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Objective To explore the mechanism of Wnt5a on keratinocyte involved in the peripheral sensitization of complex regional pain syndrome type-Ⅰ (CRPS-Ⅰ) by regulating the expression of MMP9, and search for potential therapeutic strategies. Methods Cultured HaCaT cells were treated with oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R). The early stage of mitochondrial damage and membrane potential changes after OGD/R and the effects of Box5 (Wnt5a inhibitor) at different concentrations (20 μmol/L, 40 μmol/L) on MMP9 were explored. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into Control group(n=8), CPIP group (n=8), Box5 (20) group (n=8) and Box5 (40) group (n=8). The rat chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) model was established to mimic the pathophysiological process of CRPS-Ⅰ. Box5 (20) group and Box5 (40) group were treated with intraplantar injection of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L Box5 100 μL, respectively. The changes of mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were measured within two weeks, and the skin inflammatory infiltration and keratosis were observed by HE staining. The expression of MMP9 was observed by immunofluorescence, and the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in dorsal root ganglion of different groups were detected by ELISA. Results Vitro experiment: After OGD/R treatment, the mitochondrial atrophy was observed in OGD/R group under transmission electron microscope and the average fluorescence intensity of MMP9 was found to increase significantly (P

Objective To elucidate whether coffee consumption and caffeine intake was associated with various subtypes of pain based on extensive data from publicly accessible databases. Methods The information was extracted from three cycles of the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999—2000, 2001—2002, 2003—2004), encompassing data on coffee consumption, pain information, and 11 covariates (including age, gender, race, etc.). Multinomial logistic regression in three models were utilized for analysis. Results A total of 13 428 participants were included in this study, with a mean age of (49.79±19.06)years and a male-to-female ratio of 0.9∶1. Daily coffee intake: non-drinker 7794(58.0%), > 0-2 cups 2077(15.5%), > 2 cups 3557(26.5%); daily caffeine intake: without intake 7794(58.0%), > 0-200 mg 3152(23.5%), > 200 mg 2482(18.5%); pain situation: no pain or pain duration < 24 h 10 202(76.0%), acute pain 910(6.8%), subacute pain 369(2.7%), chronic pain 1947(14.5%). After weighting, 13 428 participants were expected to represent 190 million(190 709 157) U.S. citizens aged ≥20 years, and the overall prevalence of acute, subacute, and chronic pain in the U.S. population during that period was estimated to be 8%, 3%, and 16%, respectively. Without adjusting for covariates, individuals who consumed more than 2 cups of coffee or 200 mg of caffeine per day exhibited an elevated risk of chronic pain compared to non-coffee/caffeine drinkers, with an odds ratio of 1.354(95% CI: 1.187-1.544) and 1.372(95% CI: 1.185-1.587), respectively. After adjusting for partial covariates including age, sex, and race, individuals who consumed more than 2 cups of coffee or more than 200 mg of caffeine per day still demonstrated an increased risk of chronic pain with an odds ratio of 1.243(95% CI: 1.083-1.427) and 1.249 (95% CI: 1.072-1.456), respectively. However, after all covariates were adjusted, there was no significant association between coffee/caffeine consumption and chronic pain. Furthermore, the number of cups of coffee consumed or caffeine intake showed no significant correlation with acute and subacute pain. Conclusions Compared with nondrinkers, heavy daily coffee drinkers may be more likely to have chronic pain, but it is affected by multiple factors. Basic research and prospective clinical studies are needed to further determine the causality in this association.

Antimicrobial peptides have antibacterial effects on various pathogenic microorganisms, including natural antimicrobial peptides and synthetic antimicrobial peptides. According to the structure of natural antimicrobial peptides, synthetic antimicrobial peptides can be obtained by recombining different functional domains, adjusting the original amino acid sequence, or completely redesigning the peptides from scratch. Antimicrobial peptides can inhibit the growth of various cariogenic microorganisms and the formation of microbial biofilms. They also reduce acid production and acid resistance of microorganisms. Natural antimicrobial peptide genes can be used as genetic susceptibility markers for predicting the development of caries, thus, showing potential applications in the prevention and treatment of dental caries. The instability of natural antimicrobial peptides and the inability to achieve targeted sustained release limit their application in the prevention and treatment of oral caries. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides can enhance their stability and the antibacterial effect. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides can also be polymerized with common oral adhesives to reduce the incidence of microleakage after filling treatment for caries and to prevent the occurrence of secondary caries. The pH-sensitive antimicrobial peptides are slowly released to promote remineralization in the process of caries. However, the safety and biocompatibility of synthetic antimicrobial peptides are worse than those of natural antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, the combined effect of antibacterial peptides and anticaries drugs, such as fluoride, is still uncertain. Therefore, in this paper, we will review the design methods, application and underlying mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides to introduce novel methods and ideas for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.

The nano-SiC/AlSi7Mg mixed powder was prepared by mechanical mixing method. The specimens of nano-SiC particle reinforced AlSi7Mg composite were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The relative density, phase and microstructure were observed and analyzed, and the microhardness and tensile properties were tested. The results show that the relative densities of SLM nano-SiC/AlSi7Mg composite are increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of scanning speed and scanning space, and the maximum relative density reaches 99.75%. The microstructure of specimens is similar to that of SLM-formed Al-Si alloys, and the network-structured Si phase is uniformly embedded in the α-Al matrix. There are nano-SiC agglomerates and Mg2Si phase in the α-Al matrix, which has a similar distribution to Si. Compared with AlSi7Mg, the microstructure of specimens is changed from columnar to equiaxed grain, and the grains are significantly refined (the average grain size is 1.36 μm). Due to the addition of SiC, grain refinement strengthening and solid solution strengthening are produced, and the hardness and strength of composite are significantly improved. The hardness, tensile strength and yield strength reach 137.3HV, 448.3 MPa and 334.7 MPa, respectively. However, the elongation is reduced to 3.9%, and the fracture mode is mainly brittle fracture.

