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With the gradual expansion of aquaculture industry in China, the frequent occurrence of diseases in aquatic animal aquaculture and the pollution of aquatic water are becoming more and more serious. The long-term use of antibiotics and traditional vaccines in aquaculture has caused water pollution, drug-resistant strains, antibiotic residues, and other problems, which restricts the healthy development of aquaculture industry. Plant polysaccharides play an important role in replacing antibiotics. Plant polysaccharides exist in the leaves, flowers, roots, stems, and fruits of plants. They are macromolecular polymers that connect various monosaccharides by glycosidic bonds. Plant polysaccharides have the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low residue and no drug resistance. Plant polysaccharides have many biological functions, such as regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, lowering blood sugar, anti-tumor, and improving intestinal health. The application of plant polysaccharides in animal production can improve body health, enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity, and improve production performance. Therefore, this paper mainly reviewed the physicochemical properties, biological functions of plant polysaccharides and their application in aquaculture, so as to provide a reference for their further promotion and application in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of the analysis and optimization on the hydraulic excavator attachments' digging force, the research about the relationship of the key hinge points' location and the largest digging force was put forward. A co-simulation method of the dynamics of mechanical systems and hydraulic systems was introduced to establish the attachments virtual prototype model. On the condition of that the bucket and boom cylinder were locked and the stick cylinder pressure was closed to the largest system preesure, the digging force diagram within the working range was analyzed and the maximum stick digging force was also concluded. On this basis, the maximum digging force was selected to the design goal, through experimental design and Monte Carlo methods, the influence of the key hinge points' spatial location to the maximum stick digging force were studied. The results indicate that the hydraulic excavator digging force is close to similar foreign products, and at the same time, the location and value of the stick digging force are find out which provide a valid basis for the optimization design and structural strength analysis of attachments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elevator group is scheduled by suitable algorithm according to different traffic mode, and the performance of the elevator group control system will be improved. The kernel fuzzy clustering (KFCM) algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to identify the elevator traffic mode. The iterative process based on gradient descent in KFCM algorithm is replaced by PSO algorithm, which has stronger global search capability and local search capability. Meanwhile the sensitivity to initial value of the FCM algorithm is decreased. By using kernel method, the sample in the low-dimensional feature space is mapped into high-dimensional feature space. And the sample feature is optimized and can be linearly divided in high-dimensional feature space so that clustering could be performed efficiently. The elevator traffic flow data collected from some office building is regard as the test sample. The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed has better performance indices compared with FCM algorithm, and the clustering effect of elevator traffic flow is more exact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and microbial communities are key factors that affect the proliferation of ARGs. To reveal the effects of WWTPs effluent discharge on the ARGs and microbial community in a coastal area, the structure and distribution of ARGs, MGEs, and microbial community in Shangyu (SY) and Jiaxing (JX) effluent receiving areas (ERAs) and the offshore area of Hangzhou Bay (HB) were investigated via high-throughput quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that multidrug resistance genes were the most abundant ARGs across all the sampling sites. The diversity and abundance of ARGs and MGEs in the ERAs were much higher than those in the HB. Additionally, the diversities of the microbial community in the JX-ERA were higher than those in the SY-ERA and HB. PCoA showed that the distribution of ARGs, MGEs, and microbial communities in the ERAs and HB were significantly different, indicating that the long-term wastewater discharge could alter the distribution of ARGs, MGEs, and microbial communities in the coastal area. The co-occurrence pattern among ARGs, MGEs, and microbial communities revealed that 12 bacterial genera, such as Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas, Sulfitobacter, Pseudoalteromonas , and Bacillus , showed strong positive correlations with ARGs and MGEs. Most potential hosts carried multidrug and β -lactamase resistance genes.

