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With the construction of State Grid informatization, cyberspace security incidents occurs frequently. Therefore, it is important to develop secure and reliable quantum communication technologies for the power grid. In this paper, from the perspective of the multi-terminal quantum key application, a handheld meter reading solution based on quantum private communication technology is proposed to effective achieve the technological upgrading. First, from the technical theory and application fields, the current situation of quantum private communication technology and is feasibility of combining with classical facilities are introduced and analyzed. Then, considering the quantum key management system as the core, we design and implement quantum key secure storage and business security process application model. Finally, based on the overall environment of quantum key distribution, the architecture design of multi-terminal quantum key application verification is implemented to verify the quantum key business application process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the clinical and EEG features of patients with different ages of Rasmussen encephalitis to evaluate the efficacy of different surgical methods. Methods and Results According to the age of onset, the patients with Rasmussen encephalitis were divided into 2 groups, one group was under 6 years old (≤ 6 year group, n = 18), the other group was over 6 years old (> 6 year group, n = 18). The medial duration of advancing to actue phase was 5 (2, 11) months in ≤ 6 year group and 12.00 (5.50, 24.00) months in > 6 year group, respectively (P = 0.014). Nine months after onset, 15 cases advanced to acute phase in < 6 year group, and 6 cases advanced acute phase in > 6 year group (P = 0.006). EEG showed persistent/intermittent slow wave activity over the affected hemisphere (35 patients). Nine months after onset, 2 groups of patients with multi-region epileptiform discharges have advanced to acute phase from prodromal phase (10 cases in ≤ 6 year group and 2 in > 6 year group; P = 0.036). The prognosis of functional hemispherectomy was Engel I in 21/27 cases (11 cases in ≤ 6 year group and 10 in > 6 year group), anatomic hemispherectomy Engel I in 8/8 cases (4 cases in both ≤ 6 year group and > 6 year group, respectively). Conclusions The earlier the onset age of Rasmussen encephalitis patients, the faster the disease progresses. The EEG shows continuous slow wave and multi-epileptic discharge in the affected side hemisphere. Anatomic hemispherectomy and/or functional hemispherectomy still remains of be the only cure for the seizures caused by Rasmussen encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the direct and indirect effectiveness of added value increasing resulted from factors of production in Chinese construction industry, the composition of factors of production in construction industry were analyzed, and a path analysis model was constructed. The data are from relevant statistics from 1996 to 2007. The results are as follows : Firstly, the increasing of added value in construction industry is mainly from quality improvement of employees and effective uses of current assets. Meanwhile, the amount of labor input and effective uses of fixed assets are the main two factors which have indirect effectiveness on increasing of added value in construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the failure in the hearing screening test among twin neonates in neonatal intensive care unit （NICU） and to further clarify the etiology of neonatal hearing impairment, thus to provide insights into prevention and early intervention. Methods: Automated auditory brainstem response（AABR）, distortion product otoacoustic emission（DPOAE） and acoustic immittance were performed on 1452 neonates（including 130 twins） admitted in NICU from January 2015 to June 2018 and the risk factors including premature birth, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, etc. were analyzed retrospectively by univariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The incidence of C-section, premature birth, hyperbilirubinemia, low birth weight, very low birth weight, in-vitro fertilization, pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome and formula or mixed feeding among twin neonates were significantly higher than those of singleton neonates （ P <0.05）. The pass rates of the first-time AABR, DPOAE and acoustic immittance were significantly lower than singleton neonates. The proportion of twin neonates who failed the initial screening but recovered in the following test was as high as 72.86%. AABR pass rate was correlated with congenital heart disease, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, C-section and （very） low birth weight. The pass rate of DPOAE was correlated with low birth weight and C-section. The pass rate of acoustic immittance was correlated with preterm birth, C-section, low birth weight, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. The pass rate of diagnostic ABR was associated with gestational diabetes. And the pass rate of diagnostic DPOAE was associated with maternal age ≥40 years old. Conclusion: The first-time hearing screening pass rate of twin neonates in NICU is lower than that of neonatal singleton. Most twin neonates who fail in the first screening test will recover. Preterm birth, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, （very） low birth weight, congenital heart disease, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome, maternal age ≥ 40 years old and C-section are associated with the first-time failure in hearing screening tests among twin neonates, thus entailing close follow-up., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Effects of five different nitrogen application rates (i.e., N 0 , 0 g·kg -1 ; N 1 , 0.05 g·kg -1 ; N 2 , 0.1 g·kg -1 ; N 3 , 0.15 g·kg -1 ; N 4 , 0.2 g·kg -1 ) on the growth of seedlings of eight different quinoa cultivars were investigated in a pot experiment. The results showed that: 1) Across different nitrogen application rates, cultivar GB22 and OY had the highest biomass, but cultivar B2 had the lowest value. The highest flower mass ratio, stem mass ratio, root mass ratio, and leaf mass ratio were found in cultivar B2, GB22, R1, and W23, respectively. 2) The rate of nitrogen application significantly affected seedling growth. Compared with the control (N 0 ), the maximum net photosynthetic rate and biomass accumulation were significantly higher in the lower nitrogen applications (i.e., N 1 and N 2 treatments), but were lower in the higher nitrogen applications (i.e., N 3 and N 4 treatments). The significant interactions between cultivar and nitrogen application rate on plant biomass indicated that different quinoa cultivars responded differently to nitrogen rate. The optimum nitrogen application rate (Nopt) required for cultivar R1, MY11, GB22 and OY was 0.05 g·kg -1 ; while that of cultivar GB11, DB, and B2 was 0.1 g·kg -1 ; but for cultivar W23, Nopt was less than 0.05 g·kg -1 . 3) The interactions between cultivar and nitrogen application rate significantly affected biomass allocation. Below the highest nitrogen rate used (i.e., less than 0.2 g·kg -1 ), the flower and leaf biomass allocation increased with the increasing nitrogen rates. 4) Across different cultivars and nitrogen application rates, plant biomass was positively correlated to the maximum net photosynthetic rate, plant height, ground diameter, and specific leaf area, respectively. These results provided valuable information for the nutrition management of different quinoa cultivars.

Objective: To investigate the trends of hypertension prevalence among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2009. To analysis the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on hypertension rate., Methods: This study was based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey which was conducted in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009. Adult subjects aged 18 to 74 years old in each round were included. Statistical method of single factor and multi-factor analysis was used., Results: During the eighteen-year follow up, from 1991 to 2009, the crude rate increased from 14.6% to 28.7%, and the adjusted rate by age increased from 14.6% to 32.2% among males. The crude rate increased from 12.0% to 24.6% , and age adjusted rate from 12.0% to 24.9% among females. Hypertension prevalence was highest among the male group with highest SES score at 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000 and 2004. However, the lowest SES score with highest hypertension prevalence was found among the male group at 2006 and 2009. From 1997, the hypertension prevalence of female with highest SES score was lowest, and the group with lowest SES score was highest hypertension prevalence in female group from 1993. Negative association was found between SES score and female hypertension prevalence by the logistic regression analysis. No association was found between SES score and male hypertension prevalence., Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension among Chinese adults had a continual increase with age during the period from 1991 to 2009. Negative association was existed between SES and hypertension prevalence for female. However, further study should be conducted between SES and male hypertension prevalence.

