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Short-growth-period rapeseed late sowing followed by low germination and seedling temperatures resulted in slow growth. Low temperature is one of the significant factors restricting the production of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in the Yangtze River basin, thus it is important to select new varieties of rapeseed that are tolerant to late sowing and has the trait of short-growth-period. In this study, 81 varieties of rapeseed were used as materials, and the effects of different low temperatures on seed germination period and seedling growth of oilseed rape were analyzed, with a view to screening late-sowing-tolerant short-growth-period materials. The results showed that low temperatures would lead to reduced seed germination rate, prolonged germination time, slowed down seedling growth, closed or reduced leaf stomata, and a significant decreased in the net photosynthetic rate of rapeseed. There was no significant correlation between traits at germination and seedling stage. Seed germination rate and shoot fresh weight significantly correlated with freezing survival rate at -2 to -6C, and the root system of rapeseed resources was sensitive to low temperatures at different levels. Though principle component analysis of the germination, net photosynthetic rate, freezing survival and total fresh weight occupied a relatively important position in the screening process of resources, which could be used as the main basis for evaluating late sowing tolerant rapeseed resources. 20 short-growth-period rapeseed resources were selected according to the comprehensive performance of each resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve low temperature tolerance of rapeseed, 10 rapeseed inbred lines with different level of low temperature tolerance were selected, and 25 combinations were generated by NC II incomplete bi-serial hybridization. Seeds of 10 parents and 25 combinations were germinated under normal condition (22°C) and low temperature condition (9°C), germination rate, germination potential, germination index, mean germination were investigated to analyze combining ability, genetic parameters and heterosis of various germination traits. Results showed that there were significant differences in germination traits in different hybrid combinations at 9T1, but not significant differences at 22°C. P2 (Ningyou 18), P7 (2007R13) and P10 (C18) had strong germination capacity at 9°C, and general combining ability(GCA) of each trait was higher. Hybrid combination generated by P2 (Ningyou 18), P7 (2007R13) and P10 (C18) had higher special combining ability (SCA) of each germination trait and strong heterosis at 9°C. GCA of these four traits in cultivar C18 was the highest, and cross (B018xHuyou 17) x C18 exhibited the highest of special combining ability (SCA). Analysis of genetic parameters showed that heritability of the relative germination index in the narrow sense was larger than that in the broad sense, and should be selected in the early generation. The narrow sense heritability of relative germination potential, relative germination rate and relative average germination time is low, while the broad sense heritability is relatively high, so it should be selected in the late breeding generation. The broad heritability and narrow heritability of germination index were the highest among the four traits. Overall, combining ability and genetic effects analysis of germination index during germination stage could be used to identify low temperature tolerance germplasm of rapeseed to improve the breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed is the major oil crop with the largest planting area in China. However, its productivity and cultivation area are severely affected by low temperature (LT) stress. This review summarized research progresses on evaluation of LT tolerance, molecular mechanisms of LT responses in rapeseed, and breeding of novel rapeseed variety with LT resistance. The application of genome wide association study (GWAS) and multi-omics in ongoing LTrelated research were highlighted, which had theoretical significance in exploring genetic resources for LT resistance, and elucidating regulation mechanism of LT response in rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid exerts numerous functions in plant growth and development such as components of biological membranes, carbon energy storage, protective tissue formation and resistance of pathogen infection. Lipid transport plays an important role in plant lipid metabolism. Plant lipids synthesis occurs in plastid and endoplasmic reticulum, where the generated lipid metabolic intermediates will be distributed to other compartments or out of the cells with different transport, via transporters, membrane contact sites, vesicular trafficking, or diffusion for lipid homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the recent research progress of the regulation mechanism of lipid transport a mong endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisome, or out of cells via diverse lipid transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fully understand Brassica germplasm of waterlogging tolerance, 270 rapeseed materials from rapeseed industrial systems were evaluated for waterlogging tolerance based on relative survival rate (RSR) at germination stage after 12h of waterlogging. The results demonstrated rich genetic diversity of waterlogging tolerance, and the tolerance varied evidently among different types of varieties. The waterlogging tolerance of Brassica rapa was much stronger than that of Brassica napus. Varieties of rapeseed in downstream region of Yangtze River were more tolerant than those in upstream and midstream regions, and the tolerance was not significant between varieties of upstream and midstream regions. Waterlogging tolerance of spring rapeseeds was stronger than those of winter and semi - winter rapeseeds. Compared to hybrid rapeseeds, conventional rapeseeds showed better tolerance to waterlogging. Based on this study, waterlogging breeding lines could be selected according to specific environments and growth periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique geographical and climatic conditions in the Three-River Headwaters Region gave birth to distinctive plant species and vegetation types. To reveal the spatial distribution of plant communities and soil habitats along the riparian zone of the Sanjiangyuan Region and their influencing mechanisms, 14 survey plots were set up （ten from the Yangtze River source, two from the Lancang River source, and two from the Yellow River source）, and the effects of soil nutrient characteristics （especially soil phosphorus morphology）, climate factors, and river topography on plant community characteristics were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the plant community composition in the riparian zone of the source of the three rivers was dominated by perennial herbs （72.2%）, followed by annual herbs （20.4%） and shrubs （7.4%）. The dominant plants were Stipa purpurea , Polygonum orbiculatum , Carex parvula , Potentilla anserina, and Gentiana straminea . The average plant coverage, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou index were （64.4% ±23.6%）, （1.31 ±0.42）, and （0.84 ±0.08）, respectively. The plant community diversity index was the highest in the Yangtze River source, followed by that in the Lancang River source, and the lowest in the Yellow River source. The soil pH of the riparian zone of the Yangtze River source was significantly higher than that of the Lancang River source, whereas the mean contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, and Fe-Al combined phosphorus were significantly lower than those of the Lancang River source. The calcium and magnesium-combined phosphorus was the main form of phosphorus in riparian soil （63.89%）. Temperature, soil organic phosphorus content, and pH had significant effects on plant composition in the riparian zone of the Three-River Headwaters Region, whereas soil calcium and magnesium-combined phosphorus content had significant effects on plant community diversities. These results may deepen the scientific understanding of the evolution trend and genetic mechanism of plant communities in the riparian zone of the Three-River Headwaters Region.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the common types and directions of root fractures of the maxillary first molar and the influence of root canal treatment on the prevalent sites of root fractures., Methods: A total of 274 maxillary first molars with root fractures diagnosed via cone beam computed tomography were included. The root fractures of nonendodontically and endodontically treated teeth were identified to be spontaneous and secondary root fractures, respectively. The sites, types, and directions of spontaneous and secondary root fractures were determined., Results: Among the spontaneous root fractures, the proportion of palatal root fractures (56.1%) was higher than those of mesial buccal root fractures (36.1%) and distal buccal root fractures (7.8%). Among the secondary root fractures, the proportion of mesial buccal root fractures (52.7%) was higher than those of palatal root fractures (36.5%) and distal buccal root fractures (10.8%). The distribution of predominant fracture sites was statistically significant ( P <0.05), and vertical root fracture was the most common type. Palatal and buccal roots were commonly fractured at the mesiodistal and buccal-palatal directions, respectively., Conclusions: This study provided an epidemiological basis for the clinical features of root fractures of the maxillary first molar. During the dia-gnosis and treatment of the maxillary first molar, the possibility of palatal root fractures should be considered. The occurrence of mesial buccal root fractures may be related to root canal treatment. Therefore, the risk of mesial buccal root fractures caused by iatrogenic factors should be minimized.

