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Studying the effects of different modified materials on the physicochemical properties and fungal community structure of saline-alkali soil can provide theoretical basis for reasonable improvement of saline-alkali soil. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to explore the effects of five treatments, namely, control (CK), desulfurization gypsum (T1), soil ameliorant (T2), organic fertilizer (T3), and desulfurization gypsum compounds soil ameliorant and organic fertilizer (T4), on soil physicochemical properties and fungal community diversity, composition, and structure of saline-alkali soil in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that compared with those in CK, the contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, and alkali hydrolysis nitrogen were significantly increased in modified material treatments, and the T4 treatment significantly decreased soil pH. Modified treatments increased the Simpson and Shannon indexes of fungi but decreased the Chao1 index. The dominant fungi were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota, and the dominant genera were Mortierella , Conocybe , Botryotrichum , Fusarium , and Pseudogymnoascus . The application of modified materials increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Fusarium , and Pseudogymnoascus , while decreasing the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Mortierella . LEfSe analysis showed that modified treatments altered the fungal community biomarkers. Correlation analysis showed that pH and available potassium were the main environmental factors affecting fungal community structure. The results can provide scientific basis for improving saline-alkali soil and increasing soil nutrients in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia.

Endangered plant species are an important part of global biodiversity. To understand the competition patterns and mechanisms of endangered tree species from plant growth forms in the middle subtropical forest ecosystems, we examined the differences in intra- and inter-specific competitions between Toona ciliate var. pubescens (an intolerant of shade, deciduous species) and Taxus chinensis var. mairei (a tolerant of shade, evergreen species) in the Jiulingshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The results showed that intra-specific competition was dominant in the T. ciliate var. pubescens population, accounting for 66.4% of the total competition intensity. In contrary, the competitive intensity of T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by the inter-specific competition, which accounted for 68.7% of the total competition intensity. The intra- and inter-specific competition intensity of both species decreased gradually with increasing tree diameter, indicating that competitive pressure was prevalent in small trees. T. ciliate var. pubescens was mainly affected by self-thinning due to intra-specific competition, whereas T. chinensis var. mairei was dominated by alien-thinning due to inter-specific competition. The small individuals of both species could develop into mature stage only after experiencing intense competitive selection during stand regeneration. Considering the substantial difference in the sources of competition pressures, different biodiversity conservation measures should be taken for the two endangered species with contrasting growth forms in the middle subtropical regions.

The phage display technology (PDT) was unique in genetic engineering and recombinant expression. The phage display systems (PDS) were platforms (kits) composed of genetic modified phages, helper phages, and host bacteria. This review concisely summarized the development of four types of PDS, based on M13, λ, T4, and T7 phages, in terms of phage molecular genetics and genetic (gene or genome) engineering. We addressed on the key components and their genetic (genomic) engineering for modifications, the technical features of different anchors, and the development progress and selection reference of those different kits.

Four dsRNA bands were extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus TD300 by the dsRNA isolation technique with sizes of 8.2 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.1 kb, and 1.1 kb, respectively. Four virus-eliminated methods, i. e. hyphal tips cut (HTC), protoplast regeneration (PR), single spore hybridization (SSH), and frozen and lyophilized (FL), were applied to prepare virus-eliminated strains, and one virus-eliminated strain was selected for each virus-elimination method. The virus-eliminated strains were named as HTC8, PR15, FL01, and SSH11, respectively. There were low concentration of 8.2 kb dsRNA remained in HTC8, as well as low concentration of 8.2 kb and 2.5 kb dsRNA remained in FL01. However, no dsRNA remained in PR15 and SSH11. The hyphal growth rate and laccase activity of the virus-eliminated strains increased, especially HTC8 and PR15, whose hyphal growth rate was higher by 22.73% and 18.18%, and laccase activities higher by 145.83% and 134.38% than that of the original strain, respectively. The conclusion is that hyphal tips cut and protoplast regeneration are suitable to prepare virus-eliminated strains of edible fungi.