The single-lap joints with different overlap lengths were bonded by carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminate, and their failure load, fracture process and strain fields were characterized by digital image correlation (DIC) and universal testing machine. The effects of overlap length on the tensile properties, fracture process, strain distribution and failure characteristics of single lap joints were studied. The results show that with the development of overlap length, the average shear strength of joints is decreased firstly and then tends to be stable. The secondary bending effect of joints caused by the eccentric load during the stretching process becomes more significant with the increase of overlap length, the end deformation of the lap area is increased, and the initial failure position of joints changes from one end to both ends of the lap area. The strain concentration area at the end of the front and side of joints transitions from asymmetric to symmetric. The peeling stress of joints gradually is increased, and the main failure mode between layers is changed from shear to peeling failure. The failure mode of joints go through the process from interface and slight fiber tearing to mixed failure and then to delamination.

【Background】 The eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia is thought to be one of the most suitable “golden zones” for wine grape in the world, and a large-scale grape cultivation corridor has been proposed to be built with drip irrigation tipped as the most suitable irrigation method in this region. While the benefits of different drip irrigation methods to grape growth have been studied, most of them focused on comparison with traditional furrow irrigations under different irrigation amounts. In contrast, there is a paucity of studies on how different drip irrigation methods and irrigation amounts combine to affect wine grape growth and the fruit quality. 【Objective】 Considering gravel texture of the soil in this region, this paper is to plug this gap in attempts to find the most suitable irrigation amount and drip irrigation system for industrial-scale production of wine-grape in this region. In particular, we focus on how different drip irrigation methods and irrigation amounts impact growth, yield and quality of the wine grape. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a field, and it considered three factors: mulching, drip irrigation method and irrigation amount. Combining the first two factors, there were three irrigation methods: drip irrigation without mulching (A1), drip irrigation above the mulching film (A2) and drip irrigation underneath the mulching film. Added to these three irrigation methods were three irrigation amounts: high (W1), middle (W2) and low (W3). Overall, there were nine treatments which were designed using the randomized block experiment. In each treatment, we measured growth, photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality of the wine grape. 【Result】 Both mulched drip irrigation and increasing irrigation amount can promote growth and development of the wine grape, with the average new shoot length and stem diameter increasing by 4.49% and 6.77%, respectively, compared to drip irrigation without mulch. With irrigation amount increasing, both the 100-fruit weight and yield of the grape increased gradually, with average yield of the drip irrigation underneath and above the film increasing by 48.26% and 20.26% respectively, compared to irrigation without mulch. The sugar acid ratio of the grape irrigated underneath the film was in the range of 35.23~43.32, more reasonable than those under other drip irrigation methods. 【Conclusion】 With annual rainfall of only 126.3 mm, irrigating 2 295 m3/hm2 of water in 5~7 times with the much film covering the drip emitters is optimal for growth, yield and quality of the wine grape grown in the gravel soils in eastern foot of the Helan Mountain.

The 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road is an important part of China’s new landscape of all-round opening-up,responding to the joint demands of both China and many countries in Southeast Asia,South Asia and Africa.This paper examines countries and regions along the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road and makes an in-depth study of their typical economic conditions,opportunities for cooperation with China,as well as related existing problems.There are opportunities in five areas for China to further cooperate with relevant countries and regions; industrial investment,infrastructure investment,resource development,overseas economic & trade zones and maritime economic development.There are also three outstanding problems; poor coordination among executive agents,insufficient financial support and lack of a sound and complete talent team.This paper offers several suggestions concerning the construction of the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road to better fit the national conditions and joint demands of China and the countries and regions involved.

Objective To analyze and compare the characteristics and influencing factors of seeking medical treatment for patients with chronic diseases of different ages in China. Methods The cross-sectional data of China Family Panel Studies (CF-PS) in 2018 were used to select patients with chronic diseases as the study subjects (n=5 231), including 18-44 years old, 45-59 years old, 60-74 years old, and over 75 years old. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results In urban areas, about 60% or more of patients with chronic diseases generally chose to go to the hospital for medical treatment. Multivariate regression analysis showed that patients aged 75 and above were more likely to go to the hospital than those aged 60 to 74 years old. In the subgroup analysis of young, middle -aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases, there were differences in the effects of education level, employment, and income level on the choice of location. In rural areas, about 50% of young, middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases generally chose to seek treatment in primary health care institutions. Multivariate regression analysis showed that in rural areas, chronic patients aged 18-59 were more likely to go to hospital than those aged 60-74 (18-44: 0R=1.50, 95%C%: 1.00-2.24, 45-59: 0R=133, 95%C%: 1.05-1.70). In the subgroup analysis of young, middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases, there were differences in gender, education level, marital status, region, income level, health status, depression status and other factors, while the influence of work status on site selection was similar. Conclusion In urban and rural areas, the factors affecting the location choice of chronic diseases of different ages vary. It is suggested to improve the understanding and trust of middle-aged and young people to primary medical institutions, and the advantages of primary medical institutions in providing comprehensive and continuous chronic disease management services should be further consolidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sediment-carrying capacity is reduced due to the rise of water level and the reduction of velocity, which leads to sedimentation in the reservoir, especially in front of the dam. Therefore, the storage capacity, flood control ability, and power generation are reduced, which affects reservoir functions and economic efficiency owing to reservoir sedimentation. The main measures to solve the problem of reservoir sedimentation include dredging in reservoir, reducing inflow sediment realized by soil protection and vegetation, as well as reservoir operation management such as "storing clear water and discharging muddy flow", and sediment discharging by heterogeneous flow, etc. In this paper, a normal funnel device with the smooth surface that has arbitrary order derivative is designed for discharging sediment in reservoir. The Euler two-phase flow near the normal funnel is numerically simulated with the Realizable k-e turbulence model on rectangle and O-type grids. Numerical model is tested by data on experiment flow that carried out in flume. The flow velocities, vorticities and sediment phase concentrations are analyzed under different boundary conditions. Research shows that velocity gradient is large in normal funnel, and phase concentration contours display the V-shaped asymmetrical distribution. Three large vorticity areas appear in the front edge, the left and right rear sides of the normal funnel. The large flow velocities and small resistance appear near the wall of the normal funnel. The average sediment concentrations at the output of the normal funnel are 0.462, 0.521 and 0.558 under three boundary conditions. The average vorticity is reduced by 25.8%-27.2%, the efficiency of discharging sediment remarkably increases with 15.2%-16.5% in contrast to the cone funnel. It demonstrates that the normal funnel is more favorable than the cone to smoothing flow, reducing energy dissipation, enhancing the capacity of sediment transport and discharging sediment outwards reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of refined nursing management on relieving the negative emotions of patients undergoing chemotherapy after surgical excision of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Methods Totally 182 patients undergoing chemotherapy after surgical excision of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were randomly divided into the control group and study group, with 91 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing management during treatment, and the study group received refined management based on the routine nursing interventions. The negative emotions, fatigue, quality of life and satisfaction with nursing service were measured and compared between two groups. Results Scores of Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) in the study group were lower than those in the control group after intervention(P＜0. 01). The Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) score in the study group were lower than that in the control group after intervention(P＜0. 01). The Short-Form 36-Item Questionnaire (SF-36) score in the study group was higher than that in the control group after intervention(P＜0. 01). The nursing satisfaction score in the study group was higher than that in the control group after intervention (P＜0. 05). Conclusion Refined nursing management is effective to relieve the negative emotions and cancer-related fatigue of patients undergoing chemotherapy after surgical excision of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, improve patients’ quality of life and satisfaction by kinship care. (目的 探究超细化护理干预在肝内胆管癌术后化疗患者中的应用。方法 选取医院2023年1月—2024年1月收治的182例肝内胆管癌术后化疗患者为本次研究对象, 采用随机数字表法分为对照组(n=91)和试验组(n=91)。对照组进行常规护理, 试验组在常规护理基础上增加超细化护理干预。比较两组患者负性情绪、疲乏程度、生活质量和护理满意度。结果 干预后试验组患者焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分低于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。干预后试验组癌因性疲乏量表(CFS)评分低于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。干预后试验组健康状况调查简表(SF-36)评分高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。试验组护理满意度高于对照组 (P＜0. 05)。结论 超细化护理干预能够帮助肝内胆管癌术后化疗患者改善负性情绪, 减轻癌因性疲乏, 提高生活质量, 并通过亲情式细化服务提高患者满意度。)