Objective: To explore the effectof tumor volume on pulmonary dose-volume parameters by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to provide a basis for pulmonary dose parameters in IMRT treatment.
 Methods: A total of 204 patients with NSCLC received IMRT were retrospectively analyzed from June, 2009 to October, 2013. The prescribed dose of planning target volume (PTV) for primary tumor was 60-66Gy (2.00-2.25 Gy, 27-33 times in all). The fractional volume percent of the lung received a dose >5 or 20 Gy (V5, V20), and absolute volume of lung received a dose <5 Gy (AVS5).The mean lung dose (MLD) in normal tissues were analyzed. Regression model curve was used to analyze them along with the change of primary tumor volume.
 Results: With the increase in lung tumor volume, the V5, V20 and MLD presented quadratic equation curve, and AVS5 presented logarithmic equation. When the tumor volume, less than a certain value (294.6, 283.2, 304.9 cm3, respectively), the V5, V20 and MLD increased with tumor size and presented an increased quadratic curve; when the tumor volume was higher than a certain value (294.6, 283.2, 304.9 cm3 respectively), the V5, V20 and MLD was declined. The AVS5 was declined in a logarithmic curve along with the increase of tumor volume.
 Conclusion: With the increase in lung tumor volume, the change in rule of V5, V20, MLD and AVS5 is not completely equivalent. When the tumor volume exceeds a certain boundary value (about 300 cubic centimeter), the corresponding tumor diameter is about 7-8 cm. In addition to the focus on pulmonary V5, V20 and MLD, we should also pay more attention to AVS5 restrictions in establishment of IMRT in NSCLC.

