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With the increasing use of glyphosate, the accumulation and potential hazards of glyphosate in water bodies have attracted substantial attention. Decreased species richness and coverage of aquatic vegetation in water bodies have been observed in areas where glyphosate has been applied. In this study, the sources, transport and residues of glyphosate in surface water were systematically reviewed. Based on the results of biotoxicity tests of glyphosate on planktonic algae, floating plants, emergent plants and submerged plants, the acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate on these aquatic photosynthetic organisms was described. The results of toxicity tests showed that aquatic photosynthetic organisms were tolerant to glyphosate and their sensitivity to glyphosate was variable. Submerged plants were more sensitive to glyphosate than planktonic algae, floating plants and emergent plants. On this basis, the toxicity test results of aquatic photosynthetic organisms exposed to glyphosate were summarized and prospected, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the ecological risk assessment of glyphosate on aquatic photosynthetic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]