Smoke injection height is a key driving factor for plume transport, which determines the lifetime of smoke aerosol in the atmosphere, transport path and diffusion along with the wind, and impacts on atmospheric environment. In this study, raw data obtained from the latest multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) plume height project was extracted and analzyed. The variation of smoke injection heights of wildfire in China was investigated with statistical analysis methods. The effects of fire characteristics (combustion biomass type and fire radiative power) on the smoke injection height were explored. Meanwhile, the influence of smoke injection heights on the atmospheric environment was discussed based on the proportion of higher injection height plumes and the value of smoke aerosol optical depth (AOD). The results showed that smoke injection heights from wildfire ranged from 345 to 7719 m, with 57.1% of which ranging from 500 to 1000 m. Except for an abnormally high value of smoke injection height from a large grassland fire, the rest of smoke injection heights were lower than 3000 m. The biomass type for combustion was an important factor affecting smoke injection heights. The injection heights of the plume caused by forest fire were the highest and had the greatest variability. Smoke injection heights increased with the fire radiation power, but with obvious dispersion ( R 2 =0.19). By setting a simple threshold, the proportion of higher injection plumes which might cause long-distance transportation of air pollutants in China was 10.5%. Combined with the analysis of smoke AOD, it was found that the average smoke injection height from cropland burning was the lowest, but their smoke caused the highest regional air pollution. In contrast, although forest fires could produce the highest smoke injection height, their smoke had a lower average value of AOD, which indicated a relatively weak impact of forest fires on regional air quality.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are regarded as the main source for antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). To explore the features regarding the distribution of ARGs in wastewater with complicated composition in treatment plants, wastewater samples from a chemical industry park that produced antibiotics were selected. qPCR was applied to detect the type and abundance of ARGs in the wastewater flows from the WWTPs. The results indicated that 16 types of ARGs were detected from the wastewater from the WWTPs, among which sulfonamide resistance genes and tetracycline resistance genes were the dominant ARGs that appeared in the wastewater. Additionally, intI 1 was detected and its abundance was correlated with that of sulfonamide resistance genes. This indicated that intI 1 may promote the migration and transformation of sulfonamide resistance genes. The pharmaceutical factories in the park mainly synthesize macrolide antibiotics. Because of the selective pressure, the absolute abundance of ermB in the wastewater was much higher than that in the other industrial wastewater. The total ARGs decreased by 1.16 log via traditional biological treatment process, and the total ARGs decreased by 2.46 log via the Fenton process. The results showed that the removal effects of deep treatment processes on ARGs were better than that of biological treatment in this wastewater treatment process. Highly abundant and movable ARGs already exist in the water body, and their release from WWTPs without effective treatment poses high risks to the environment.

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat ciprofloxacin (CIP)-contaminated artificial wastewater. The pollutant removal performance and the microbial community structure of the MBR were studied at three different CIP dosages (0 mg·L -1 , 5 mg·L -1 , and 10 mg·L -1 ). The results showed that the sludge concentration in the reactor decreased and then levelled off as the dosage of CIP was increased from 0 mg·L -1 to 5 mg·L -1 and further to 10 mg·L -1 . The mean removal of TOC and COD decreased from 98.40% and 97.80% to 84.20% and 94.10%, respectively, indicating that the CIP negatively influenced the organic removal but the effect was minor. In contrast, the ammonium removal was greatly influenced by the dosage of CIP. When the CIP dosage increased from 0 mg·L -1 to 5 mg·L -1 and further to 10 mg·L -1 , the ammonium removal efficiency decreased from 96.91% to 84.14% and then to 77.80%, and the activity of Nitrosomonas , Alcaligenes , Nitrospira , and Nitrobacter were greatly inhibited. The CIP removal initially increased and then decreased. The mass balance revealed that the removal of CIP in the MBR was principally attributed to biodegradation and sludge adsorption, which accounted for 30.13% and 0.25%, respectively, at a CIP dosage of 5 mg·L -1 and 7.55% and 1.81% at a CIP dosage of 10 mg·L -1 .

An intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor (IASBR) and a traditional sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were respectively used for treating digested piggery wastewater, and the pollutant removal performance was studied at different ratios of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total nitrogen (TN) in the influent and different loading rates. The results showed that the pollutant removal rates in the IASBR were much higher than those in the SBR. Under influent COD/TN of about 2.2 and NH 4 + -N loading of (0.12±0.04) kg·(m 3 ·d) -1 , the removal rates of NH 4 + -N, TN and TOC in the IASBR were 97.2%±4.4%, 81.5%±7.5% and 88.5%±2.4%, respectively, higher than the corresponding rates of 78.3%±19.6%, 79.8%±4.9% and 86.6%±3.2% in the SBR. As the NH 4 + -N loading was increased to (0.18±0.02) kg·(m 3 ·d) -1 , the removal rates of NH 4 + -N, TN and TOC in the IASBR were slightly decreased to 92.4%±7.3%, 77.5%±5.3% and 86.4%±2.2%, but still higher than the corresponding values of 78.1%±15.4%, 61.8%±11.2% and 81.8%±5.6% in the SBR. As the NH 4 + -N loading was remained at (0.20±0.01) kg·(m 3 ·d) -1 , but the influent COD/TN ratio was increased to about 3.0, the pollutant removal rates in both IASBR and SBR were increased, compared to those at influent COD/TN ratio of 2.2.The removal rates of NH 4 + -N, TN and TOC in the IASBR were 99.6%±0.2%, 91.5%±2.9% and 92.0%±0.9%, respectively, higher than the corresponding rates of 90.2%±1.4%, 83.0%±1.9% and 90.2%±0.5% in the SBR. Based on the above, the IASBR was more efficient in TN and ammonium removal and more shocking load resistant, and therefore was more feasible than SBR for treating low COD/TN ratio wastewaters such as the digested piggery wastewater.

Removal of conventional pollutants as well as genotoxicity was studied along a multistage A/O process, which was based on the monitoring data in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWWTP) of Yixing City. The results showed that the multistage A/O process removed (67.3±7.0)% of COD, (93.7±1.5)% of NH 4 + -N, (65.3±7.9)% of TN and (60.0±18.7)% of TP, respectively, which played a dominant role in the removal performance of the whole wastewater treatment process. The multistage A/O process showed significant ability to reduce alkanes, halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohols in the municipal wastewater, while it failed to remove the aromatic proteins which were the main fluorescent substances of this wastewater. Furthermore, the process removed 82.8% genotoxicity from its influent. Low organic load, single-phase influent and undesirable carbon source feeding pattern, which caused the downstream A/O stages being not fully utilized, were considered as the predominant reasons for the relatively low performance of the multistage A/O process. Multi-phase feeding and adjusting carbon source feeding pattern were thereby proposed. The results were considered to be helpful for improving the operational performance of the MWWTP and useful for performance evaluation of MWWTPs with similar process.

The removal performance of 11 veterinary antibiotics in piggery wastewater and their accumulation in the activated sludge were studied in an intermittent aeration membrane bioreactor (IAMBR) at different COD/TN ratios and organic loads. The results showed that both antibiotics and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were efficiently removed at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of no less than five days and COD/TN ratio of 2.1, the removal rate was (79.1 ± 0.7)% for total antibiotics and was (88.4 ± 1.4)% for COD. As HRT was shortened to three days, the removal rate of COD was little changed but the removal rate of total antibiotics was significantly decreased. As COD/TN decreased from 2.1 to 0.7, the removal rate of total antibiotics was little changed, but the COD removal rate was significantly decreased. Antibiotics of tetracycline and quinolone species kept accumulating in the sludge at long SRT, and the accumulation amount was decreased with shorter SRT. The concentration and composition of antibiotic in the sludge were influenced by the raw wastewater.