Objective To observe the effects of β-asarone on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells in BALB/c nude mice,and to study its possible molecular mechanism. Methods Gastric cancer MGC-803 cells were subcutaneously inoculated to nude mice for preparing transplanted tumor model. Totally 24 nude mice were then divided into the negative control group (model) , the positive control group (5-FU,25 mg/kg) , the high dose β-asarone group (100 mg/ kg) , the low dose β-asarone group (50 mg/kg) , 8 in each group. Corresponding medicines were adminis- tered to rats in respective group by gastrogavage, once per day for 10 successive days. The mice were sacrificed at the end of the intervention, and the tumor inhibition rate was calculated. The expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ( p-PI3K ) , serine/threonine kinase ( AKT) , phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase (p-AKT) were detected by Real-time PCR and Western Blot. Results Compared with the model group, the volume of transplanted tumor was obviously reduced in 5-FU group and β-asarone groups from day7 to day 11 (P <0.05). Protein and mRNA expressions of N-cadherin, Snail, p-PI3K, p-AKT decreased, and protein and mRNA expressions of E-cadherin increased in 5-FU group and β-asarone groups (P < 0. 05). Conclusions β-asarone could inhibit proliferation ability of gastric cancer cells, and its mecha- nism might be associated with down-regulating P13K/AKT signal pathway of gastric cancer cells and re- straining EMT of gastric cancer cells.

Objective: To observe the effect of Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Recipe (JYXR) on the tumor inhibition rate of subcutaneous transplanted tumor gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 in BALB/c nude mice, and to study its molecular mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy., Methods: Gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 was subcutaneously inoculated to nude mice for preparing transplanted gastric cancer models. Totally 32 BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into 4 groups according to random digit table, i.e., the negative control group, the positive control group, the high dose JYXR group, the low dose JYXR group, 8 in each group. Normal saline was administered to mice in the negative control group by gastrogavage. 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) at 2. 5 mg/kg was administered to mice in the positive control group by gastrogavage. JYXR at 85 and 43 g/kg was administered to mice in the high dose JYXR group and the low dose JYXR group by gastrogavage, once per day for 10 successive days. The effect of JYXR on the tumor inhibition rate of subcutaneous transplanted tumor was observed. Effects of JYXR on gene expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, and Cyclin D3 in transplanted tumor were observed by real-time PCR. Effects of JYXR on protein expression levels of Procaspase-3, Procaspase-8, Procaspase-9, cleaved-PARP, Beclin-1, and LC3B were detected using Western blot., Results: (1) Compared with the negative control group, the tumor weight was obviously reduced in the rest three groups (P <0. 05). The tumor weight was higher in the high dose JYXR group and the low dose JYXR group than in the positive control group (P <0. 05). (2) Results of RT-PCR indicated that, compared with the negative control group, expression levels of Bax were up-regulated, but expression levels of Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, and Cyclin D3 were down-regulated in the positive control group and JYXR groups (P <0. 05). The expression level of Fas was up-regulated in the positive control group and the high dose JYXR group (P <0. 05). Compared with the positive control group, expression levels of Fas, and Bax were all down-regulated, but expression levels of Bcl-2, Cyclin D2, and Cyclin D3 were all up-regulated in the high dose JYXR group and the low dose JYXR group (all P <0. 05). The expression level of Cyclin D1 was down-regulated in the high dose JYXR group, but it was up-regulated in the low dose JYXR group ( both P <0. 05). (3) Results of Western blot showed, compared with the negative control group, expression levels of Procaspase-3, Procaspase-8, and Procaspase-9 were down-regulated, but expression levels of cleaved-PARP, Beclin-1, and LC3B II were up-regulated in the high dose JYXR group and the low dose JYXR group (all P <0.05). Compared with the negative control group, expression levels of Procaspase-3, Procaspase-8, Procaspase-9, and LC3B II were down-regulated, but expression levels of cleaved-PARP, Beclin-1, and LC3B I were up-regulated in the positive control group (all P <0. 05)., Conclusions: JYXR showed significant inhibition on subcutaneous transplanted tumor gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 in BALB/c nude mice. Its mechanism might be associated with activating apoptosis and autophagy correlated factors.