Objective: To examine the trend in meat consumption patterns between 1991 and 2011 in Chinese children in nine provinces(autonomous region) aged 6 to 17 years., Methods: A multistage, random cluster sampling process was used to investigate 2720, 2702, 2525, 2405, 1509, 1238, 1085, and 936 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011 respectively in 9 provinces (autonomous region) in China. Their consecutive 3 d 24 h dietary recall data were analyzed to compare meat intake pattern in children and adolescents with different characteristics and different years., Results: The consumption rate increased from 60.9% (1657/2720) in 1991 to 87.2% (816/936) in 2011 for livestock meat (χ(2) = 458.23, P < 0.01), from 9.4% (257/2720) to 33.3% (312/936) for poultry (χ(2) = 446.07, P < 0.01) and from 27.3% (743/2720) to 40.6% (380/936) for seafood (χ(2) = 89.89, P < 0.01). The median of total meat intake increased from 47.4 g/d in 1991 to 100.0 g/d in 2011 (χ(2) = 516.77, P < 0.01), poultry intake from 33.3 g/d to 60.0 g/d (χ(2) = 420.13, P < 0.01), pork intake from 26.7 g/d to 50.0 g/d (χ(2) = 380.50, P < 0.01). The percentage of children whose livestock meat and poultry intakes higher than the recommended amount increased from 32.9% (896/2720) in 1991 to 59.8% (560/936) in 2011 (χ(2) = 392.97, P < 0.01); the percentage of children whose seafood intakes meeting the recommended amount increased from 6.9% (187/2720) in 1991 to 8.8% (82/936) in 2011 (χ(2) = 21.52, P < 0.01). The consumption rates of livestock meat in urban and rural children increased from 81.2% (536/660) and 54.4% (1121/2060) in 1991 to 94.7% (234/247) (χ(2) = 38.34, P < 0.01) and 84.5% (582/689) (χ(2) = 429.26, P < 0.01) in 2011. The intakes of livestock meat in rural children increased from 16.7 g/d in 1991 to 56.7 g/d in 2011 (χ(2) = 472.46, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The overall pattern of meat consumption in Chinese children in nine provinces(autonomous region) was unreasonable between 1991 and 2011. There was a significant improvement in meat consumption in rural children over time.

Objective: To understand the daily calcium intake, food sources and the trends among Chinese children and adolescents aged 4 to 17 years from 1991 to 2009., Methods: Consecutive 3-day-24-hour dietary recall data from the seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)was used to describe the status and trends of daily calcium intake and related food sources., Results: Between 1991 and 2009, the daily intake of calcium in Chinese children and adolescents showed an increasing trend. In 2009, the average intakes of calcium in Chinese boys and girls were 311.2 mg/d and 294.6 mg/d, respectively. 81.5%-87.6% of boys and 87.0%-91.0% of girls had their calcium intakes less than half of the recommended amount of adequate intakes. Only 0.2%-0.8% of boys and 0.1%-0.8% of girls had their calcium intakes equal or higher than the recommended amount of adequate intakes. The sources of dietary calcium were mainly from vegetables, legumes, cereals and milk products for Chinese children and adolescents, accounting for more than 70% of the average daily intakes., Conclusion: During the past two decades, the dietary calcium intake of Chinese children and adolescents still remained at lower level, suggesting that the optimal food sources of calcium were under-consumed.

Objective: To analyze the long-term shifts in fruit and vegetable intakes in Chinese children and adolescents between 1991 and 2009 and related impact from socio-economic factors on such dynamics., Methods: Data was from the seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. 12 596 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years with full data of 3-day-24-hour dietary recall, together with related demographic and socioeconomic factors were chosen as the study subjects., Results: The consumption rates of fruits and vegetables showed an significant increasing trend, from 58.3% in 1991 to 82.4%, on dark-color vegetables(χ(2) = 213.2, P < 0.01), from 94.4% to 96.9% on light-color vegetable(χ(2) = 11.6, P < 0.0001)and from 12.6% to 45.4% for fruits(χ(2) = 571.2, P < 0.0001)in 2009. The median intake of total vegetables decreased from 250.0 g/d in 1991 to 225.8 g/d in 2009(χ(2) = 72.4, P < 0.0001) and the light-color vegetable decreased by 36.6 g/d. However, among the corresponding consumers, the fruit intake increased about 50.0 g/d (χ(2) = 104.2, P < 0.01)and the dark-color vegetable intake decreased about 40.0 g/d (χ(2) = 92.8, P < 0.0001 ). The proportion of children who reached the minimum intake of vegetable(300 g/d)recommended by Dietary Guidelines for Chinese 2007 decreased from 38.9% in 1991 to 26.8% in 2011 and the proportion of children who had met the minimum intake(200 g/d)increased from 2.0% to 13.9% . 25.1% of the children consumed dark-color vegetables more than half of the total vegetable intake. Schooling of the mother and family income had important impact on fruit consumption of the children., Conclusion: Rates on fruit and vegetable consumption showed an increasing trend among Chinese children and adolescents over the past 20 years. However, the vegetable intake significantly decreased and the fruit intake increased slightly. Chinese Children posed a greater risk on insufficient intake on both vegetables and fruits. Comprehensive and effective programs should be taken to increase vegetable and fruit intakes in order to improve the nutritional status of children.

Objective: To examine the longitudinal association between red meat consumption and changes in body mass index(BMI), body weight and overweight risk in Chinese adults., Methods: Data from the open, prospective cohort study 'China Health and Nutrition Survey' (CHNS), 18 006 adults(47.5% males)were chosen as the study subjects who participated in at least one wave of survey between 1991 and 2009. Three-level(community-individual-measure occasion) mixed effect modeling was performed to investigate the effect of red meat consumption on BMI, body weight changes and risk of overweight. The average daily red meat intake was assessed using consecutive 3 d 24 h recalls., Results: In general, participants with higher red meat intake appeared to be those with younger age, higher personal income and higher education level, lower physical activities, higher total energy intake, smokers and alcohol drinkers. 3-level mixed-effects linear regression models showed that red meat intake was positively associated with changes in BMI and body weight. Compared to those who consumed no red meat, men and women in the highest quartile of red meat intake showed an increase of 0.17(95% CI:0.08-0.26, P < 0.0001)and 0.12 kg/m(2) (95%CI:0.02-0.22, P < 0.05) on BMI and increase of 596 g (95%CI:329-864, P < 0.0001) and 400 g (95%CI:164-636, P < 0.0001) on body weight, respectively, after adjustment for potential confounders (age, income, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity level, community urbanization index and total energy intake). After adjustment for above confounders and baseline BMI, results from the 3-level mixed effect logistic model indicated that the odds ratios of being overweight in males and females who had the highest quartile of red meat intake were 1.21 (95%CI:1.01-1.46, P < 0.05)and 1.18(95% CI:1.01-1.37, P < 0.05) in comparison with non-consumers of red meat, respectively., Conclusion: Higher red meat intake was associated with increased BMI and body weight, as well as increased overweight risk.