In anaerobic conditions, the acclimation of activated sludge was studied with sodium lactate as the electron donor and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as the electron acceptor. Metabolic characteristics of dechlorination were the focus of this study. The result showed highly efficient dechlorination on 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol that the conversion rate reached to 100% in 9 - 24 h when initial concentrations of sodium lactate and 2,4, 6-trichlorophenol were 20 mmol x L(-1) and 40 - 80 μmol x L(-1), respectively. The intermediate product 2,4-dichlorophenol was found in low concentration (< 4.22 μmol x L(-1)). And 4-chlorophenol and phenol were the main products. Ortho chlorophenol (2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenol) can be converted rapidly by acclimated sludge, while the further conversion of 4-chlorophenol and phenol was limited. The residues of anaerobic metabolism were degraded by aerobic sludge, among which 4-chlorophenol (initial concentration of 33 mol x L(-1)) removal rate was up to 100% under aerobic conditions. The acclimated bacteria can rapidly transfer Fe(III) and humus (AQDS) into reductive Fe(II) and AQH2DS which indicated that the dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria was enriched in the acclimated sludge. The electron mediator [Fe(III) and AQDS] significantly accelerated the dechlorination rate. The acclimated sludge could perform extracellular respiration dechlorination with electron mediators.

In order to determine eleven commonly used veterinary antibiotics (including four tetracyclines, two sulfonamides, three quinolones and two macrolides) in piggery wastewater and activated sludge in the Yangtze River Delta region, the conditions of solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were optimized. The recovery rate and relative standard deviations of the method were confirmed as 73% - 105.2%, 3.1% - 10.2% for piggery wastewater (n = 3) and 57.4% - 104.6%, 1.9% - 10.9% (n = 3) respectively for the activated sludge. Removal of antibiotics was then studied in a membrane bioreactor. The results showed that antibiotics of both tetracycline and sulfonamide species took a large portion in the wastewater, while tetracycline species were the dominant in the sludge. Tetracycline species in the wastewater were removed by 85.2%, mainly through biodegradation (51.9%) and secondly by sludge adsorption (33.2%). By comparison, sulfonamide species was removed by 95.8%, almost all through biodegradation while little by sludge adsorption. Flask tests suggested that the accumulated antibiotics in the sludge give no significant influence on the microbial removal of organics and ammonium.

As a kind of environmental endocrine disruptors, bisphenol A received a wide attention around the world. The planar waveguide fluorescent biosensor can rapidly and sensitively detect traceable bisphenol A in water samples. Under the optimized test conditions, the typical calibration curve for BPA determination by the biosensor showed a detection limit of (0.04 +/- 0.007) microg x L(-1) The linear response ranged from 0.16 microg x L(-1) to 22.40 microg x L(-1). The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was (1.67 +/- 0.47) microg x L(-1). By means of adding 0.5% EDTA to sample solutions could weaken the interference of water hardness. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery ratios for four kinds of real water samples were in the range of 88% to 111%, with R.S.D. less than 15%. The results indicate that this method features the potential in the practical detections of bisphenol A in real water samples.

A pilot-scale process with the capacity of 15 t x d(-1) was applied for treatment of the secondary biological effluent from a dyeing industrial park wastewater treatment plant. We studied the variation of pollutants along the height of two media biological aerated filter (BAF), investigated the feasibility of the cheaper and lighter suspended media to substitute activated carbon. The results showed that while the influent average COD and color were 50.2 mg x L(-1) and 58 times, the effluent average COD and color of activated carbon and suspended media BAF were 35.0 mg x L(-1), 18 times and 44.3 mg x L(-1), 26 times, and both of the effluent met the first level A criteria specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002), while it met the first level A criteria at the height of 2 400 mm in suspended media BAF, higher than the height of 1 800 mm in activated carbon BAF. The removal variation of color, TN and ammonia along the height of suspended media BAF is similar to the activated carbon BAF, but with a low removal efficiency of COD, mainly related to its less biomass. Therefore, suspended media to substitute activated carbon is feasible to the wastewater treatment plant, but the size and material of the media still need to be optimized, and to enhance the biomass, the hybrid process of suspended media with activated carbon BAF may be used to reduce the cost if it is necessary.

J City lies in the downstream of Taihu Lake and its water source was micro-polluted by the well-developed industry and agriculture inside the city and in the upper stream. Tap water of J City is characterized as high concentrations of organics and ammonia nitrogen, and chlorinated disinfection byproducts (CDBPs), which has drawn many public concerns for the health risk. Tap water was sampled in May, August, October of 2012 and January of 2013. Four trihalomethanes (THMs) and five haloacetic acids (HAAs) were determined with the gas chromatography. Results revealed that THMs accounted for 88.1% of the sum of THMs and HAAs, with higher concentrations in May, August and January (39.34, 50.37 and 28.02 microg x L(-1), respectively) while obviously lower in October (19.19 microg x L(-1)), which were significantly higher than that of HAAs (2.58-4.02 microg x L(-1)). After boiled for three minutes, THMs were removed over 92.3% but HAAs were largely increased. The health risk of CDBPs was then calculated based on the health risk assessment model recommended by the USEPA. The health risk caused by carcinogenic CDBPs was within a range of 3.1 x 10(-6) - 7. 3 x 10(-6) in the tap water, all over the recommended level of 1 x 10(-6), but after boiled, the value significantly decreased to 7.9 x 10(-7), which is below the recommended level. The health risk caused by non-carcinogenic CDBPs absolutely increased from 2.1 x 10(-11) to 3.4 x 10(-9) after boiled, which is below the reference value of 10(-5).

Liquid chromatography and tandem mass (LC-MS/MS) followed with solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for simultaneously determining four classes (tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides and sulfonamides) of ten commonly used veterinary antibiotics in groundwater of Jiaxing city, an important pig breeding base in the Yangtze River Delta region. Samples were taken from 10 typical rural river sections and 21 main urban river sections. Results revealed severe pollution existed in the rural river environment. The total concentration of ten antibiotics was as high as 65.6-467.0 ng x L(-1), among which tetracyclines and sulfonamides respectively ranged in 40.8-253.0 ng x L(-1) and undetected (nd)- 165.0 ng x L(-1), macrolides and quinolones respectively ranged in 3.1-14.68 ng x L(-1) and nd-14.54 ng x L(-1). By comparison, the pollution level in urban rivers was much lower. The total concentration of ten antibiotics ranged in 20.1 ng x L(-1) to 61.2 ng x L(-1), among with tetracyclines varied from undetected to 44.0 ng x L(-1), while sulfonamides, macrolides and quinolones were respectively below 2.7 ng x L(-1), 6.3 ng x L(-1) and 21.6 ng x L(-1).

According to the conditions of a contaminated soil and groundwater remediation site in Shanghai, the self-built electronic nose was applied to detect VOCs and odor of previously remedied soil and groundwater, remedying soil and groundwater, and the air above and around the site. Combining the formula of TPI and OPI, the value of each point was got and was shown in figures. Results showed: 1. Comparing the determination results of previously remedied with remedying contaminated soil and groundwater, the concentration of TVOC and odor was overall declined. The result was consistent with the fact. The detection result of electronic nose was proved to be right; 2. In the remediation process of soil and groundwater, the volatilization of VOCs and odor was inflected by temperature and works of crushing, adding medicine and turning the soil on time. The concentration showed a trend of overall decline with stage rising, so the electronic noses can be used for dynamic monitoring of the whole remediation process; 3. Combined with the GIS, the electronic noses can preliminary assess space pollution situation caused by the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater and the influence on the residence in the surrounding region. However, further study on the refined classification of the impact degree is needed.

Leaching solution from Platanus orientalis fallen leaves was used as the carbon source for denitrification, and organic acid releasing regularity and influencing factors during the dipping process were discussed. The main organic acid was fumarate, and others were citric acid, oxalic acid and malic acid according to the analysis by HPLC. The average nitrate removal rate was 2.19 mg x h(-1), when the leaching solution was used as the carbon source during denitrification, while the rates were 2.29, 2.26 and 1.87 mg x h(-1) respectively with methanol, acetic acid and glucose as the carbon source. The rate with the leaching solution was slightly lower than those with methanol and acetic acid, but higher than that with glucose. The experimental results indicated that 7.5 mg equivalent of COD from the leaching solution of Platanus orientalis fallen leaves were met for 1 mg nitrate reduction and there was no nitrite accumulation during the denitrification.

Objective: To evaluate the normal values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) for Chinese adults., Methods: A total of 200 non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults were recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They received lung function and allergen skin prick tests at the Outpatient Department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from February to August 2011. There were 100 males and 100 females. FENO test was performed according to the standard procedures of American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) recommendation. The FENO levels of healthy non-smokers were tested by the NIOXMINO analyzer. All variables, such as age, gender, height, weight, forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV(1))% predicted and FEV(1)/FVC, were included for multiple regression analyses., Results: The FENO level of healthy non-smokers was (14.2 ± 5.6)×10(-9) mol/L with the 95% normal range of (3.2 - 25.2)×10(-9) mol/L. The value of FENO was significantly higher in males than females ((15.6 ± 5.5) vs (12.9 ± 5.4)×10(-9) mol/L, t = 3.48, P = 0.001). The FENO level of the subjects aged 60 - 80 years was (15.7 ± 5.4)×10(-9) mol/L and it was higher than those aged 18 - 60 years ((13.8 ± 5.6)×10(-9) mol/L, t = 2.04, P = 0.040). Multiple regression analysis showed that gender was an independent influencing factor of FENO level., Conclusions: The FENO level of non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults is similar with that of the westerners. Gender is an independent influencing factor of FENO level.

A pretreament device was implemented for removing the interference of humidity on the baseline signal response of sensors in an electronic nose, which was used for rapid detection and real-time monitoring of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) pollution in soil. The desiccant material was optimized, and the humidity removal performance and adsorpiton of VCHs was studied. The pretreatment device was evaluated by both the electronic nose and gas chromatography (GC) for its applicability in monitoring the PCE concentration in the desorption gas during the soil ventilation process. The following results were obtained: 1) A desiccant tube with anhydrous calcium chloride followed by a halogenated hydrocarbon separation tube was the best device, with a humidity removal rate of over 99%, and the baseline values of each sensor in the electronic nose were close to that of the control. 2) The desiccant device described above could continuously remove almost all the humidity from air with 75% humidity within 90 min, and the humidity removal rate remained above 95% within 120 min, while little interference was observed on the baseline of each sensor. 3) Little adsorption was observed by the pretreatment device, the relative error being only 3% - 5% between the concentration of VCHs before and after the filtration by the pretreatment device. 4) When applied for monitoring the remediation progress in a soil ventilation process, 99% of humidity was removed within 120 min from air with humidity of over 98%, and the data determined with the electronic nose and GC fitted each other very well, with R2 > 0.99. From the above, the pretreatment device connected with the electronic nose was considered to be applicable for monitoring the soil remediation process.

Pyridine, a complex nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, is usually difficult to degrade by means of single biological method. The internal loop photobiodegradation reactor (ILPBR) was used for degradation of pyridine in batch and continuous experiments following three protocols: photolysis alone (P), biodegradation alone (B), and intimately coupled photolysis and biodegradation (P&B) to investigate the regularity of pyridine degradation. The experimental results indicated that pyridine removal rate by P&B was fastest among three protocols in batch experiment, in which protocol B was faster than P. For initial pyridine concentration of 100 mg L(-1), the pyridine removal rates were respectively 4.95, 10.2 and 14.58 mg (L x h)(-1) corresponding to protocol P, B and P&B. Pyridine degradation kinetic equations were established based on Monod model, and the saturation constants decreased from 1920.4 mg x L(-1) for protocol B to 1094.1 mg x L(-1) for protocol P&B. Protocols P, B and P&B were also used for pyridine degradation in continuous flow and influent pyridine concentration increased from 50 to 300 mg x L(-1), and their average removal rates were respectively 15.8 mg (L x h)(-1) for protocol P, 23.1 mg x (L x h)(-1) for protocol B and 24.9 mg x (L x h)(-1) for protocol P&B, in which the removal rates were higher than that in batch. Experiments suggested that the inhibition of pyridine to biofilm could be relieved due to UV irradiation in process of intimately coupled UV photolysis and biodegradation, and biofilm had kept its bioactivity degrading pyridine and enhanced pyridine removal rates.

An electronic nose principally composed of a photo ionization detector (PID) was developed for rapid detection of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) in contaminated soil. Removal of interference gas such as benzene homologues with a pre-filtration tube was analyzed with gas chromatography (GC). A standard gas generator was applied to generate different concentrations of perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) gas, with which the determine precision and reproducibility of the electronic nose were evaluated by comparison with GC. Finally, simulated contamination soil with three typical paddy soils in Yangtze river delta region were used for ventilation purification experiments, the change of VCHs concentrations in the ventilation gas was monitored, based on which the applicability of the electronic nose was evaluated for on-line detection of the on-going of the ventilation purification process. Results showed that a halogenated hydrocarbon RAE-SEP tube was effective to remove interference gas, with 80%-97% of benzene homologues such as benzene and ethyl benzene being removed while more than 90% of VCHs passed through. With PCE or TCE gas, a linear dependence was derived between the data determined with the electronic nose and GC, the linear slope being 1.012 and R2 > 0.99. The electronic nose showed data consistent with GC (R2 > 0.99, n = 47) when applied for monitoring the remediation progress in a soil ventilation process. The electronic nose is therefore possibly applicable for rapid determination of soil pollution by VCHs, improving the efficiency of pollution diagnosis and remediation.

The main volatile compounds belong to TVOC or odor which may generate from industrial park,special sensors were adopted to build electronic nose for detecting those compounds. TVOC pollution index (TPI) and odor pollution index (OPI) were designed as well as detecting method based on electronic nose in the field. On this basis, considering the pollution situation of chemical industrial of Zhapu port in Jiaxing, six detecting points were selected to be tested by electronic nose on site. Each sensor responses processed by principal components analysis (PCA), two principal components were extracted, that is, eight sensors can be divided into two groups including the types of TVOC (S1) and odor (S2-S8). Meanwhile, the on site collected samples were qualitatively analyzed with GC/ MS. At each testing point, integral area percentage of the compounds being a part of TVOC accumulated mostly over 90% and to odor, mostly was below 10%. Results show: (1) Choosing appropriate sensors combining PCA can preliminarily reflect the pollution condition of TVOC and odor in industrial park; (2) Combining pollution indexes measured with electronic nose and results of qualitative analysis with GC/MS can generally concluded the overall pollution situation of TVOC and odor in industrial park and distribution of each pollutant; (3) Application of electronic noses and GIS to detect TVOC and odor in industrial park can preliminary assess space pollution situation in industrial park.