Objective: To explore the inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde on invasion capacities of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435S and its relation with regulating the expression of miR-27a., Methods: The effect of cinnamaldehyde on invasive capacities of MDA-MB-435S was measured by Transwell matrigel invasion assay. The effect of miR-27a expression on invasive capabilities of MDA-MB-435S, the intervention of cinnamaldehyde in the miR-27a expression, and its relation with its effect on invasive capabilities were defected with liposome 2000 transinfection miRNA27a mimics/inhibitors, real time-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR), and Transwell chamber model., Results: Compared with the control group, the number of cells passing through the transwell chamber was more significantly reduced after treated by cinnamaldehyde for 12 h (P < 0.05). The miR-27a expression was 962.07 times and 40% of that of the control group after transinfected by miR-27a mimics and miR-27a inhibitors. After transinfected by miR-27a inhibitors, the number of cells passing through the transwell chamber was more significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The miR-27a expression of MDA-MB-435S was down-regulated by 12-h treatment of cinnamaldehyde (2(-deltaCt) = 0.56, 0.18, 0.18, respectively). The number of miR-27a mimics transinfection pretreated MDA-MB-435S cells passing through the transwell chamber increased more obviously than the number of un-pretreated MDA-MB-435S cells in the control group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Cinnamaldehyde could inhibit invasive capabilities of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435S. The over-expression of miR-27a played an important role in the invasive capability of MDA-MB-435S. The inhibition of cinnamaldehyde on invasive capabilities of MDA-MB-435S cells was correlated with down-regulating the expression of miR-27a.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of melittin and 5-Fu, DDP, and TXT on human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 and to primarily explore their possible mechanisms., Methods: Median effect analysis was employed to determine the interaction between melittin and 5-Fu, DDP, TXT by analyzing the relationship between fraction affected (FA) and the combination index (CI) acquired from the dose-effect curve. Expressions of chemotherapeutic agent-associated genes of BGC-823 cells with or without treatment were measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR., Results: (1) Both melittin and chemotherapeutic agents inhibited the growth of BGC-823. (2) For BGC-823 cells were acted by 5-Fu +melittin, when FA ranged between 0.35-0.75, CI was less than 1. For BGC-823 cells were acted by DDP + melittin, when FA ranged 0.55 or so, CI = 1; when Fa ranged below 0.55, CI was less than 1. For BGC-823 cells were acted by TXT + melittin, CI less than 1 could be seen in the whole interval. (3) After treatment suppressed were the expressions of chemotherapeutic agent-associated genes of BGC-823 cells such as thymidylate synthetase (TS), excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), beta-tubulin III (TUBB3), and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)., Conclusions: Melittin had a synergistic effect on the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. The possible mechanisms might be associated with down-regulating chemotherapeutic agent-associated genes.

Objective: To investigate the involvement of bone marrow stem cell-derived astrocytes (BMDSCs) in the formation of glia limitans after brain injury., Methods: In a female SD rat model of brain injury, green fluorescence protein (GFP)-labeled BMDSCs from male SD rats were transplanted via the caudal vein 24 h after the injury. The rats were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the transplantation, and immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was performed to observe the astrocytes. The fluorescence emitted by GFP was observed to identify the presence of the bone marrow-derived stem cells, and the GFAP(+)/GFP(+) cells in the glia limitnas were detected under fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The GFAP(+)/GFP(+) cells were found in the glia limitans between the brain lesion and normal brain tissue., Conclusion: Bone marrow stem cell-derived astrocytes is involved in glia limitans formation after brain injury, which can be of significance in brain injury recovery and implantation of engineered materials.