Objective: To examine and characterize the dietary patterns of Chinese adults in nine provinces., Methods: The subjects were selected from the 'China Health and Nutrition Survey' within age group of 18 - 70 years old in 2009. 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect information on food intake., Results: Major dietary patterns of Chinese adults in nine provinces were labeled "rice/pork" in both men and women while "fruit/egg", "beef, mutton/poultry"and "ethnic food/legumes" in men and "fruit/milk", "tubers/grains" in women. Urban or rural life style and related characteristics of the population showed an influence on the dietary pattern (men: β = -0.153 24, -0.153 24, 0.376 62, 0.148 10, P < 0.01; women: β = -0.139 43, 0.222 00, -0.308 36, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The dietary patterns of Chinese adults varied by sex and "Rice/Pork" had been the typical dietary pattern among the Chinese adults.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between psychological disorder and vestibular dysfunction in patients suffering from peripheral vertigo., Method: Retrospective review of 17 peripheral vertiginous patients with intractable Meniere's disease recruited from the EENT hospital whom underwent intratympanic gentamicin injection. Hospital anxiety and depression scale, self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, symptom checklist-90 were used in this study. Pre- and postoperative scores where compared., Result: The vertigo control rate of 17 patients reached 88%, with hearing impairment noted only in 17.6% of the patients. 33.3% of the preoperative tinnitus patients and 76.9% of the preoperative aural fullness patients had their symptoms relieved respectively. The outcomes of hospital anxiety and depression scale, self-rating anxiety scale, self-rating depression scale, symptom checklist-90 are significantly greater in vertiginous group than that in normal controls (P < 0. 01). The preoperative scores of these 4 questionnaires are greater than the postoperative scores in vertiginous patients (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between male and female participants in all the questionnaires used (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Significant differences were noted between peripheral vertiginous patients and normal controls in psychiatric questionnaires, suggesting that psychological dysfunction may contribute to the vertigo attack.

Objective: To examine the trends of energy intake among Chinese children and adolescents in nine provinces from 1989 to 2009., Method: Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to recruit 488, 2807, 2802, 2580, 2520, 1604, 1305 and 1159 children and adolescents aged 6 - 17 years in each year of 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 in 9 provinces. The descriptive analyses were carried out for three days 24-h dietary recall data to compare energy intake by year and demographic characteristics., Results: The median of dietary energy intake among Chinese children and adolescents aged 6 - 17 years in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 were 6645.7, 8314.8, 7849.3, 8115.0, 7970.5, 7598.0, 7345.0 and 7051.9 kJ/d (χ(2) = 239.75, P < 0.01), respectively. In 2009, children and adolescents from city (7820.4 kJ/d) and county (7356.0 kJ/d) consumed more energy than that from suburb (7168.2 kJ/d) and village (6863.5 kJ/d) (χ(2) = 8.00, P < 0.05). Cereal was the main food source of energy intake. In 2009, the percentage of energy intake from cereal was 44.0%, 45.6%, 52.9% and 61.0% (χ(2) = 36.75, P < 0.01)for city, suburb, county and village respectively. The percentage of population with > 30% of energy intake from dietary fat increased yearly and that with more than 60% of energy from carbohydrate decreased, from 25.4% (124/488) and 54.1% (264/488) in 1989 to 58.1% (637/1159) and 15.9% (184/1159) (χ(2) values were 811.24, 919.35 respectively;both P values < 0.05) in 2009. The percentage of children and adolescents whose energy intake was more than 80% recommended nutrient intake (RNI) declined from 60.2% (294/488) in 1989 to 47.8% (554/1159) in 2009(χ(2) = 227.66, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that energy intake of Chinese children and adolescents increased at early stage and then declined in the recent years. Average energy intake was higher in city and county than suburb and village.

Objective: To study the current status and trends of fat and cholesterol intake among Chinese children and adolescents in 9 provinces from 1991 to 2009, so as to provide evidence on dietary guidance., Methods: Data was collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Sample would include 7 - 17 years old healthy children and adolescents with a complete 3-day 24-hour-dietary data. Figures on the intake of fat, cholesterol, mean percentage of energy from fat and food source of fat per capita were calculated and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)., Results: Data showed that, in 1991 - 2009, the dietary fats, mean percentage of energy from total fat and intake of cholesterol had an increasing trend in the population of 9 provinces and were 65.8 g/d, 240.0 mg/d and 32.0% respectively, in 2009. The percentage of population whose mean energy coming from total fat and reached 57.0% in 2009., Conclusion: The dietary structure of children and adolescents in Chinese 9 provinces had changed significantly. 57.0% of the studied subjects had more than 30% increase of their fat intake exceeding the Chinese DRIs. It was necessary to provide children and adolescent with basic knowledge on nutrition, in order to properly control the intake of food rich in fat and cholesterol.

Objective: To examine status and trend in dietary vitamin C intake between 1991 and 2009 in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years., Methods: A stratified multistage, random cluster sampling process was used to investigate 2716, 2691, 2507, 2358, 1490, 1218 and 1073 children and adolescents aged 6 - 17 years in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 respectively in 9 provinces. Their consecutive 3 d 24 h dietary recall data were analyzed to compare vitamin C intake in children and adolescents with different characteristics and different years., Results: The median of dietary vitamin C intake in Chinese children and adolescents decreased from 69.7 mg/d in 1991 to 53.4 mg/d in 2009 (χ(2) = 188.1, P < 0.01). Vitamin C intake of rural children and adolescents decreased from 73.7 mg/d in 1991 to 52.5 mg/d in 2009 (χ(2) = 96.7, P < 0.01); vitamin C intake of children and adolescents in the low-income household decreased from 74.3 mg/d in 1991 to 47.5 mg/d in 2009 (χ(2) = 172.9, P < 0.01). The percentage of children and adolescents whose vitamin C intake equal or higher than recommended nutrient intake of vitamin C decreased from 35.9% (974/2716) in 1991 to 18.5% (198/1073) in 2009 (χ(2) = 284.7, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: There was a decreased trend in dietary vitamin C in Chinese children and adolescents during the past two decades. The children and adolescents of low-income household in rural areas may pose a higher risk of inadequate vitamin C intake.

Objective: To understand the daily calcium intake and the dietary sources, as well as its trends from 1991 to 2009 in Chinese elderly aged 50 years and over., Methods: Consecutive 3 d-24 hr Dietary Recall Data from the seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was used to describe the status and trends of daily calcium intake and its food sources., Results: Between 1991 and 2009, the daily intake of calcium in the Chinese elderly showed an increasing trend. In 2009, the average intakes of calcium in Chinese elderly men and women were 400.2 mg/day and 352.7 mg/day, respectively. 72.0% - 82.2% of males and 78.8% - 88.0% of females had their calcium intake less than half of the recommended amount of adequate intakes, but only 0.4% - 3.9% of males and 0.4% - 3.0% of females had their calcium intake equal or higher than the recommended amount of intakes. The sources of dietary calcium were mainly from vegetables, legumes, and cereals for the Chinese elderly, accounting for more than 70% of the average daily intakes., Conclusion: During the past twenty years, the average daily calcium intake of the Chinese elderly still remained at low level while the optimal calcium sources as milk and legumes, were under-consumed.

Objective: To examine dietary protein intake and its trend between 1991 and 2009 among Chinese children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years., Methods: Consecutive 3 d-24 hr Dietary Recall and household income data of 14 053 children from the seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 were used to describe long-term changes in dietary protein intake, percentage energy, and food sources., Results: The median of dietary protein intake of Chinese children and adolescents decreased from 60.0 g/d in 1991 to 52.6 g/d in 2009 (χ² = 109.0, P < 0.01). The dietary protein intake among children in rural areas and in low-income households decreased 8.8 g/d (χ² = 74.8, P < 0.01) and 9.8 g/d (χ² = 100.5, P < 0.01) respectively. The percentage of total energy intake from protein was 11.3%-13.0%. The percentage of protein intake equal or higher than Recommended Nutrient Intake of protein decreased from 29.5% in 1991 to 19.2% in 2009 (χ² = 259.6, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the proportion of high-quality dietary protein increased rapidly. The percentage of animal protein increased from 12.3% in 1991 to 32.2% in 2009 (χ² = 750.3, P < 0.01), while no big increase in soybean protein (lower than 5.0%)., Conclusion: There is a decreasing trend in dietary protein intake among Chinese children from 1991 to 2009. The high-quality protein intake was improved but we should be concerned about the high proportion of animal protein. The children living in low-income households and in rural areas may be at risk of inadequate dietary protein.

Objective: To analyze the trend of dietary vitamin C intake and its food sources among Chinese population aged 50-79 years old in 9 provinces, from 1991 to 2009., Methods: Data on twenty-four-hour dietary recall from China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009) was used to identify the trends in vitamin C intake among Chinese population aged 50-79 years old., Results: Totally, 24,321 adults were assessed among 7 round surveys, including 11,739 males (48.3%) and 12,582 females (51.7%). From 1991 to 2009, the intake of vitamin C was reduced by 12.1 mg and 11.8 mg in rural male and female respectively; and the intake of vitamin C increased by 8.7 mg and 10.2 mg in urban males and females, respectively. Intake of vitamin C from the dark-color vegetables decreased by 15.1 mg and 13.9 mg in rural males and females, and it was increased first then decreased in both urban males and females. Vitamin C from the light-color vegetables kept stable during the 18 years. The intake of vitamin C in the southern residents aged 50-79 year-olds was significantly higher than that of the northern residents (except for 1997). The proportion that vitamin C intake reached to Chinese RNI were 19.8%-30.4% (urban males), 31.1%-43.9% (rural males), 15.9%-24.9% (urban females), and 26.4%-38.1% (rural females) respectively., Conclusion: The present study indicated that the changing of vitamin C intake was different between urban and rural residents aged 50-79. The amount of vitamin C intake between urban and rural residents was gradually getting closer. However, the intake of vegetables and fruit was not sufficiency.

Objective: To analyze the status of vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old in poor rural areas of 6 Western Chinese provinces in 2009., Methods: The study subjects involved 2091 children from a program - 'Appropriate measurements in improving children under-nutrition in poor rural areas'., Results: In 2009, prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old from the poor rural areas of 6 western Chinese provinces was 20.2%, with boys as 20.6% and girls as 19.7%. Prevalence rates of vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old in the highest and lowest areas were seen in Gansu (25.5%) and Guangxi (12.2%) provinces, respectively. The peak of vitamin A deficiency prevalence fell in the 6 - 11 months age group. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency declined along with the increase of age., Results: from this study demonstrated that vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old appeared to be a serious public health problem in the poor rural areas of 6 Western Chinese provinces. Education on reasonable ways of feeding and provision of complementary nutrients to children with vitamin A deficiency, should be the key points in the prevention and control programs on this problem.

Objective: To explore the correlation of age-related hearing loss and cognition impairment in C57BL/6J mice by observing hearing, cognitive function and synapses., Methods: C57BL/6J and CBA/CaJ mice were divided into 3 groups. The hearing and cognitive functions of each animal was tested. And the ultrastructure of synapses was simultaneously observed for C57BL/6J mice., Results: The 24-26-week-old C57BL/6J mice developed moderate hearing loss while the 42-44-week-old C57BL/6J counterparts suffered profound hearing loss. Whereas excellent hearing was maintained in 3 groups of CBA/CaJ mice within 44 weeks. During cognitive test, the performance of 42-44-week-old C57BL/6J mice was significantly worse than CBA/CaJ mice. During probe test, the number of platform crossing of 42-44-week-old C57BL/6J mice was smaller than that of CBA/CaJ mice (0.5 ± 0.6 vs 1.9 ± 1.6; P < 0.05). The 42-44-week-old C57BL/6J mice had a wider synaptic cleft and a thinner postsynaptic density than the 24-26-week-old C57BL/6J counterparts [synaptic cleft: (19.4 ± 0.5) nm vs (11.9 ± 0.7) nm; postsynaptic density: (15.2 ± 0.5) nm vs (27.8 ± 2.0) nm; both P < 0.05]. Furthermore, the degeneration of synapses in hippocampus CA3 area of C57BL/6J mice were clearly observed at 42 - 44 weeks of age, but not seen in CBA/CaJ mice., Conclusion: Age-related hearing loss might impact on the cognition impairment in C57BL/6J mice.

Objective: To explore the status and trend of cereal consumption among Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years in nine provinces (municipality) from 1989 to 2006., Methods: The survey data were collected by consecutive 3 d 24 h dietary recall method in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey Project. The subjects aged 18-59 years with complete information on dietary survey were included. The sample number of the subjects were 5978, 7566, 7492, 7738, 8439, 7484 and 7157 in the 7 round surveys from 1989 to 2006, respectively. The trends of their cereal consuming rate and daily intake were analyzed by year, gender, age and regions., Results: The cereal intake of 18 - 59 years old Chinese adults in 9 provinces (municipality) decreased from 522.3 g/d in 1989 to 431.9 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 2421.76, P < 0.01). The cereal intake of males decreased from 545.6 g/d in 1989 to 471.6 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 861.21, P < 0.01) and females decreased from 500.3 g/d in 1989 to 395.5 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 1844.13, P < 0.01). Compared with 1989, the average cereal consumption were reduced to 104.8, 134.4, 103.3 and 98.2 g in the suburban, female, 18 to 29 years old age group and level of education for college and above separately in 2006. The rice consuming rate among 18 - 59 year-old residents increased from 79.9% (4776/5978) in 1989 to 87.3% (6248/7157) (Z = 18.45, P < 0.01) in 2006, the wheat consuming rate increased from 63.3% (3784/5978) in 1989 to 80.2% (5740/7157) (Z = 27.28, P < 0.01) in 2006., Conclusion: The present study indicated that there was a decreasing trend of cereal intake among Chinese adults aged 18 - 59 years in 9 provinces (municipality). In the stratified groups, cereal intake in groups of female, suburb, aged 18 - 59 years and higher educational level decreased significantly.

Objective: To analyze the status of anemia among children under 5 years of age in the economically less developed rural areas from 6 western provinces of China in 2009., Methods: 8141 study subjects were from the program- 'Study on Appropriate Technology of Children Under-nutrition Improvement in Poor Rural Areas'., Results: In 2009, the prevalence of anemia among children under 5 years of age in the above said rural areas from 6 western provinces was 24.1%. The prevalence of anemia among male children was much higher than that among female children. The peak of anemia prevalence (38.5%) was among children of 6 - 11 months. The prevalence of anemia decreased along with the increase of age., Conclusion: Results from the study demonstrated that anemia among the preschool children was a public health problem in poor rural areas of western China. Improving the knowledge on reasonable feeding seemed a better way for the prevention and control of anemia plus providing complementary nutrients sprinkle to the affected children.

Objective: To investigate the age, gender and region specified milk consumption and its changing trends of Chinese 18 - 44 years old adults in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1991 to 2006., Methods: The data of 18 - 44 aged old adults investigated in Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2006 in 9 provinces (autonomous region) were utilized. The numbers of the subjects selected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 were 5593, 5491, 5334, 4188 and 3908, respectively. Changes of the percentage of milk consumption, average intake of daily milk and dietary calcium intake were analyzed across different groups of gender, income levels, and areas., Results: There was an increasing trend in the percentage of milk consumption and daily intake of milk from 1991 to 2006. The average percentage of Chinese adult milk consumption went up from 2.2% (123/5593) in 1991 to 7.6% (297/3908) in 2006 (Z = -22.16, P < 0.01). Specifically, urban adult and rural adult showed significant increase in the percentages from 9.7% (80/823) to 23.7% (112/472) (Z = -12.81, P < 0.01) and 0.1% (2/2937) to 1.8% (36/1987) (Z = -9.21, P < 0.01) respectively. Percentages of adult who ever drank milk at top income level and bottom income level increased from 4.7% (95/2006) to 14.6% (200/1373) (Z = -17.36, P < 0.01) and from 0.1% (2/1748) to 2.4% (28/1171) (Z = -9.58, P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, the average daily intake of milk increased from (3.6 ± 24.6) g/d in 1991 to (11.8 ± 51.4) g/d in 2006 (F = 67.07, P < 0.01). The daily milk consumption among top income level adults and bottom income level adults increased from (8.5 ± 50.9) g/d to (23.1 ± 71.5) g/d and from (0.2 ± 6.5) g/d to (3.3 ± 23.5) g/d (F = 13.90, P < 0.01), respectively. From 1991 to 2006, milk consumers significantly promoted their percentage of achieving the Chinese dietary reference intake on calcium (800 mg/d) from 6.5% (8/123) to 12.8% (38/297) (Z = -1.67, P < 0.05), whereas this percentage increased from 1.6% (38/5470) to 3.6% (130/3611) among milk non-consumers (Z = -5.66, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Chinese adult milk intake still remains in quite low level, and the situation of milk consumption among rural adults requires further promotion.

Objective: To analyze the trends of food consumption among Chinese residents aged from 18 to 59 years old in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1989 to 2006., Methods: The paper was based on data collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey of Chinese residents of 24 h in three consecutive day dietary recall data. The healthy residents aged 18 - 59 years with twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were selected as study subjects. The sample sizes of these seven surveys were 5766, 7296, 7019, 7599, 8143, 7168 and 6827, respectively. The trends of their food consumption in each year were analyzed through Kruskal-wallis method., Results: The intake of cereals decreased significantly from (528.5 ± 192.9) g/d in 1989 to (427.7 ± 173.8) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 2833.13, P < 0.01). The minor variation of soybean food intake was observed. The average intake was (22.3 ± 39.4) g/d in 1989 and (18.9 ± 30.5) g/d in 2006 which was still at a low level. The trend of vegetables intake showed a small decrease. It was (374.5 ± 205.9) g/d in males and (346.4 ± 187.6) g/d in females in 2006, respectively. Both quantity and rate of fruits consumption showed an increase trend. Its consumption rate reached at 22.5% (741/3296) in males and 27.7% (1004/3619) in females in 2006, respectively. The average intake increased from (122.4 ± 126.9) g/d in 1989 to (228.5 ± 267.3) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 539.66, P < 0.01). At the same time, the daily intake of meat and egg showed a large increase, the average meat intake increased from (97.0 ± 111.5) g/d in males and (80.2 ± 97.0) g/d in females in 1989 to (141.5 ± 125.2) g/d in males and (118.4 ± 111.8) g/d in females in 2006, respectively. The oil consumption showed a significant increase. The average intake increased from (30.4 ± 37.9) g/d in 1989 to (42.8 ± 32.3) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 1646.94, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: There have been noticeable changes in the Chinese dietary pattern in the past 17 years. Some changes would be helpful for nutritional improvement in Chinese people, but it also caused some adverse effects on health because of improper food consumption.

Objective: To investigate milk consumption and effects on dietary nutrients and growth status among 7 - 17 years-old Chinese children in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1991 to 2006., Methods: Data was collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey, and 11 691 subjects aged 7 to 17 years old were included. The subjects were divided into the following groups according to milk consumption per day, 0 (no milk drinking), 1 - 99, 100 - 199, 200 - 299 and ≥ 300 g/d. Variables from different years were compared, such as milk categories, energy, protein, calcium intake, body mass index (BMI), as well as that dietary nutrients, height and weight among different milk consumption groups., Results: From 1991 to 2006, milk drinking rate and milk consumption among Chinese children had great improvement: milk drinking rate reached to 14.1% (161/1145) in 2006, while that was 3.0% (73/2441) in 1991; milk consumption reached to (26.7 ± 85.0) g/d in 2006, which was 6.8 times of that in 1991 (3.9 ± 31.9) g/d (χ(2) = 474.5, P < 0.01). BMI increased from (17.3 ± 2.9) kg/m(2) in 1991 to (18.5 ± 6.0) kg/m(2) in 2006 (χ(2) = 123.5, P < 0.01). Meanwhile, energy intake decreased from (8653.3 ± 2789.2) kJ/d in 1991 to (8058.3 ± 2866.6) kJ/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 72.6, P < 0.01); protein intake decreased from (63.0 ± 22.8) g/d in 1991 to (57.3 ± 23.1) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 71.9, P < 0.01). Average height of 0 (no milk drinking), 1 - 99, 100 - 199, 200 - 299 and ≥ 300 g/d groups were (142.9 ± 16.9), (146.9 ± 18.8), (147.6 ± 16.2), (148.8 ± 16.0), (149.9 ± 15.3) cm, respectively (χ(2) = 29.4, P < 0.01); average weight were (37.1 ± 13.2), (40.3 ± 13.9), (41.3 ± 16.9), (41.7 ± 14.6), (41.4 ± 12.2) kg, respectively (χ(2) = 25.7, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: In the period of 1991 to 2006, milk drinking rate and milk consumption has improved greatly. Main nutrient intake, height and weight increased with milk consumption.

Objective: To analyze the status and trend of dietary fiber intake and its food sources among Chinese residents aged 18 - 45 years old in 9 provinces (autonomous region), from 1989 to 2006., Methods: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of three consecutive days from China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006) were used. And the 18 - 45 years old subjects with complete information on dietary survey were included. The sample size of these 7 surveys were 5597, 5596, 5323, 5485, 5308, 4144 and 3889, respectively. The trends of dietary fiber intake and food sources by time and sex were studied., Results: From 1989 to 2000, the total of daily dietary fiber intake of 18 - 45 years old healthy residents decreased from 15.1 g/d to 11.6 g/d, insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased from 22.6 g/d to 17.8 g/d. In villages, from 1989 to 2000, the insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased 5.1 g/d in males and 5.2 g/d in females(13.2, 11.8 g in 2000, respectively;18.3, 17.0 g in 1989, respectively). In 2006, the insoluble dietary intake was 12.6 g/d in males and 11.2 g/d in females in villages. In cities, from 1989 to 2006, the insoluble dietary fiber intake was 9.4 - 11.8 g/d in males and 8.3 - 10.8 g/d in females. The total dietary fiber intake was 15.7 - 17.6 g/d in males and 13.5 - 16.4 g/d in females. The difference of insoluble and total dietary fiber intake between city and village was decreasing. In 2006, 70.6% (8.4/11.9) insoluble dietary fiber came from vegetables ((4.1 ± 3.1) g/d), wheat flour and its products ((2.6 ± 3.6) g/d), rice and its products ((1.7 ± 1.3) g/d)., Conclusion: Dietary fiber intake among Chinese aged 18 - 45 in 9 provinces (autonomous region) decreased from 1989 to 2006. Vegetables, wheat flour, rice and their products were the major food sources of insoluble dietary fiber.

Objective: To understand the status and trend of alcohol consumption among adult people living in 9 provinces (autonomous region) of China from 1993 to 2006., Methods: The data was collected at the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006, the subjects with complete drinking data of adult residents were involved. The sample of subjects were 7994, 8625, 9283, 9780 and 9746 among 5 round surveys respectively. Alcohol intake, drinking frequency, drinking type, drinking amount and trends of changing was analyzed., Results: The average drinking rates were 60.2% (13 201/21 919) and 9.7% (2269/23 509) among male and female respectively. The average alcohol intake was (32.2 ± 35.6) g in male and (14.0 ± 19.4) g in female drinkers. Male drinkers with primary and secondary schools or below education had the lowest level of drinking rate, which was 59.7% (985/1651), 58.7% (941/1604), 57.0% (889/1560), 55.4% (885/1599) and 53.1% (812/1529) in the 5 round surveys respectively. However, the average daily alcohol intake was the highest, which was (31.1 ± 38.2) g, (39.8 ± 42.1) g, (38.9 ± 41.3) g and (38.4 ± 43.3) g at 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 respectively. The male drinkers with college or above education had the lowest alcohol intake, which was (21.9 ± 24.5) g, (28.8 ± 30.9) g, (24.6 ± 22.0) g and (25.0 ± 26.4) g in 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 respectively. Female drinkers with college or above education had the highest drinking rate, which was 21.0% (13/62), 24.5% (26/106), 16.6% (27/163), 19.7% (38/193) and 18.8% (46/245) at 5 round surveys respectively. But their average daily alcohol intake was lowest, which was (4.7 ± 3.3) g, (12.5 ± 31.9) g, (9.9 ± 18.7) g and (8.2 ± 8.5) g at 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 respectively. And the average daily alcohol intake was the highest among female drinkers with primary and secondary schools or below education, which was (13.4 ± 16.9) g, (16.3 ± 22.4) g, (19.9 ± 26.1) g and (16.4 ± 18.0) g respectively. According to the regional distribution, the highest drinking rate of female drinker was occurred at urban female, which was 17.4% (110/631), 19.9% (147/740), 17.4% (129/741), 14.4% (117/814) and 11.3% (88/781) at 5 round surveys. Drinking every day was most popular in male drinkers, the proportion was 32.6% (3533/10 844). Drinking 1 to 2 times per week, 1 to 2 times per month, no more than 1 time per month was most popular in female drinkers, the proportion was 23.0% (410/1786), 24.6% (440/1786) and 21.2% (379/1786) respectively. Male drinkers liked liquor more (drinking rate was 81.8%, 8875/10 844). The wine drinking rate of female (22.3%, 399/1786) is far higher than that of male's (9.0%, 976/10 844) (χ(2) = 280.4, P < 0.01). The daily alcohol intake equal to or greater than 25 g of male drinkers was 42.0% (4058/9654), and the daily alcohol intake equal to or greater than 15 g of female drinkers was 25.3% (349/1378)., Conclusion: The drinking rate of adults among 9 provinces (autonomous region) was higher than that of national average level. The drinking rate and the average alcohol consumption among male and female was significantly different. Same differences was observed among education level and different regions.

Objective: To analyze the status of dietary sodium intake of 18 - 65 years old Chinese people in nine provinces (autonomous region) in 1991 and 2006., Methods: In 1991 and 2006, China Health and Nutrition Survey was carried out in nine provinces, including Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and Guizhou, Subjects were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from 18 - 65 years old people and 8235 subjects in 1991 and 7788 subjects in 2006. Sodium intake analysis was conducted across gender, regions and rural(urban) residences., Results: On average, sodium intake decreased from (6750.6 ± 3771.5) mg/d in 1991 to (4949.7 ± 2829.4) mg/d in 2006 (Z = -35.5, P < 0.01) among the 18 - 65 years old people. In 1991 and 2006, the main sources of dietary sodium were salt, soy sauce and vegetable. In 1991, the proportion were 79.6% ((5375.6 ± 3532) mg/d), 8.7% ((586.7 ± 721.7) mg/d) and 7.5% ((506.9 ± 906.1) mg/d), respectively. In 2006, the proportion were 71.5% ((3539.8 ± 2545) mg/d), 8.3% ((410.7 ± 547.9) mg/d) and 6.2% ((304.6 ± 610.7) mg/d), respectively., Conclusions: Among 18 - 65 years old residents, sodium intake in 2006 was significantly lower than that in 1991, but still far beyond the 2200 mg/d of adequate intake level (2200 mg/d). The major source of sodium intake in Chinese diet was condiments.

Objective: To investigate the trend of milk consumption among Chinese children and adolescents in 9 provinces from 1991 to 2006., Methods: The paper was based on data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and the subjects aged 7 to 17 years old with complete 24-hour-dietary data for 3 days. Milk consumption in this paper was defined as intake of fresh milk, powdered milk or yogurt, excluding other milk products and milk drinks., Results: There were increasing trends of milk drinking rate and average amount of milk consumption per day in the period of 1991 - 2006, in which milk drinking rate among Chinese children and adolescents increased from 2.88% in 1991 to 13.88% in 2006. The average milk consumption per day increased from 3.90 g/day in 1991 to 26.11 g/day in 2006. There were significant differences regarding milk consumption, both on regional and economic levels. Although milk intake had been increasing in the past 15 years, there was still huge gap between the amount of consumption and the criterion of 300 g/day, proposed by the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (2007). The prevalence of dietary calcium intake under Adequate Intake value was still over 97%, indicating the need of more efforts to be made., Conclusion: The condition of milk intake was improved significantly from 1991 to 2006. However, there was widespread deficiency in milk consumption among Chinese children and adolescents, calling for strengthening the macro-control, optimizing the production and conducting education on nutrition, and improving milk consumption among the Chinese children and adolescents.

Objective: To investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) with or without hyperglycemia on stroke prevalence compared to that of diabetes alone., Methods: 44 100 subjects, 20 570 males and 23 530 females, aged 25 - 75, who had participated in the Chinese Residents Nutrition and Health Examination Survey held in the mainland of China 2002, underwent anthropometry, measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2 hour plasma glucose (2 h PG) after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 22 570 subjects, 10 698 males and 11 872 females, were divided into 5 groups: control group without MS risk factors (n = 17 518), Group of diabetes mellitus (DM) without MS (n = 638), group of MS with normoglycemia (n = 2501), Group of MS with mild hyperglycemia (n = 1058), and group MS with DM (n = 855). The relationship between MS and stroke was studied by multiple logistic regression analysis., Results: The prevalence of MS increased along with age. The MS prevalence rates of the subjects with FPG > or = 5.6 mmol/L in the age groups 25 - 34, 35 - 44, 45 - 54, and > or = 55 were 23.5%, 37.2%, 45.7%, and 53.0% respectively, all significantly higher than those of the subjects with the FPG < 5.6 mmol/L (2.2%, 4.7%, 7.8%, and 9.5% respectively, all P < 0.01). The prevalence rates of stroke of the groups of DM, normal blood sugar with MS, mild hyperglycemia with MS, and DM with MS were 2.94%, 2.27%, 2.89%, and 4.11%, respectively, all significantly higher than that of the control group (0.19%, all P < 0.01). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and LDL-C, no significant difference was observed between the neighboring MS groups (all P > 0.05). Compared to the group of MS with normoglycemia, the OR value for stroke of the DM with MS was 1.84 (95% CI 1.20 - 2.83, P < 0.01), which was still significant after adjusting for LDL-C (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: (1) People with glucose intolerance had very high prevalence of stroke than novmoglgcemic people. (2) Hyperglycemia in MS has an extremely important role in the impact of MS on stroke in Chinese. (3) Diabetes by itself has the same significance as the combination of MS components in the development of stroke.

Objective: To explore influence factors of dietary supplement used in population aged above 45 years in Beijing., Methods: Utilizing the data of the survey of dietary supplement (DS) used in Beijing in 2006 was to investigate the influence factors by using multi-factorial logistic regression analysis., Results: All 2487 samples were included in the analysis. Sex, age, average income of each month for each member of the family, experiences of deficiency of nutrition, attitude to nutrition knowledge, attitude to the need of DS and city-or-rural resident had shown effects on DS using. The percentage of using DS in female was higher than that in male being 19.3% and 11.8% respectively. The percentage grew up as the age became older. The same trend appeared as the economic-status going up, but not as education level change. Use of DS was greater in urban population (16.9%) than in rural population (14.6%). The percentage of using DS in people who had or just been diagnosed as malnutrition/deficiency disease or chronic disease, or those who thought themselves having got these diseases only by their own feeling were higher than those did not., Conclusion: People the female, the elder, or those having higher income, having experiences of deficiency of nutrition, are more interested in nutrition knowledge, and more positive in need of DS and those living in rural should be the target population of nutrition education for DS use.

Objective: To analyze whether isolated hypertension and metabolic syndrome ( Based on the 2005 IDF criteria) have equal risk on stroke in Chinese adults., Methods: 25194 subjects (25-75 years old) from Chinese National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2002 were divided into control group, isolated hypertension ( i-HTN) group, metabolic syndrome (MS) without hypertension ( non-HTN/MS) group , MS with hypertension (HTN/MS) group. The clinical features and risk for stroke ( using multiple logistic stepwise regression analysis) were compared among 4 groups., Results: (1) The clinic features in the i-HTN group was non-central obesity, and its plasma glucose, triglyceride 9TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) levels were normal . (2) The prevalence of stroke in control group , i-HTN group, non-HTN/MS group and HTN/MS group was 0.14%, 1.27%, 1.19% and 2.14%, respectively. (3) After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, logistic regression analysis showed that the i-HTN group, non-HTN/MS group and HTN/MS group had higher risk of stroke compared with the controls, the odd ratio (OR) were 4.18, 8.00, 8.69 (P < 0.01), respectively. Compared with i-HTN group, OR in HTN/MS group was 2.05, while no difference was found between i-HTN group and non-HTN/MS group ( P>0.05). (4) Among different components of the MS, hypertension (OR 2.33), central obesity (OR 2.09), low HDL-C (OR 1.69), hyperglycemia (OR 1.66) except hypertriglyceridemia were all significantly related to stroke (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: (1) MS and hypertension were an independent risk factor for the development of stroke in Chinese adults. (2) Though there was no clinical features of insulin resistance in i-HTN group, it was observed that the i-HTN and non-HTN/MS had equal contribution to stroke. The risk of stroke will be further increased if hypertension included in the MS.

Objective: To describe the changes of waist circumference distribution and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity on Chinese adults aged 20-65, from 1993 to 2006., Methods: This paper was based on the data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006, and the subjects were men and women from 20 to 65 years old. Using the LMS method to construct the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentile waist circumference percentile curves. The recommended cut-off points for abdominal adiposity were 85 cm and above for males and 80 cm and above for females, suggested in the "Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity Prevention and Control for Chinese Adults" in defining abdominal adiposity., Results: Compared with 1993, the 2006 waist circumference distribution curves flattened and expanded at higher levels in males and females. The waist circumference increased from 77.1 cm to 82.9 cm among males and from 75.8 cm to 78.9 cm among females. A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in both sexes. In males, the prevalence increased from 17.9% to 42.5% while in females, it increased from 28.8% to 46.9%. Similar trends of increasing waist circumference and abdominal obesity were observed in underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity. Subjects defined by body mass index (BMI) suggesting that primary prevention of abdominal obesity should be viewed as one of the major public health problems in China., Conclusion: This study indicated that the rapid increase in waist circumference among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2006. A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in males and females. Unless measures are taken to slow the increase in the course of the abdominal adiposity epidemic, the burden of obesity associated morbidity and mortality in the Chinese can be expected to increase in future years.

Objective: To analyze the incidence of low birth weight and identify the influencing factors in China in 2006., Methods: The national survey was performed by stratified random cluster sampling method in 43 cities and counties in 14 provinces. The subjects were all live neonates during May to October in 2006. Their body weight was measured according to the standardization conducted by the national research team, while the information of all infants was investigated by questionnaires. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors., Results: Among 18 554 infants investigated, the incidence of low birth weight was 4.6% in 2006 in China, being 3.2%, 4.4%, and 6.3% in eastern middle and western areas respectively. The incidence of low birth weight were 3.9% in urban and 4.8% in rural. The results of logistic regression analysis suggested that maternal education (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.181 approximately 1.861), body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.229 - 1.876), body weight gain in gestation period (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.246 - 1.965), gestational weeks (OR = 20.16; 95% CI: 15.456 - 26.297), multiple birth (OR = 12.11; 95% CI: 9.229 - 15.893), gestation syndrome, and nutrition instruction (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.550 - 0.798) were associated with low birth weight significantly., Conclusion: The main factors resulting in low birth weight in neonates are maternal education, BMI before pregnancy, body weight gain in gestation period, pregnancy age, multiple birth, gestation syndrome, and nutrition instruction.

Objective: To study the relationship between milk intake of 3 - 6 years old preschool children and their growth., Methods: The data bank of 2002 China National and Health Survey were used to analyze the relationship of milk consumption and the growth of children aged 3 - 6 in urban and rural areas., Results: The percentages of the diet with milk in urban and rural areas were 46.9% and 8.2% respectively, there was significant difference between the urban and rural areas. The averaged milk intake of preschool children were 23.8 g/d, the milk intake of urban children was significantly higher than that in the rural areas (P < 0.01). The height and weight of children with milk or its products in their diets in the group aged 4, 5 and 6 years were significantly higher than those of children without milk or its products in their diets (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: There was close relationship between milk intake of children 3 - 6 years old and their growth, the volume of milk intake of preschool children should be improved in urban and rural areas.

Objective: To investigate the trends of the distribution of body mass index(BMI) among Chinese adults in some provinces from 1989 to 2000., Methods: This paper was based on data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1989,1991,1993,1997 and 2000, and the subjects were 20- 45 years old healthy men and women., Results: In the period of 1989 - 2000, the mean of BMI among Chinese adults was increasing from 1989 to 2000. The mean of BMI among male increased from 21.3kg/m(2) to 22.4kg/m(2). At the same time, the mean of BMI among female increased from 21.8 kg/m(2) to 22.5kg/m(2) . With the changing of the distribution of BMI among Chinese adults the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 1989 to 2000. The people who were elder than thirty years old had a faster increasing in BMI than younger age group. Moreover the people who lived in city suburb and town had a faster increasing than who lived in village., Conclusion: It is a big problem to control the changing of the distribution of BMI among Chinese adults.

Objective: To explore the relationship between metabolic syndrome and stroke in Chinese people., Methods: Data were presented for 23080 men and 25553 women aged more than 15 years old from National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002. Metabolic syndrome definition was recommended by the CDS., Results: The metabolic syndrome was significantly related with stroke( OR = 5.998,95% C14.799 - 7.496) in univariate logistic analysis, after being adjusted for age, sex, area, education, physical activity smoking and drinking, the relationship still exists between the metabolic syndrome and stroke( OR = 3.114,95 % CI ,2.432 - 3.987) . Among the component conditions, hypertension was the most leading factor associated with stroke. And individual with more components has more possibility to be affiliated with stroke (P < 0.0001)., Conclusion: The metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with stroke in Chinese people, the metabolic syndrome and its' components should be prevented to avoid the prevalence of stroke in Chinese.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to estimate and forecast the minimum consumption expenditure on food of 8 provinces using linear programming model., Methods: Analysis was based on the food data of 2000 of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The linear programming model's target population was 18 - 49 years old adult with different physical activity level. The mathematical model was established and functioned by GAMS., Results: It was not a high consumption expenditure on food of 8 provinces when meet with the 13 nutrients and the required amount of food, even in the year of well-to-do., Conclusion: We should improve the household' s dietary quality by following the viewpoint of lowest cost but enough nutrients in different income level. The study suggested that we should tell the residents about the lowest cost when we engage nutrition education.

Objective: To examine the differences in food and antioxidant vitamin intake in current non-smokers,light smokers,and heavy smokers., Methods: 51 115 people (24 077 male, 27 038 female) aged above 15 years who had completed providing information on smoking habit and dietary intake, were selected from 2002 national health and nutrition survey., Results: After adjustment for geographic areas and age, data showed the smokers ate more light vegetable and alcohol, less dark vegetable and fruit than non-smokers. Male smokers consumed more energetic stuff and macronutrients than non-smokers, but female smokers had opposite trends. Light smokers (LS) consumed less antioxidant than non-smokers (NS) after adjusted for area, age, BMI and energy, with carotene (Male LS = 1824.7 microg, NS = 1964.8 microg; Female LS = 1565.4 microg, NS = 2127.4 microg), thiamin (Male LS = 0.84 mg, NS = 0.85 mg; Female LS = 0.72 mg, NS = 0.74 mg), vitamin E (alpha) (Male LS = 9.2 mg, NS = 9.3 mg; Female LS = 7.4 mg, NS = 8.1 mg), vitamin C (Male LS = 91.2 mg, NS = 94.2 mg; Female LS = 76.9 mg, NS = 87.5 mg)., Conclusion: Smokers had a significantly lower overall mean dietary antioxidant vitamin intake than non-smokers. Increasing the daily consumption of variety of fruits and vegetables had been recommended to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Objective: To understand the prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure level in different ethnic groups in Chinese population., Methods: Data are presented for 67700 men and 84983 women aged more than 15 years old from National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002., Results: After being adjusted by age using Chinese population in 1964, the highest prevalence of hypertension in the male were. Tibetan (25.6%) and Manchu (23.1%). The Miao (9.2%) and Tujia (11.1%) ethnics have the lowest prevalence of hypertension. Also prevalence rate of hypertension in female in Tibetan (24.0%) and Manchu (18.7%) were the highest, and the lowest were Miao (6.1%) and Zhuang (8.3%) ethnics. The prevalence rate of hypertension in most ethnics were increased compared with that of 1991, except that of the male in Mongolian and female in Miao ethnics., Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure level were different among ethnics. The prevalence rate of hypertension in almost all ethnics were increased during past ten years.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome (MS)., Methods: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 132 sampling 218,920 residents, aged 44.3 +/- 15.3 (15 - 96), in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of the mainland China according to the program of the National Nutrition and Health Survey. Questionnaire survey, interview, physical examination, measurement of biochemical indices, and dietary investigation were done. Information of physical activity and measurement of fasting glucose and/or glucose 2 hours after meal, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were obtained in 50,494 participants. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Chinese Medical Association's definition. The intensity of physical activity was divided into 3 categories according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of US/American College of Sports Medicine criteria., Results: 50,495 subjects, 23,932 males (47.4%) and 26,562 females (52.6%), were diagnosed as with MS. The MS incidence of those with high intensity of physical activity was lower by 60% in comparison with those with low intensity of physical activity (odds ratio 0.60, 95% CI: 0.362 - 0.443) adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol intake. The risk of MS in those with moderate intensity of physical activity of 151 - 300 minutes/week was slightly decreased compared to those with moderate intensity of physical activity of 90 - 150 minutes/week, (odds ratio 0.935, 95% CI: 0.685 - 1.277), however, the risk of MS in those with the moderate intensity of physical activity over 300 minutes/week increased slightly (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 0.923 - 1.745). The risk of MS in those with low-level physical activity of 301 - 420 minutes/week was lower by 35% in comparison with those with the low-level physical activity of 90 - 150 minutes/week (95% CI: 0.451 - 0.933), however, the risk of MS in those with the low-level physical activity over 420 minutes/week was 0.871, not significantly different from that of the subjects with the low-level physical activity of other intensity (odd ratio = 0.871, 95% CI: 0.643 - 1.181). The risk of MS of those with the vigorous physical activity odds rations for having MS of vigorous activity over 150 minutes/week was 0.757, lower by 25% in comparison with those with the vigorous physical activity of 10 - 60 minutes/week (95% CI: 0.603 - 0.951), adjusted for sex, age, smoking, alcohol intake and BMI., Conclusion: MS risk can be decreased by low level physical activity of 300 - 420 minutes/week, moderate physical activity of 90 - 300 minutes/week and vigorous physical activity of over 150 minutes/week.

Objective: To analyze the difference and correlation of food intakes assessed by Food Weighted Record, 24 Hours Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) methods., Subjects: The data of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were used. All 23,198 subjects (male 11,107, female 12,091) finished all three dietary survey methods. Food Weighted Record method weighted all food items consumed at home by all family members in last 3 days; 24 Hours Recall recorded all food items the subjects consumed at and out home in last 3 days; FFQ recorded the main 33 categories food items that the subjects consumed at and out home in last year., Results: Compared to Food Weighted Record method, food intakes assessed by 24 hours recall were similar, and the relative differences were less than 10% of most food items. The proportion of over-report and under-report (+/- 25%) by 24 Hours Recall were less than 40%. The correlation coefficients of food intakes between Food Weighted Record and 24 Hours Recall methods ranged from 0.58 to 0.88. The results from Food Weighted Record and FFQ were similar among the high frequently consumed food items. The relative differences of the food intakes investigated between Food Weighted Record and FFQ were less than 15% and the proportion of over-report and under-report (+/- 25%) by FFQ were more than 50%. The correlation coefficients of food intakes between Food Weighted Record and FFQ ranged from 0.08 to 0.76., Conclusion: Food intakes might be assessed accurately by the Food Weighted Record revised 24 Hours Recall method, and FFQ method be also used to assess the food intakes, especially for the frequently consumed food items, as to studying the relationship between food consumption and health.