In the present state of geography, this study proposes a deep integration of physical and human geography. It involves the integration of knowledge from these two sub-disciplines of geography. Notably, it extracts the integrated thinking of liberal arts and science from the deep integration of physical and human geography. This serves as the focal point of geographical innovation, demonstrating its distinctive allure through three key aspects: Geography is considered as a basic applied discipline with ontological cross connection of liberal arts and science. Establishing an ontological integration of liberal arts and scientific perspectives enhances academic literacy for geographers. The innovation in higher education of geography aims to nurture a new generation of geography talents by integrating liberal arts and scientific thinking. Geographical innovation is primarily rooted in the deep integration of physical and human geography. Thus, geography emerges as an irreplaceable discipline for addressing several issues involving the national economy and social development. With its distinctive allure, geography proudly takes its place among the sciences.

As a crucial component of urban development and territorial space resources, the urban underground space plays an increasingly important role in the new development stage. This study analyzes the new demand and challenges in the new development stage and proposes development strategies of the urban underground space accordingly. Based on the characteristics and requirements of the new development stage, this study analyzes the strategic demand for urban underground space utilization from the perspectives of territorial space planning system, green and low-carbon resilience concepts, and urban renewal modes. Subsequently, it proposes a series of new challenges to be addressed for urban underground space development in the new development stage. These challenges include the deficiency in territorial resource investigation and assessment, ambiguity in underground bearing capacity, deficiency in exploiting the low-carbon and resilient potentials of the urban underground space, and imbalance in resource allocation and ambiguity in development mechanism of the infrastructure. Furthermore, eight priority tasks and corresponding development suggestions are proposed from the aspects of legal and administrative system development, smart management of resources, planning theories and methods, data-driven paradigm, deep space utilization, spatial reconfiguration of built space, integral development of new areas, and regulation of metro-led space. This study is expected to provide insights for the legislation, planning, construction, and management of the urban underground space.

Objective To investigate the effect of care bundles based on the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery in perioperative nursing of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods A total of 260 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into observation group (n=130, received routine nursing care) and control group (n=130, received care bundles based on the concept of enhanced recovery). Postoperative recovery condition, incidence of complications and postoperative pain were compared between the two groups. Results At 2, 6 and 24 h after surgery, the Visual Analogue Scale of pain in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, with a significant difference(P＜0. 05). The time to first postoperative exhaustion, time to off-bed activities and hospital stays in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group (P＜0. 05). The incidence of vomiting, incision infection, and bile leakage in the control group was significantly higher than that in the observation group, with a significant difference (P＜0. 05). Conclusion The application of care bundles based on the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery are conducive to the postoperative recovery of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as well as the improvement of postoperative quality of life. (目的 探讨基于加速康复外科理念的集束化干预措施在腹腔镜胆囊切除患者围术期护理中的应用效果。方法 选取2021年1月—2023年1月某三甲肝胆专科医院收治的260例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者为研究对象, 随机分为两组: 对照组(n=130)围手术期间给予常规护理; 观察组(n=130)实施基于加速康复外科理念的集束化干预措施。比较两组术后恢复情况、并发症发生率以及术后疼痛情况。结果 术后2 h、6 h、24 h观察组患者疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分低于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。与对照组相比, 观察组患者术后排气时间、下床时间和住院天数均缩短, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。对照组呕吐、切口感染与胆漏发生率高于观察组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。结论 基于加速康复外科理念的集束化干预措更有利于患者术后康复, 提高术后生活质量 。)

[Objective] This study aimed to improve the water solubility of propolis, and expand the application of propolis in food industry. [Methods] By utilizing the film dispersion method, propolis liposome was prepared with cholesterol and soy lecithin as the wall material and propolis as the core component. The optimal preparation process for propolis liposome was optimized through a combination of one-factor experiments and response surface methodology with the encapsulation rate as the test index, and its antioxidant activity was also analyzed and evaluated. [Results] The optimal process for preparing propolis liposome consisted of 2.5 g/100 mL soy lecithin, a cholesterol to soy lecithin ratio of 1∶10.3, and a cholesterol to propolis ratio of 1∶3.8. These optimized conditions resulted in a high encapsulation rate of 93.09% for propolis liposome. In addition, it was found that the scavenging efficiencies of the 50 μL/mL propolis liposome were 88.60%, 60.53%, and 82.25% for clearance of DPPH radicals, ABTS+ radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, respectively. [Conclusion] The prepared propolis liposome has high encapsulation efficiency, good water solubility and good antioxidant capacity.