The extant Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golder Chamber) is less likely to originate directly from the section on miscellaneous diseases in the 16-volume Shanghanzabinglun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases) of ZHANG Zhong-jing which was complied in the early third century. It was, in fact, compiled in the Northern Song dynasty. All the extant editions of Jinguiyaolue, including Japanese editions, were derived from the five editions system complied from the Yuan dynasty to the Ming dynasty, belongs to the large character version. The small character version of Wu Qian's transcript that was recently discovered in the shanghai Library is different from the original system, and this is worthy of attention to. By comparison of Deng Zhen's version with We Qian's version, it was realized that the Northern Song government had not simply converted the large character version into the small character version, but revised it as large-scale for the second time.

Objective: To study the effect of compound macrostem onion capsule (CMOC) on products of arachidonic acid metabolism in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary artery hypertension rats., Methods: Sixty SD rats were divided into a control group, a model group, and three experimental groups in which the rats were fed with captopril, small dose single dosage, and large dose (double dosage) of CMOC, respectively. The rat model was made by MCT peritoneal injection. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the mean right ventricular pressure (mRVP) were measured. Thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) and 6-keto-prostaglandin Fia (6-K-PGFia) were determined by RIA method., Results: The mPAP in rats of the model group [(36.9 +/- 4.8) mm Hg, 1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa] was significantly higher than that of the control group [(16.4 +/- 2.1) mm Hg, all P < 0.01]. The mPAP in rats of the double dosage and single dosage of CMOC groups were (26.2 +/- 2.8) mm Hg and (27.9 +/- 2.8) mm Hg, respectively; both were significantly lower than those of the model group (all P < 0.01). TXB(2) in rats of the model group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), while 6-K-PGFia in the model group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01). TXB(2) in rats of the double dosage CMOC group was significantly lower than that of the model group, but 6-K-PGFia in rats of the CMOC groups was significantly higher than that of the model group (P < 0.05, < 0.01)., Conclusion: CMOC is effective in reducing pulmonary artery hypertension. Inhibition of TXB(2) and augmentation of 6-K-PGFia might be the underlying mechanisms.

Objective: To investigate the differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDSCs) migrated from blood circulation and resided in the injured brain tissue., Methods: Brain injury model was established by iridectomy in the right cerebral cortex of female SD rats. Twenty-four hours after brain injury, the female rats received the implantation of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-labeled BMDSCs from male SD rats and were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the implantation. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry for CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on the brain sections was used to detect the GFP-positive cells., Results: One week after the transplantation of the GFP-labeled BMDSCs, 3.53% of the peripheral blood white cells were GFP-positive; at 4 weeks and 8 weeks, a significant number of GFP-positive cells were found at the injury sites, some of which expressed CD11b and others expressed GFAP., Conclusion: GFP-labeled BMDSCs can migrate to the injured brain tissue and differentiate into cells that express microglia- and astrocytes-specific antigens.

The study is to establish the method of isolation and identification of bone marrow stromal cells and to investigate the ability of bone marrow stromal cells to accept and express TH gene. Cells were isolated by a density gradient (lymphocytes separation) and identified by BrdU labeling and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technology using CD11b, CD45 and CD90 antibodies. TH and lacZ gene were transfected to rBMSCs with an adeno-associated virus vector. The results showed that most tightly adherent cells in the primary culture were fibroblast-like and formed foci of two to four cells. The cells in the foci remained dormant for 2 to 4 days and then began to multiply rapidly. After several passages, the adherent cells became more uniformly spindle-shaped in appearance. BrdU, indicating that BMSCs replicate actively, labeled about 74.9% of cultured cells. Data from FACS showed that about 75% of isolated cells were CD90(+)/CD45(-)/CD11b(-), which is the marker of bone marrow stromal cells. The efficiency of TH gene transfection was about 75%. BMSCs could readily be genetically engineered and could be useful delivery targets of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease.