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The study on the 64 vegetable garden soil samples in the Baiyuan District of Guangzhou City showed that there were significantly positive correlations of soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) with soil total N, alkali-hydrolygable N, available K, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter (OM), of soil microbial biomass nitrogen (Nmic) with soil total N, total P, CEC and OM, of soil basal respiration (SBR) with soil total N, alkali-hydrolygable N, available K, CEC and OM, of AWCD with soil total N and OM, and of Shannon diversity index with soil total N and CEC. Low alkali-hydrolygable N increased Cmic SBR, and metabolic quotient (qCO2), while high alkali-hydrolygable N decreased qCO2. High available P decreased Cmic, Nmic and microbial quotient, and a high ratio of available P to alkali-hydrolygable N was related to the decrease of Cmic, Nmic, Cmic/Nmic and SBR. It was suggested that there were significant correlations between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physico-chemical properties, and excessive available nutrients or inappropriate ratios of alkali-hydrolygable N to available P in soil were harmful to soil microbes.