To improve the interface bonding strength between the substrate and phases in the Ag-based composite, the silver-coated NbSe2 and silver-coated Ti0.09Nb0.91Se2 particles were synthesized by chemical reduction method, and the Ag-based composites were prepared by powder metallurgy. The results show that, the silver particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the transition metal selenides, and the Ti0.09Nb0.91Se2 particles show the better coating effect. After covering the Ag coating, the contact between the transition metal selenides and the metal matrix silver is increased, leading to the better wettability and the smaller repulsive force between Ag and the transition metal selenide. Moreover, the possibility of the transition metal selenide decomposition in the Ag-based composite materials is greatly reduced after the Ag coating. The densification of the Ag-based composite materials is improved and the interface bonding strength between the Ag substrates and the transition metal selenides is enhanced. Compared with the Ag-based composites with the uncoated NbSe2, the friction properties of the Ag-based composites containing the silver-coated transition metal selenides decrease slightly.

Objective To observe the effect of health education based on the theory of knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP)on mental health and quality of life in patients with newly diagnosed primary liver cancer. Methods Totally80 patients with primary liver cancer were selected as the study object, and 80 patients were randomly divided into control group (n=40) and the observation group (n=40). All patients received routine care and health guidance during the treatment, and patients in the observation group received KAP-based health education. A self-designed questionnaire was used to evaluate the patients’ knowledge, attitude and practice about disease. Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to measure the psychological status of patients. The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to assess the patient quality of life. Results Dimensional scores of knowledge, attitude and practice in the observation group were higher than those in the control group after intervention( P＜0. 01). The SAS and SDS scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group after intervention( P＜0. 01). Scores of physical, psychological and social dimension in the observation group were higher than those in the control group after intervention( P＜0. 01). Conclusion KAP-based health education can effectively improve the mental health and quality of life of patients with newly diagnosed primary liver cancer. (目的 观察基于知信行理论的健康教育对首次诊疗原发性肝癌患者心理状态及生活质量的影响。方法 选取2022年5月—2023年5月在医院首次就诊治疗的原发性肝癌患者80例为研究对象, 随机分为对照组(n=40)和观察组(n=40)。治疗期间, 对照组接受常规护理和健康教育指导, 观察组在对照组基础上联合知信行健康教育。采用自制问卷调查患者疾病知信行水平, 采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)评估患者心理状态, 采用世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表( WHOQOL -BREF) 评价患者生存质量。结果 干预后, 观察组知信行问卷量表知识、态度和行为评分均高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。干预后, 研究组患者SAS、SDS评分均低于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。干预后, 观察组患者WHOQOL－BREF量表生理、心理和社会关系维度者评分均高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。结论 基于知信行理论的健康教育能有效改善首诊原发性肝癌的心理状态, 提高生活质量。)

Objective To investigate the application effect of establishment of chief nurse position in training of newly recruited nurses. Methods The chief nurse position was established for the duty management of newly recruited nurses. Totally 45 newly recruited nurses who participated in the clinical practice after establishment of chief nurse position were included as the study, another 45 newly recruited nurses who received routine clinical teaching and practice were included as the control group. The nurses’ job satisfaction, anxiety states and turnover intention were measured and compared between two groups. Results In job satisfaction assessment, scores of Work-Family Balance, Relationship with colleagues, control and responsibility; Being Praised and Recognized and Responsibility Assignment items in the study group were higher than those in the control group respectively(P＜0. 05). The Self-rating Anxiety Scale in the study group was lower than that in the control group(P＜0. 05). The rate of turnover intention in the study group was lower than that in the control group(P＜0. 05). Conclusion The establishment of chief nurse position, by increasing job security, is effective to improve the nurses’ confidence and quality of nursing practice, reduce the fear of working independently and turnover intention, enhance the nursing safety in nursing practice. (目的 探讨科室总护士岗位设立在新入职护士值班管理中的应用效果。方法 科室通过设立总护士岗位加强新入职护士值班管理, 采用目的抽样法将本科室2020年7月—2022年7月设立总护士岗位以来培养的45名新入职护士作为研究组, 选取医院其他科室2020年7月—2022年7月以传统带教方式培养的新入职护士45名作为对照组。采用护士工作满意度量表、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、离职意愿量表进行对比分析。结果 度评价条目8个条目中, 工作与家庭平衡、与同事关系、控制与责任、被称赞与被认可和职责分配条目研究组得分高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。研究组SAS量表评分低于对照组(P＜0. 01)。研究组离职意愿比例低于对照组(P＜0. 05)。结论 设立科室总护士岗位能够增加新入职护士安全感, 提高了护士工作的自信心和护理工作质量, 降低新入职护士对独立值班的恐惧, 降低新入职护士的离职率, 提高独立值班中的护理安全。)

Objective By studying the relationship between outpatient experience and satisfaction, loyalty, and recommendation, find out the current factors affecting the medical experience of outpatient, and improve the overall service quality of the hospital. Methods Using indicators of Outpatient Experience Questionnaire (OPEQ), Patient Experience With Medical care (PEES-50) and other questionnaires, a model of the relationship between patient experience and satisfaction, loyalty, and recommendation was built, and expected satisfaction degree was considered as an intermediary variable to study the interaction between model variables. Results Outpatient experience directly affected their satisfaction and recommendation for hospital services, and indirectly affects satisfaction, loyalty and recommendation through expectation satisfaction. Conclusion The key to improving patient experience lies in improving the quality of hospital services and management, and providing quantitative support for improving the quality of hospital services. (目的 研究门诊患者体验感与满意度、忠诚度、推荐度之间的关系, 找出当前影响门诊患者就诊体验的因素, 提升医院整体的服务质量。方法 便利选取300名门诊就诊患者, 采用门诊患者体验量表(OPEQ)、患者体验医疗服务质量评价表(PEES-50)等问卷指标, 对患者体验感与满意度、忠诚度、推荐度之间的关系构建模型, 并加入中介变量期望满足度, 以确定变量之间的影响作用。结果 门诊患者体验感直接影响其对医院服务的满意度与推荐度, 还通过期望满足度间接影响满意度、忠诚度与推荐度。结论 提高患者的体验感关键在于提高医院的服务与管理质量, 为提升医院服务质量提供量化支撑。)

