water suspension of living cells of strain AR03, at 3 x 10(8) cfu . mL-1 had a remarkable inhibition effect on hyphae growth and conidia germination of A. alternata and caused hyphae deformation, shorter and swollen nodes, winding hyphae accumulation, abnormal tubes with tips expanded or deformed. Conidia did not germinate and the tissues of compartment became swollen or formed a round spherical bubble. In addition, the inhibition rate of conidia germination of E. cichoracearum was 91. 3% and 69. 3%, respectively when treated with strain AR03 at 1 x 10(7) cfu . mL-1 and 1.5 x 10(6) cfu . mL-1. Conidia treated by living cells of AR03 became swollen, deformed, the protoplasm of conidia shrinked, disintegrated gradually and separated from the conidia wall. And some conidia were hollow because the protoplasm leaked out from inside. Greenhouse results revealed that the effects of living cells of AR03 with different concentrations were significantly different. Bacterial suspension of AR03 at 3 x 10(8) cfu . mL-1 was strongly antagonistic to E. cichoracearum with the control efficiencies 7 days and 15 days after treatment of two spays being 83.8% and 90.3%, respectively, while the control efficiencies of AR03 at 3 x 10(6) cfu . mL-1 were 70.0% and 73.3%, respectively. Strain AR03 had a long persistence against powdery mildew more than 30 days.

In order to evaluate the effects of algicidal substance on Phaeocystis globosa (P. globosa) and its algal toxin-fatty acids, the changes of chlorophyll-a, pH, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index and N, P concentration were evaluated by the simulation experiment. Fatty acids composition in P. globosa was detected by GC-MS. After adding algicidal substance in simulative water with the volume ratio 1: 100, the levels of chlorophyll-a, pH and permanganate index were reduced, while the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and N, P were increased significantly within 14 days. Comparing with control group after 14 days, pH was reduced to 7. 51 from 8. 50, chlorophyll-a and permanganate index were reduced by 82. 3% (P < 0. 05) and 55. 2% (P < 0. 01), respectively. Dissolved oxygen was significantly increased by 29. 5% (P < 0. 05). The concentrations of NH4+ -N, NO2- -N, NO3- -N and PO(4)3- -P were respectively 0. 46, 1. 50 , 6. 24 and 1. 30 times higher than that in control group. 14 days after the addition of algicidal substance, the total fatty acids of P. globosa were reduced by 83. 4%. The major fatty acids C18:2, C16:0, and C18:1, were reduced by 100%, 97. 7% and 85. 4% (P <0. 01), respectively. Our results indicated that algicidal substance from Bacillus sp. BI can effectively inhibit the growth of P. globosa and reduce the concentration of algal toxin-fatty acid in the simulation experiment. This study provides a theoretical basis for ecological safety of algicidal substance form Bacillus sp. strain Bl.

Objective: To isolate and identify the biocontrol actinomycete from composting, and to investigate its potted control effect against Botrytis cinerea., Methods: Actinomycetes were isolated from composting by pour plate method. Inhibitory activities of acti- nomycetes were determined by dilution plate method and cylinder plate method. Strain with high activities was identified based on mor- phology and biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. And its potted control effect was also investigated., Results: 31 strains of actinomycetes were isolated, three of them had inhibitory effects on the test strains. Of which, the strain DF02 showed antagonistic to five plant pathogenic fungi of all the tested strains, and its inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea was the strongest. The results of potted control effect test showed that the protective and therapeutic efficacy of the fermentation suspension to Botrytis cinerea was 58.47% and 53.83%, respectively. According to taxonomic identification, the strain DF02 was identified as Strepto- myces neopeptinius., Conclusion: Strain DF02 is a biocontrol actinomycete with broad development potential, and these results provide ex- perimental basis for the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea.

Based on previous results of 16S rDNA sequence homologuous and results of physic-biochemical indexes and morphological characteristics in the present work, bacterial strain ge15 isolated from roots of ginseng plants was identified as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila. Confronting incubation results showed that, strain ge15 inhibited the growth of Alternaria panax, Phytophthora cactorum, and Cylindrocapon destructans significantly, and the width of inhibition zone was 13.3, 24.0, 12.0 mm, respectively. Further results showed that the emergence rate and seedling survive rate of ge15 treatment was significantly higher than those of the control, and which was similar to pesticide carbendazol treatment. The ge15 strain has good application potential in ginseng diseases control without contamination.

Objective: We isolated the bacterial strain XM2 from prunes (Prunus domestica L.) fruit surface. XM2 was identified and tested as an antagonist for postharvest biological control of black spot disease (Alternaria alternata) on pear fruits., Methods: Strain XM2 was identified according to its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Inhibition tests were performed in wounds of pear fruits using different types of XM2 inocula, different concentration and inoculation time of XM2 and A. alternata. Effect of XM2 on mycelia morphology of A. alternata was observed under microscope., Results: Strain XM2 was identified as Pantoea agglomeran. Biological control of XM2 against black spot disease was significantly better than the control, and the best inhibitory was observed when inoculated with suspension (97.73% of control effect). Higher XM2 concentration and lower A. alternata concentration showed better inhibitory effect. Similarly, the earlier inoculation of XM2 than A. Alternata, the better inhibitory effect on disease development. Microscopic observation found that XM2 broke part of the mycelia, making cell contents spilled and hyphae distorted., Conclusion: Pantoea agglomeran XM2 has the potential as an effective antagonist against postharvest pear blank spot disease.

Objective: Marine bacteria are a rich source of potentially useful antimicrobial molecules. The purpose of the study is to explore the diversity of bacteria with antimicrobial activity isolated from Siganus fuscescens gastrointestinal tract collected from Naozhou Island (20 degrees 52' N-20 degrees 56' N 110 degrees 33' E-110 degrees 38' E), Leizhou Bay, South China Sea., Methods: We isolated bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of fish sample using classical culturing technique, and determined antimicrobial activities of the isolates by Oxford cup method. We investigated diversity of antimicrobial isolates using phylogenetic comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences., Results: According to the results of morphological observation and part of physiological and biochemical experiments, we isolated 68 strains from fish gastrointestinal tract. Among them, 19 strains with antimicrobial activities were acquired (27.9% of the isolates) and represented 19 different species, belonging to 12 genera (Rothia, Micrococcu, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Psychrobacter, Paracoccus, Cobetia, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus) of 11 families (Microbacteriaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Halomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Staphylococcaceae) in three phyla (Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes). Eight strains (42.1%), 7 strains (36.8%) and 4 strains (21.1%) were belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively. The phylogenetic distance matrix results suggested that there were obvious genetic divergences between the majority of strains with antimicrobial activity and their phylogenetically most closely related typical strain, due to 16S rRNA gene sequences similarities ranging from 96.2 to 99.9%. In addition, 4 strains (ZJHD2-31, ZJHD5-23, ZJHD2-58 and M26) could represent potential new species, and identification of the novel strain M26 has been published in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek., Conclusion: There are abundant diversity for bacteria with antimicrobial activity and potentially more new species of microorganism in Siganus fuscescens gastrointestinal tract collected from Naozhou Island.

To reveal the colonization characteristics in host of endophytic biocontrol bacteria NJ13 isolated from Panax ginseng, this study obtained the marked strain NJ13-R which was double antibiotic resistant to rifampicin and streptomycin through enhancing the method of inducing antibiotic. The colonization characteristics in ginseng and its biocontrol efficiency against Alternaria spot of ginseng in the field were studied. The results showed that the strain could colonize in root, stem and leaf of ginseng and the colonization amount was positive correlated with inoculation concentration. Meanwhile, the strain could infect and then transfer in different tissues of ginseng The colonization amount of strain in roots and leaves of ginseng increased first and then decreased. However, the tendency of colonization amount of strain in stems was ascend at first and then descend slowly, and was more than that in roots and leaves along with time, which had a preference to specific tissue of its host. In field experiment, the endophytic bacteria NJ13 was proved to be effective in controlling Alternaria leaf spot of ginseng. The biocontrol efficiency of fermentation broth at the concentration of 0.76 x 10(8) cfu x mL(-1) reached 75.62%, which was close to the controlling level (73.06%) of 0.67 mg x L(-1) 50% cyprodinil WG.

Objective: To isolate and identify endophytic fungi from Brucea javanica, and to detect the antimicrobial activity of these strains., Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated by tissue inoculation culture and identified by conventional morphological characteristic method. Seven kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of bacteria were used as targeting microbes to test microbial inhibition activities by agar plate antagonistic action and modified agar gel diffusion methods, respectively., Results: A total of 83 endophytic fungi strains were isolated from the root, stem, leaf and fruit of Brucea javanica. 34 strains were obtained from the stem, 32 strains were obtained from the leaf, 15 strains were isolated from the root and 2 strains came from the fruit. These 73 strains which had been identified attribute to 5 orders, 6 families and 12 genera. For the isolated strains, 14 strains had antifungal activities against at least one pathogenic fungi, 9 strains showed antibacterial activities against one or more bacteria. Especially, the strain YJ-17 which belonged to Phomopsis genus showed the best inhibitory effect on the targeting microbes., Conclusion: The endophytic fungi from Brucea javanica show diversity and microbial inhibition activity, and are worthy for further study on plant disease controlling.

Inhibition spectrum and antagonistic mechanism of an endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum LH-7, isolated from wild medicinal plant Aloe barbadensis, were investigated by in vitro culture methods against 9 kinds of plant pathogens. The results showed that nutrient competition and hyper-parasitism were the two primarily antagonist approaches that strain LH-7 adopted to inhibit the tested plant pathogens with a significant inhibition rate of 62.4%-88.4%. Moreover, the active compound from metabolites of LH-7 could cause pathogen mycelial deformities, cell wall rupture and conidial malformation, leading to the effective inhibition on pathogens growth and reproduction.

Objective: Antagonistic endophytic strains with strongly inhibitory activity to mulberry bacterial blight (P. syringae pv. mori) were isolated from mulberry endophytes, we identified the antagonistic endophyte and optimized the fermentation conditions., Method: Streak plate method was used to separate the endophytes from healthy mulberry tissues after strict surface disinfection. Antagonistic endophytes were screened out through inhibition zone method. Strain SWg2 was identified by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The conditions of fermentation and medium composition were optimized through single factor and orthogonal experiment., Result: In total 77 endophytic strains have been isolated from healthy mulberry. SWg2 showed strong and stable antagonistic activity to mulberry bacterial blight. The morphological, cultural, physiological, and biochemical characteristics assays indicated that SWg2 belongs to Pantoea sp. The 16S rDNA sequence phylogenetic analysis reveals that SWg2 appeared a sister lineage to P. agglomerans. The optimized culture conditions of strain SWg2 were liquid volume 20 mL in 100 mL flask, 170 r/min at 28 degrees C, inoculation size of 4% for 5 d with a medium of 2.0% glycerol, 2.0% NH4NO3, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.15% MgSO4 x 7H2O at initial pH of 7.5., Conclusion: The antagonistic endophytic strain SWg2 to mulberry bacterial blight was identified as P. agglomerans. SWg2 strain shows stronger antagonistic action to mulberry bacterial blight under optimized fermentation conditions.

Objective: To investigate the composition of culturable bacteria from soil of Grove Mountains, East Antarctica and analyze the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and antibacterial and antifugal activities of these culturable bacteria., Methods: We used spread plate method to obtain culturable bacteria. Phylogenetic relationship was analysed based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. We used plate method and agar block method to detect the production of extracellular enzymes and antibacterial and antifungal activities of these bacteria, separately., Results: We obtained a total of 39 isolates from all the soil samples. They belonged to 20 genera and grouped into Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus lineages, of which each group occupied 48.7%, 25.6%, 20.5%, 2.6%, 2.6% of the total, respectively. Bacillus was dominant. We isolated different strains from soil stored at different temperatures, and this may be explained as viable bacteria were different at diverse temperatures. Of the 39 isolates 33 showed the activity of producing at least one extracellular enzyme. Amylase-producing strains were the most (64.1%), 6 strains were able to inhibit the growth of at least one tested bacterium or fungus., Conclusion: Strains with extracellular enzyme activity and antibacterial and antifungal activity would contribute to the exploration of cold-active enzymes and antibacterial (antifungal) material in Antarctica.

Objective: We isolated Pseudomonas strains from soil samples collected from Changsha, Hunan province, catalogued them and studied the antimicrobial and antitumor activity., Methods: We isolated Pseudomonas strains from soil samples through Galleria bait method, identified and catalogued the isolated strains according to morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics and the homologous analysis of 16S rRNA sequences of nucleotides. Antimicrobial, antagonistic fungi and anti-tumor activities were studied by diffusion plate assay, dual-culture assay and cytotoxicity test respectively., Results: We isolated 5 Pseudomonas strains from vegetable field and forest land of Changsha suburb, catalogued and named them as Pseudomonas protegens CY01, Pseudomonas chlororaphis CY02, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans CY04, Pseudomonas sp. CY05 and Pseudomonas putida CY06 respectively. P. protegens CY01 and P. chlororaphis CY02 have antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtillis and Staphylococcus aureus. P. chlororaphis CY02 has antagonistic activity against Pyricularia oryzae and anti-tumor cell activity against mouse melanoma B16 cells., Conclusion: The isolated P. chlororaphis CY02 has a significant effect on pathogenic bacteria, Pyricularia oryzae and tumor cells.

Objective: The objective of the present study is to elucidate the effects of the application of cake fertilizer fermentation fluid with antagonistic bacteria and soil disinfectant chlorine dioxide on the occurrence of banana fusarium wilt disease and soil bacterium community., Method: Under the field cultivation conditions, the Biolog and T-RFLP method was used to investigate the soil bacterium diversity and community features in different treatments at different periods., Result: The results show that both cake fertilizer fermentation fluid with antagonistic bacteria and soil disinfectant could reduce disease index of banana fusarium wilt disease significantly, the highest control effect could reach 60.82% with the combined application of these two methods. The result of Biolog eco plate shows that the application of cake fertilizer fermentation fluid with antagonistic bacteria could improve soil microbial AWCD (average well color development) and population uniformity, the use of soil disinfectant significantly reduced the soil microbial population's abundance and the uniformity. Principal component analysis shows that the soil microbial population using carbon source had an increasing trend throughout the banana growing season, the main carbon sources in the early stage were amino acids, carboxylic acids, amphiphilic compounds and carbohydrates, and the increased main carbon sources in the later stage were carboxylic acids and amphiphilic compounds. Soil bacterial diversity analysis by T-RFLP shows that the treatments of cake fertilizer fermentation fluid with antagonistic bacteria had the highest bacterial TRFs (Terminal restriction fragment) fragments, which resulted from the increase of Flavobacterium, Pseudomona and Lactobacillus population in the soil., Conclusion: The application of cake fertilizer fermentation fluid with antagonistic bacteria combining soil disinfectant could increase antagonistic microorganisms species, enhance soil microbial diversity, improve soil microbial ecological structure on the basis of reducing pathogen in soil, finally achieve the goal of improving the control effects of banana fusarium wilt disease.

A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) application rates on the microbial functional diversity in faba bean rhizosphere and the relationships between the microbial functional diversity and the occurrence of faba bean fusarium wilt. Four nitrogen application rates were installed, i. e. , N0(0 kg hm-2 , N1 (56. 25 kg hm-2) , N2(112. 5 kg hm-2), and N3 (168.75 kg hm-2), and Biolog microbial analysis system was applied to study the damage of faba bean fusarium wilt and the rhizospheric microbial metabolic functional diversity. Applying N (N1 N2, and N3) decreased the disease index of faba bean fusarium wilt and the quantity of Fusarium oxysporum significantly, and increased the quantities of bacteria and actinomyces and the ratios of bacteria/fungi and actinomyces/fungi significantly, with the peak values of bacteria and actinomyces, bacteria/fungi, and actinomyces/fungi, and the lowest disease index and F. oxysporum density in N2. As compared with N0, applying N increased the AWCD value significantly, but the effects of different N application rates on the ability of rhizospheric microbes in utilizing six types of carbon sources had definite differences. Under the application of N, the utilization rates of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids by the rhizospheric microbes were higher. Principal component analysis demonstrated that applying N changed the rhizospheric microbial community composition obviously, and the carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids were the sensitive carbon sources differentiating the changes of the microbial community induced by N application. Applying N inhibited the utilization of carbohydrates and carboxylic acids but improved the utilization of amino acids and phenolic acids by the rhizospheric microbes, which could be one of the main reasons of applying N being able to reduce the harm of faba bean fusarium wilt. It was suggested that rationally applying N could increase the quantities of rhizospheric bacteria and actinomyces, alter the microbial metabolic function, and decrease F. oxysporum density, being an effective measure to control the occurrence of faba bean fusarium wilt.

Using 3-D fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMs), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), the composition and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from degradation products and inhibition mechanism of Streptomyces sp. HJC-D1 on Microcystis aeruginosa were studied. The results indicated that the growth of M. aeruginosa could be effectively inhibited by the fermentation broth of HJC-D1 and the removal efficiency was 72.6% +/- 5.5% with an addition dosage of 5% (see system for text). The main fluorescent material in DOM was humic-like acid, and the molecular weight of degradation products was around 1 000 Da. The cell structure of M. aeruginosa was damaged during the biodegradation process. With the results of TEM, the antialgal mechanism was speculated as following: M. aeruginosa cell walls are destroyed by antialgal bacterium, and organelles are released which resulted in the death of algae cell finally.

Objective: To isolate and screen antagonistic actinomyces strains with inhibitory activity on Setosphaeria turcica from soil., Method: Actinomycetes were isolated by Pour Plate method. Antagonistic actinomycetes were screened by confrontation culture, cylinder plate, suppression of mycelial growth and spore germination method in vitro. Strain BZ45 were identified by morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The fermentation condition was optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiment., Result: Strain BZ45 showed antagonistic to 8 plant pathogens. Its filtrate inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of Setosphaeria turcica CC9. Strain BZ45 belonged to Streptomyces spectabilis. The optimum culture conditions of strain BZ45 were with a medium of 1.5% fructose, 3.0% peptone, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.04% NaCl, 0.1% CaCO3 at initial pH of 7.2, liquid volume 50 mL in 250 mL flask, 200 rpm at 28 degrees C, inoculation size of 10% for 4 d., Conclusion: Strain BZ45 was identified as Streptomyces spectabilis and antagonistic against Setosphaeria turcica CC9.

An endophytic actinomycete strain St24 with acaricidal activity was isolated from the root-stem junction of tomato plants, with the taxonomic position of the strain and its control effect against gray mold disease investigated. The St24 was identified as Streptomyces vinaceus, and its broth's petroleum ether extracts could inhibit a variety of pathogens. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on Botrytis cinerea was the strongest, with the EC50 of inhibiting B. cinerea mycelia growth being 11.78 mg x L(-1). After treated with the extracts, the amount of the mycelia decreased, and the mycelia became crenate or broken, with the protoplast extravasated and the tuberculate malformation appeared. The B. cinerea culture treated with the extracts showed the maximum absorption at 260 nm, which was absent in the control, indicating that the St24 extracts increased the pathogens cell membrane permeability. Pot experiment showed that the extracts could protect tomato plants against B. cinerea. Foliar spraying the extracts at 100 mg x L(-1) had the best protective effect, with the controlling effect reached 94.3% after 24 h and 85.4% after 120 h.

Objective: We studied the algicidal mechanism of extracellular substances of algicidal bacteria strain BS03 (Microbulbifer sp.) on photosynthetic characteristics, antioxident enzyme system and cysteine-dependent aspartate specific protease-3 (Caspase-3) of Alexandrium tamarense., Methods: We tested photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency, antioxidant systems and caspase-3 activity in the algae cells treated with 0.5%, 1.0% , 1.5% and 2.0% BS03 cell-free filtrate after 12, 24, 36 and 48 h., Results: (1) The chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency Fv/Fm decreased with the increase of BS03 cell-free filtrate and treatment time. Carotenoids contents of A. tamarense cells treated with low BS03 (0.5% and 1.0%) cell-free filtrate were higher than the control. (2) Antioxident enzyme activities varied as treatment time and concentration. Malodialdehyde (MDA) contents increased significantly with BS03 cell-free filtrate treatment. (3) Caspase-3 protease activities of algal cells increased by BS03 cell-free filtrate., Conclusion: BS03 inhibited the photosynthesis whereas enhanced the lipid peroxidation of the cellular membrane of Alexandrium tamarense, indicating its algicidal activity.

The algicidal bacterium named B1 which was identified as Bacillus sp. was isolated from red tide water in Xiangzhou shipside of Zhuhai. The algicidal mode of algae-lysis bacterium B1 and the microstructure of algal cells in the algae-lysing process were studied. In order to explore the properties of extracellular algicidal substances, the sterile condensed bacteria-free filtrate was dialysed, sedimentated by ethanol, extracted by organic solvents and exposed in different heat and pH variations. The results showed that the sterile condensed bacteria-free filtrate could effectively dissolve Phaeocystis globosa (P. globosa), the removal rate was 94.9%, B1 excreted algae-lysing substances to inhibit the growth of algae indirectly. Algicidal process under the visual field of microscope demonstrated that the alga cell rounded and the cell wall lost integrity after 16 h, the algae cell lysed and cellular substances released after 56 h. The molecular weight of the extracellular algae-lysing components of B1 are less than 3 500, the algicidal substances have strong polarity and heat-tolerant, which still had a strong algae-lysing effect after being treated at 121 degrees C, and the removal rate was 92.6%. The algae-lysing ability was stronger while the pH value was kept at 9.0, ethanol can separate extracellular algae-lysing components from other components efficiently. The algae-lysing components may be non-bioactive molecules which contain acidic or alkaline groups, and may not be protein, nuclear acid and polysaccharides.

Objective: To investigate the inhibition of Streptococcus oligofermentans (So) on Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and the producibility of hydrogen peroxide by So under the influence of glucose concentration environment., Methods: The inhibition between So and Sm was observed by plating method under the different glucose concentration environment. The initial synthesis rates and production of hydrogen peroxide by So were determined under the different glucose concentration environment by 4-aminoantipyine-horseradish peroxidase method at A(510)., Results: Under 0, 10 and 50 mmol/L glucose environment, the inhibition of So on Sm was evident. When both Sm and So were inoculated at the same time, the ratio of inhibition area by bacterial membrane area was 0.202 ± 0.005, 0.467 ± 0.025, 0.468 ± 0.028 under 0, 10, 50 mmol/L glucose environment. When So was cultivated first and then Sm applied, the ratio was 0.394 ± 0.004, 0.811 ± 0.075 and 0.816 ± 0.007 under 0, 10 and 50 mmol/L glucose environment respectively. The inhibition under 10 and 50 mmol/L glucose environment were more significant than that under non-glucose environment. There was no significant difference between these two glucose concentrations (P > 0.05). The initial synthesis rates of H2O2 by So under the 10 mmol/L [(23.573 ± 0.263) µmo×L(-1)×min(-1)] and 50 mmol/L [(23.337 ± 0.473) µmol×L(-1)×min(-1)] glucose were higher than without glucose[(10.513 ± 0.516) µmol×L(-1)×min(-1)], P < 0.05. H2O2 was not detected in 1000 mmol/L glucose. However, the production of H2O2 by So under 0 mmol/L glucose was higher than other glucose concentrations (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The capability of the inhibition of So on Sm was affected by glucose environment and was much stronger under certain glucose concentrations (10, 50 mmol/L).

Twelve representative soil samples were collected from different altitudes on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain to study the distribution and characteristics of soil antagonistic actinomyces by using agar block method. There existed a great deal of soil antagonistic actinomyces in the study area. Among the 141 actinomycete strains isolated, 116 strains (82.3%) showed antagonism toward 12 target bacteria or fungi. The antagonistic strains at altitudes 800-1845, 3488, 3655, and 3670 m occupied 73.7% -86.8%, 81.3%, 78.9% and 82.3% of the total, respectively. 42.1% of the strains at altitudes 1200-2300 m and > 3400 m showed strong and broad spectrum antagonistic activity, suggesting that there was a great potential for the isolation of actinomycete strains with strong anti-biotic capability at these altitudes. 24.1% of the antagonistic actinomycetes showed antagonism against Staphyloccocus aureu, and 2.4%, 6.9% and 11.2% of them showed activity toward Verticillium dahliae in cotton, Phytophthora sp. in strawberry and Neonectria radiciccla in ginseng, respectively. This study showed that the soil actinomycete antagonistic potentiality (SAAP) could be used as a quantitative indicator to evaluate the potential of antagonistic actinomycete resources in soil.