The embodied carbon emission limit is a key parameter for quantitatively regulating carbon emissions from building structures and facilitating the achievement of carbon reduction targets. Starting from the social carbon emission reduction pathway toward carbon neutrality, a carbon emission reduction target decomposition approach is proposed based on the proportions of newly built and existing buildings in building structure retention and demand, which provides limit presetting references for existing structure maintenance and new structure design. Then, the expected development scenarios of building construction in China are established referring to the carbon peaking and neutrality goals in China, and correspondingly, the carbon emission limits for four typical scenarios, i. e., maintaining the status quo, conventional expectation, regulating demolition, and reduction expectation, are respectively evaluated to be 442.6 kg CO2e·m-2, 456.2 kg CO2e·m-2, 485.9 kg CO2e·m-2, and 616.0 kg CO2e·m-2 (the designed service life is 50 years). Besides, the expected trends of carbon emission limits during the year 2022 and 2060 have also been estimated, and the contributions of emission reduction measures, including the amount regulation of newly built structures and the lifespan extension of existing structures, to the relaxation of carbon emission limits for individual structures have been clarified. Furthermore, suggestions for research related to carbon emission limit are provided from the aspects of probabilistic regulation, quantification of regional characteristics, feasibility of the target achievement, and data-driven refinement.

Objective To investigate the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in nursing of patients undergoing simultaneous operation for colon cancer and liver metastasis. Methods To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 100 patients undergoing simultaneous operation for colon cancer and liver metastasis, and summarize the nursing measures based on ERAS. Results There was a case of liver failure, a case of biliary leakage and a case of intestinal fistula reported after surgery. All patients were discharged from hospital excepted for a case of death caused by hepatic failure. The length of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 24 days, with a median of 14 days. Conclusion The evidence-based ERAS optimizes the routine care, which has positive influence on relieving the negative emotion, preventing postoperative complications and improve the recovery of patients. (目的 探讨快速康复外科理念在结肠癌肝转移同期手术患者护理中的应用效果。方法 收集100例结肠癌肝转移同期手术患者的临床资料, 总结基于快速康复外科理念开展的护理措施, 记录干预结果。结果 100例患者中术后发生肝功能衰竭1例, 胆漏1例, 肠瘘1例, 除肝功能衰竭导致死亡1例外, 其余均顺利出院。患者住院时间10～24 d, 中位住院时间14 d。结论 快速康复外科理念在循证医学的基础上优化了常规护理内容, 对缓解结肠癌肝转移同期手术患者负性情绪、预防并发症和促进早日康复有着积极的作用。)

Objective To investigate the perception and needs for teaching of hepatology critical care among newly recruited nurses, and to provide reference for implementation of scene simulation training method in clinical teaching of critical care hepatology. Methods Convenience sampling was used to enroll 70 newly recruited nurses in the Department of Hepatology. A survey of using self-made questionnaire about perception and needs for scene simulation teaching was conducted. Results Five items with highest score was improving the first-aid ability in management of critical illness (4. 43±0. 50), improving the first-aid experience(4. 40±0. 55), enhancing the theory knowledge about critical care medicine(4. 39±0. 62), practicing skills of linking theory to practice(4. 31±0. 50)and improving motivation(4. 30±0. 60). Nurses had the highest demand for training of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage management, and 91. 43% of nurses hoped to have more training opportunities, and duration of training would be 40～60 min per course. Conclusion The findings of the survey indicated a higher level of cognition on scene simulation teaching of critical care hepatology among newly recruited nurses, and there was an urgent need of first-aid knowledge and skills training. A purposive training program using scene simulation teaching method should be carried out in clinical teaching of critical care hepatology, in order to improve newly recruited nurses’ emergency and critical care skills and ability to deal with emergencies. (目的 调查分析新入职护士对肝脏疾病急危重症教学认知状况及需求, 为进一步开展肝脏疾病急危重症情景模拟教学培训提供参考。方法 采用方便抽样法, 应用自制新入职护士对肝脏疾病急危重症情景模拟教学认知及需求调查问卷, 对医院2020年1月—12月肝脏疾病科室新入职的70名护士进行问卷调查。结果 急危重症情景模拟教学的认知调查中得分最高的前5项分别是: “提高临床急危重症急救技能操作能力”得分(4. 43±0. 50)分, “提高临床急救经验”得分(4. 40±0. 55), “增加对急危重症理论知识的巩固”得分(4. 39±0. 62), “锻炼理论联系临床实际的能力”得分(4. 31±0. 50), “提高主观能动性”得分(4. 30±0. 60)。对急危重症情景模拟教学的技能培训需求结果显示“上消化道出血”位列第一, 91. 43%新入职护士希望参加相关培训, 培训时间以40～60min最为适宜。结论 新入职护士对肝脏疾病急危重症情景模拟教学整体认知度高, 对急危重症情景模拟相关急救知识技能培训需求较高。科室培训应有针对性地开展肝脏疾病急危重症情景模拟培训方案, 进一步提升新入职护士的急危重症急救技能, 使其掌握操作流程, 提高应急处置能力。)

Objective To explore the relationship between subjective well-being and self-efficacy among primary liver cancer patients after surgery, and provide scientific basis for clinical nursing intervention measures. Methods By convenience sampling, 100 patients were selected and investigated by the General Well-being Schedule(GWB), Hamilton Anxiety scale)HAMA and General Self-efficacy Scale(GSES). Results Postoperative liver cancer patients had a low level of subjective well-being(65. 04±6. 83). The score of anxiety status was (29. 02±4. 26), and all patients experienced different level of anxiety. The score of self-efficacy was(33. 98±6. 69). The subjective well-being was negatively related to anxiety level (P

Objective To investigate the psychological stress of newly recruited nurses in a specialist hospital for hepatobiliary diseases and related countermeasures. Methods A descriptive, phenomenological study was conducted and a purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit 100 newly recruited nurses in a specialist hospital for hepatobiliary diseases. The Self-Report Symptom Inventory(SCL～90) was used to investigate the psychological stress of newly recruited nurses, and potential causes and countermeasures were analyzed. Results There were 35 (35. 00%)nurses who had SCL～90 score of 160 or more. Findings showed that there was a significant difference in scores of somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity and depression between newly recruited nurses and Chinese norms(P＜0. 01). Conclusion Newly recruited nurses experienced moderate to high level of psychological stress. Targeted coping strategies should be carried out to relieve the psychological pressure from work and improve the nursing quality. (目的 探讨肝胆专科医院新入职护士心理压力状况和相关应对措施, 为改善肝胆专科医院新入职护士心理压力状况和应对方式提供参考依据。方法 采取目的抽样法, 选取2021年1月—12月100例新入职护士为调查对象, 采取症状自评表(SCL-90)评定心理压力状况, 并进行原因分析。结果 100例被调查对象中有35(35. 00%)例SCL-90总分≥160分。与全国常模比较, 肝胆专科医院新入职护士在躯体化、强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁等得分差有统计学意义(P＜0. 01)。结论 肝胆专科医院新入职护士心理压力大。建议采取有效的应对方式, 以减缓新入职护士工作压力, 提高护理质量。)

A method of spontaneous deposition of 210Po on a silver disc was used to prepare the standard plane source in a 210Pb solution. The prepared source was measured by an alpha spectrometer. There was a unique alpha peak of 5.304 MeV with a full width at half maximum of 23.92 keV in the measured spectrum. A plateau length of about 1000 V was given in the plateau curve measued with a multi-wire proportional counter. The determined surface emission rate was 2.565 ×104 min-1 at JAN. 3RD , 2019, with the extended uncertainty of 2.7% (k=2). Some MPC9604 gas-flow low background gross alpha and gross beta counters were used to test the source according to the verification regulation JJG 1100-2014. All the α detection efficiencies were not less than 77%, the repeatability within 1.5% and the α interference to β channel not greater than 2.5%. It’s showed that the prepared source was in good quality and performance to meet the calibration of gas-flow low background gross alpha and gross beta counters.

Objective To investigate the expression of CD248 (endosialin) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues and its clinical significance. Methods We collected fresh specimens from 17 ccRCC tissues and adjacent tissues, as well as paraffin specimens from 115 ccRCC tissues and adjacent tissues. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of CD248 mRNA in 17 cases of ccRCC tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the level of CD248 protein in paraffin-embedded specimens of 115 ccRCC patients. The correlation of CD248 expression with clinicopathological indicators and prognosis of ccRCC patients were analyzed. Results Compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues, CD248 mRNA expression (P=0.0026) and the average tissue immune response score (P=0.0061) were significantly higher in ccRCC specimens. The positive signal of CD248 protein was localized in the cytoplasm and part of the nucleus. The overall survival (OS) of high CD248 expression group was significantly lower than that of low CD248 expression group (44.4 vs. 57.2 months, P=0.017). Conclusion CD248 expression may be involved in the development of ccRCC. Compared with adjacent tissues, CD248 is highly expressed in ccRCC tissues. ccRCC patients with high CD248 expression have shorter survival time.

In order to reduce the vibration and possible damage in the shipping process,introducing negative stiffness in the vibration isolator,broadening the vibration isolation frequency,reduce the starting vibration isolation frequency,at the same time,proposed a nonlinear speed feedback control method of active control is used to suppress resonance. the research results show that the vibration isolator has good low frequency vibration suppression,high frequency of the vibration isolation effect,it can effectively reduce the vibration harm of missile;Linear velocity feedback combined with cubic velocity feedback can effectively suppress resonance and reduce the effect of non-resonance isolation.

Objective To understand the feelings of patients undergoing surgical re-resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods Open-ended interviews were conducted with seven patients undergoing surgical re-resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma, and a qualitative phenomenological methodology was used to construct themes depicting patients' experiences. Results Four themes were extracted: mixed emotional experience , excessive psychological pressure, uncertainty in illness and gratitude after treatment. Conclusion Patients undergoing surgical re-resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma have mixed emotional experience. It is required to pay more attention to the psychological experience of patients, provide more psychological counseling, social support and health education. (目的 了解肝癌术后复发患者对再次手术切除治疗的心理感受。方法 运用质性研究中的现象学研究方法, 对肝癌术后复发再次手术切除患者进行开放性访谈, 并将收集资料进行分析整理并提炼出关键主题。结果 肝癌行二次肝切除手术治疗患者的心理可归纳为4类: 情绪复杂化、自我承受压力过重、对疾病的不确定性、对病情治疗后的感恩。结论 肝癌行二次肝切除手术治疗患者心理具有复杂的心理感受, 针对这类患者的治疗要多注重患者内心的想法, 多提供心理疏导、社会支持以及健康教育。)

The crack propagation analysis of the gearbox gear of a urban rail vehicle is carried out by combining the dynamics simulation and the extended finite element method（ XFEM）. Based on the dynamics analysis,the location of the initial crack and load loading in the finite element model are determined. An extended finite element model is established and the calculation results are analyzed. The law of tooth root crack growth is summarized. The results show,the location of the maximum bending stress at the root doesn’t change with the gear meshing process,and the crack initiation location should be near this location. At the crack tip stress,the low rate steadily increases until the crack length reaches 0. 61. After 0. 61,the crack enters the instantaneous region and the crack tip stress changes obviously. Based on the finite element analysis and finite element analysis,it is found that the initial crack belongs to type I crack and belongs to I and II mixed crack in the middle and later stages of crack propagation. The results of different loading positions show that the initial crack deflection angle decreases with the downward loading of the loading position,and the crack propagates laterally along the thickness direction.