An endophytic actinomycete strain Fq24 was isolated from healthy tomato plants. The acaricidal substances in the metabolites from Fq24 were collected and identified by the methods of extraction, column chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their bioactivities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus were measured with slide-dip and leaf-residue methods. Among the extracts, petroleum ether extract had high bioactivity in contact toxicity and oviposition deterrent against T. cinnabarinus. Its lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) was 52.57 mg x L(-1), and its oviposition deterrent concentration of 50% (ODC50) was 43.18 mg x L(-1). The identification with GC-MS showed that the main chemical component of fraction S11 was methyl hexadecanoate, whose molecular formula was C17H34O2, being one of the substances with acaricidal activity in the metabolites from Fq24. The 24 h corrected mortality rate of female mite at 5 mg x mL(-1) of methyl hexadecanoate was 78.3%, and the oviposition deterrent rate was 81.6%.

Objective: An antagonistic bacterial strain YB-3 against Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from soils., Methods: Antagonistic strains were isolated by a reporter strain method. YB-3 was identified based on morphology observation, physiological and biochemical characterizations, Biolog, G + C content and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The antagonistic spectrum and the properties of the inhibitor produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YB-3 against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria were investigated by means of plate two-way cultivation and disc diffusion method., Results: The strain YB-3 against Rhizoctonia solani was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The antagonistic results showed that it had distinctively inhibitive effects on 14 pathogenic fungi and 7 bacteria. In addition, it also had inhibitive effects on strains from genus Bacillus to which YB-3 belongs. Antagonistic properties of B. amyloliquefaciens YB-3 was thermostable, acid resistant, and protease sensitive., Conclusion: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YB-3 was isolated and characterized which had distinctively inhibitive effects on Rhizoctonia solani and had broad-spectrum, highly efficient to plant pathogens.

Objective: To study the antagonism of Trichoderma spp. to fungi S9(Fusarium solani)which caused root rot of Sophora tonkinensis and discuss the further develop prospects of microbial biological control in soil-borne diseases on Chinese herbal medicines., Methods: Antagonism of H2 (Trichoderma harsianum), M6 (Trichoderma viride) and K1 (Trichoderma koningii) to Fusarium solani were researched by growth rate and confront culture. And their mechanisms were discussed., Results: H2 and M6 had obvious competitive advantage, the growth rate of which were 1.43-2.72 times and 1.43-1.95 times as S9 respectively. The space competitive advantage of K1 was relatively weak; the growth rate was slower than S9. The antagonism of three species of Trichoderma spp. to S9 was in varying degrees. The antagonism to S9 of M6 and H2 was better,the inhibition rate were 100% and 82.35% respectively, even cultivated S9 for three days in advance. And their inhibition indexes were both reached class I. The inhibition index and inhibition rate of K1 was respectively 46.36% and class IV. The Trichoderma spp. could cause S9 mycelium to appear some phenomenon just like fracture, constriction reduced, digestion, etc. which were observed under the microscope., Conclusion: Trichoderma harsianum and Trichoderma viride showed the further develop prospects in the fight against soil-borne disease on Chinese herbal medicines.

A total of 98 isolates with antagonistic activity against Phytophthora capsici were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy pepper plants in the fields seriously infected by pepper Phytophthora capsicit, and two strains named as HL-3 and LZ-8 were screened, which had the characteristics of wide-spectrum antagonism and good growth under poor soil condition. The HL-3 and LZ-8 were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus pumilus, respectively, based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. The two strains could inhibit the mycelium growth of P. capsici, and the inhibitory effect of HL-3 and LZ-8 was 72% and 68%, respectively. The two strains also had antifungal activities toward other plant pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Rhizoctonia solani, Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotiana, and Ralstonia solanacearum. Pot experiment showed that the biocontrol effects of HL-3 and LZ-8 against P. capsici at the seedling stage of pepper were 72% and 83%, respectively, and both of the strains had significant growth-promoting effect on pepper plants.