To accurately know heat transfer and flow processes of AP1000 passive residual heat removal heat exchanger (PRHR HX), and provide a reference for the safe operation of our new AP1000 advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant, FLUENT software is used. By comparative analysis of the distribution of temperature-field and flow-field in different locations at the same time, and the change of temperature-field and flow-field in the same location at different times, we can know the heat transfer and flow characteristics which are changed with time more intuitive, and analyze the effect of straight tubes and elbow tubes on the natural circulation. The results show that the temperature difference, vortex, flow around make the interaction of temperature field and flow field. Due to the influence of elbow tubes structure, the fluid natural convection in the IRWST is more complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1988, 2000, and 2007 remote sensing images of a typical red soil eroded region (Changting County, Fujian Province) and the digital elevation model (DEM), the eroded landscape types were worked out, and the changes of the eroded landscape pattern in the region from 1988 to 2007 were analyzed with the spatial mathematics model. In 1988 - 2007, different eroded landscape types in the region had the characteristics of inter-transfer, mainly manifested in the transfer from seriously eroded to lightly eroded types but still existed small amount of the transference from lightly eroded to seriously eroded types. Little change was observed in the controid of the eroded landscape. In the County, Hetian Town was all along the eroded center. During the study period, the landscape pattern index showed a tendency of low heterogeneity, low fragmentation, and high regularization at landscape level, but an overall improvement and expansion of lightly eroded and easy-to-tackle patches as well as the partial improvement and fragmentation of seriously eroded and difficult-to-tackle patches at patch level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the automation degree of the massage robot,the structure design and kinematics analysis of a four fingered,motor-driven robotic hand for massage robot is completed. Each finger has two joints: the first joint and the second joint. And the degree of freedom of the hand is four by connecting the first joints and second joints of index finger,middle finger and ring finger respectively. In addition,the crank-rocker mechanism is creatively adopted to driven the second joint,which is conducive not only to enhance the continuity and the periodicity of pinching manipulation,but to also avoid frequent reversing the rotation of motor,prolonging the service life of the motor. At last,to verify the design,the model of dexterous hand is developed. The rationality and feasibility of the mechanism of hand are proved by ADAMS motion simulation and MATLAB numerical analysis.

Background The prevalence of multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) is continuously increasing among older adults in China, but few studies have explored complex pattern of MCCs from perspectives of patient demand and disease management. Objective This study aims to investigate the pattern distributions, correlates, and treatment burdens of MCCs. Methods Data were obtained from the 2018 and 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) waves, and the study sample included older adults aged≥60 years old (n=15 349). The generalized ordered logit model and the generalized linear model were used to examine correlates of MCCs complex pattern and its associations with outpatient/inpatient utilization and expenditure, respectively. All statistical analyses were weighted except for sample size. Results Among the total sample of 15 349 older adults, there were 7 147 in 2018 and 8 202 in 2020; 2 054 participants[13.0%, defined as the relatively healthy group (RH group) ] had none of 12 chronic conditions defined in this study, 5 228 participants [33.7%, defined as the simple chronic illness group (SCI group) ] had 1-5 non-complex chronic conditions, 6 737 participants [44.7%, defined as the minor complex chronic illness group (MiCCI group) ] had 1-2 complex chronic conditions, and

An efficient frame erasure concealment（FEC）method for wideband embedded speech codec was proposed.The erased speech frame was classified as voiced,unvoiced,silence,unvoiced transit to voiced and voiced transit to unvoiced at decoder.The energy of excitations was carefully controlled based on the classification of the speech.To match with the configuration of the embedded speech codec,the adaptive codebook for erased frame was recovered with the last frame’s bit-stream.For increasing the robustness of the codec,the contribution of adaptive codebook was prop-erly constrained at encoder.The proposed FEC method is very simple and has a good performance without extra delay and bits requirements in codec.This method has been applied to an embedded variable bits rate codec submitted to ITU-T as a candidate.

In order to further improve the anti - corrosion performance of the multi - element alloy infiltration layer of steel member, the surface of the steel member experienced multi - element alloy co - infiltration anticorrosive treatment was further treated with passivation treatment. Five factors of the formula including water quantity, solvent quantity, pH value, reaction time and solvent variety were selected to carry out an orthogonal experiment, and with the help of proper selection of the main material, the best formula obtained was as follow: silane methyl triethoxy silane, 88.68%; water, 4.32%; solvent ethanol, 7%; pH value, 2.5; and reaction time, 2 h. Then, four parameters of the passivation process including soaking time, soaking temperature, curing temperature and curing time were optimized through orthogonal experiments, and the best process obtained was as follow: the passivation solution temperature was 60 ℃, the passivation time was 30 min, the curing temperature was 60 ℃, and the curing time was 1.5 h. The copper sulfate and lead acetate pitting tests could be used as a rapid method for detecting the anti - corrosion performance of passivation coating on production site. The optimal selection of passivation solution did not contain heavy metals or toxic components. The passivation process was simple and thus easy to operate, and its resistance to neutral salt spray was far superior to that of chromate passivation. In addition, after the passivation treatment, the steel member had a uniform appearance and color.

Based on literature and questionnaire research, related evidence and related data on Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills were collected in terms of safety, effectiveness, economy, innovation, suitability, and accessibility. In addition, multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA) model was used to comprehensively evaluate the clinical value of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills. Quality control was carried out strictly based on evidence-based medicine evaluation. Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills were recommended for stable fatigue angina of coronary heart disease with Qi deficiency and blood stasis by guidelines and experts. The conventional treatment of western medicine adds Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills to reduce the frequency of angina attacks, shorten the duration, improve exercise tolerance, and improve the quality of life and Chinese symptoms, and the effectiveness is rated as grade A. Adverse reactions are mostly general adverse reactions, and no serious adverse reactions have been reported, consistent with the known risks listed in the instruction for adverse events, contraindications, and precautions. The safety is rated as grade A, and the daily cost is 7.74 yuan. The cost-effectiveness shows that it is a treatment regimen with pharmacoeconomic advantages, and the economic performance is rated as grade A. According to specialist research, Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills have good clinical innovation and service innovation, and innovation is rated as grade A. There are no special storage conditions, medicinal material ingredients, or other restrictions, and the clinical use meets the specifications of the medication guidelines. The suitability is rated as grade A. The price level, availability, and affordability of drugs are generally good, and the accessibility is rated as grade A. The clinical value of Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills is great.

Fire is an important influencing factor in forest ecosystems. Establishing an accurate forest fire forecasting model is important for forest fire management. We used different meteorological factors as predictors to construct a forest fire prediction model in Fujian Province, based on Logistic regression and generalized linear mixed effect model. We compared the fitness and prediction accuracy of the two models, judged the applicability of the mixed effect model in forest fire forecasting. The results showed that the AUC and accuracy values of the Logistic base model were 0.664 and 60.4%, respectively. Models considering random effects gave better fitting and validating statistics. Among them, the two-level mixed model containing both area and altitude difference effects performed best, with increases of 0.057 and 6.0% for the AUC and accuracy values, respectively. By applying the model to predict the probability of forest fires in Fujian Province, we found that the middle-incidence and high-incidence areas of forest fires distributed in northwest and south Fujian, whereas the low-incidence areas of forest fires distributed in southwest and east Fujian, which was consistent with the observed data. The data fitting and forest fire prediction of the mixed effects model was better than those of the Logistic basic model. Therefore, it could be used as an important tool for forest fire prediction and management.

To study the pollution characteristics and exposure health risk of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in road dust, 12 PFASs were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in this study. PFAS concentrations in road dust ranged from 0.95 to 111 ng·g -1 , with an average concentration of (25.6±37.2) ng·g -1 , suggesting large spatial differences between PFASs in road dust. PFAS concentrations on the main roads were significantly higher than on minor roads, and the minor roads downtown displayed higher concentration levels than suburban minor roads. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the predominant compound in Section 1 of Jie-fang Road, Jin-niu-ba Road and Shui-nian-he Road, while perfluroroocantanoic acid (PFOA, 24.8%) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 24.1%) were the main PFASs on other roads, indicating different sources of PFASs in these areas. The total daily dose of PFASs in road dust for children and adults were 0.168 ng·(kg·d) -1 and 0.028 ng·(kg·d) -1 , respectively, suggesting higher exposure risk for children than adults. Therefore, more attention should be paid to children's health risk assessment. Daily doses of PFOA and PFOS in road dust for Chengdu residents were lower than the maximum daily intakes recommended by the European Authority, indicating that there was no immediate health risk to local residents.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of pediatric external auditory canalkeratosis obturans(KO). Method: Retrospective analyze the clinical data of twenty-three patients were diagnosed with external auditory canal cholesteatoma(EACC). Their chief complaint, the course of the disease, clinical characteristics,CT manifestations,surgical procedure and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics between EACC and KO were compared. Result: Twenty cases(22 ears) were eventually diagnosed as KO. Among them, 2 cases were bilaterally involved. In the remaining unilateral cases, right ear was involved in 11 cases and left ear in 7 cases. All patients complained otalgia(100%). Purulent otorrhea was found in 17 ears(77.3%), and hearing loss withpurulent otorrhea in 3 ears(13.6%). Otoscopic examination found 17 ear with granulation(77.3%).CT scan found deformation of the osseous ear canal and displacement of the tympanic membrane because of compression in 18 ears(81.8%), and the bony canal was absorpt because of pression in 7 cases(38.9%).All patients underwent otoendoscopic operation,and tympanic membrane perforation was found in 4 cases.Postoperative pathologic examination results were keratin epithelial. Conclusion: EACC is easily confused with KO. KO should be considered in the following circumstances: patient who complained of ear pain, ear granulation with purulent discharge, or circinate deformation of the osseous ear canal and displacement of the tympanic membrane in CT scan., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To observe the effect of different frequencies of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation on pain threshold (PT) and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in dorsal horns (DHs) of the lumbar spinal cord in resiniferatoxin (RTX)-induced post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) rats, so as to reveal its mechanism in alleviating PHN., Methods: Male SD rats were randomized into control, model, 2 Hz-EA, 15 Hz-EA, 100 Hz-EA and sham EA groups ( n =16 in each). The PHN model was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of RTX (250 μg/kg), and rats of the control group received intraperitoneal injection of the same dose of vehicle (10% Tween 80, 10% alcohol and 0.9% NaCl). Rats of EA treatment groups received EA stimulation (2 Hz, 15 Hz or 100 Hz, 1 mA) at the left "Huantiao" (GB 30) and "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) for 30 min, once every other day for 35 days, starting from 1 week after RTX injection. For sham control, acupuncture needles were inserted ipsilaterally into GB 30 and GB 34 for 30 min without electrical stimulation or manual needle manipulation. The mechanical allodynia was quantified with Von Frey filaments. The expression of mRNA and protein of VEGF in the DHs of lumbar spinal cord 4-6 segments (sampled under light microscope) was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively., Results: A single RTX injection gradually induced tactile allodynia (significant reduction of the mechanical PT) within 3 weeks relevant to the control group ( P <0.01). EA applied to GB 30 and GB 34 at 2 Hz and 15 Hz, but not 100 Hz, significantly decreased the tactile allodynia after the treatment (2 Hz from 2 weeks on and 15 Hz from 3 weeks on) in RTX-treated rats ( P <0.05). RTX administration increased the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF in the lumbar spinal cord compared with the control group ( P <0. 05). Moreover, 2 Hz, but not 15 Hz and 100 Hz EA significantly reduced VEGF mRNA and protein expression( P <0.05). The expression of both VEGF mRNA and protein was negatively correlated with mechanical PT in RTX-induced PHN rats., Conclusion: EA at 2 Hz can significantly reduce VEGF expression in the lumbar spinal cord DHs of PHN rats, which is possibly in part related to its effect in alleviating the mechanical allodynia. Our study suggests that 2 Hz EA is the best stimulation frequency for relieving PHN.