Photolytic circulating-bed biofilm reactor (PCBBR) and internal loop photolytic-biological reactor (ILPBR) were respectively used for degradation of phenol, 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Experimental results indicated that the rates of phenol, TCP and SMX removal by coupled photolysis with biodegradation (P&B) reached at 0.65, 0.11 and 0.17 mg x (L x min)(-1), which was clearly higher than that by photolysis alone (P), biodegradation alone (B), except phenol removal rate by B,which was similar to the rates by P&B. The COD removal percentages of phenol and TCP were 99.5% and 72.1%, and TOC removal percentage of SMX was 57.3, which all were higher that by P and B. The biofilms under UV irradiation were taken as samples for molecular biological analysis to get the significant results that microbial communities in biofilms took great change compared with that without UV irradiation, but they still kept bioactivity degrading organic pollutants. That is significant results for technological innovation on recalcitrant organic wastewater treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough., Methods: Based on the protocol from The Chinese Respiratory Society guidelines for management of cough, 75 consecutive subjects with chronic cough and normal chest radiographs were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Respiratory Diseases in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January to June 2010. All the patients accepted FENO tests, sputum cell counts, pulmonary function tests, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), serum IgE, cough symptom scores and Leicester cough Questionnaire (LCQ) before and after treatment of 4 weeks., Results: The final diagnosis of the subjects included 29 with cough variant asthma (CVA), 19 with eosinophilic bronchitis (EB) and 27 with other causes (Others). FENO levels in CVA (58 ± 26) ppb were significantly higher than those in EB (36 ± 18) ppb and Others (20 ± 7) ppb, and the FENO levels in EB were higher than Others (F = 28.2, P < 0.01). FENO levels showed significant correlations with sputum eosinophils, BHR, cough symptom scores, non-specific IgE, and LCQ scores. The mean baseline FENO level of the subjects whose coughs were relieved after inhaled corticosteroid therapy was (63 ± 42) ppb, higher than those of the non-responders (28 ± 13) ppb (t = 3.91, P < 0.01). There were significant correlations between the percentage of FENO decrease and the percentage of sputum eosinophil decrease or the cough symptom score decrease., Conclusion: FENO could be used as a inflammation marker of chronic cough because of its good correlation with sputum eosinophils, AHR, atopy, and cough symptoms. FENO also has a potential to predict the response of anti-inflammatory therapy because FENO decrease is correlated with the decrease of eosinophilic inflammation and improvement of cough symptoms.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in the diagnosis of chronic cough., Methods: A total of 106 subjects with chronic cough and normal chest radiographs were recruited from October 2009 to September 2010. Based on the management guidelines of the Chinese Respiratory Society for cough, the golden standard methods were used to make the definite diagnosis of chronic cough, including sputum cell counts, pulmonary function tests, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, skin pricking test and serum immunoglobulin E. All subjects received a FeNO test by a NIOXMINO analyzer. The values of FeNO to diagnose cough variant asthma (CVA) from chronic cough and EB from non-asthma cough were respectively assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves., Results: Among them, the definite diagnoses were cough variant asthma (CVA, n = 39), eosinophilic bronchitis (EB, n = 30) and other causes (n = 37). The FeNO levels in CVA [(54 ± 21) ppb)] (1 ppb = 1 × 10(9) mol/L) were significantly higher than those in EB [(34 ± 17) ppb, P < 0.01] and other causes [(21 ± 10) ppb, P < 0.01]. And the FeNO levels in EB were higher than those in other causes (P < 0.01). To diagnose CVA from chronic cough, the optimal FeNO cutoff value was 40 ppb with a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 86%, a positive predictive value of 77%, a negative predictive value of 86% and an accuracy of 81%. To diagnose EB from non-asthma chronic cough, the optimal FeNO cutoff value was 31 ppb with a sensitivity of 63%, a specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 88%, a negative predictive value of 92% and an accuracy of 72% respectively., Conclusion: There are significant differences between the FeNO levels of different causes of chronic cough. A marked elevation of FeNO level helps to make a final diagnosis of CVA or EB. FeNO test is useful for making the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of chronic cough in clinic practices.

An improved method for detecting cloud combining Kmeans clustering and the multi-spectral threshold approach is described. On the basis of landmark spectrum analysis, MODIS data is categorized into two major types initially by Kmeans method. The first class includes clouds, smoke and snow, and the second class includes vegetation, water and land. Then a multi-spectral threshold detection is applied to eliminate interference such as smoke and snow for the first class. The method is tested with MODIS data at different time under different underlying surface conditions. By visual method to test the performance of the algorithm, it was found that the algorithm can effectively detect smaller area of cloud pixels and exclude the interference of underlying surface, which provides a good foundation for the next fire detection approach.

An improved method using variance between-class and smoke plume mask is described. The brightness temperature threshold of potential fire pixels was adjusted to be 305 K. Based on the variance between-class of TIR channel brightness temperature and a smoke plume detection algorithm, the improved algorithm can separate the hot fire spots from the background and seek out the cool fire spots, respectively, with suitable thresholds of variance between-class. This algorithm has been used in the forest fires that happened in Fujian province and Heilongjiang province. Study shows that detection results with the algorithm are more satisfactory. It is adapted in different environments and can be more accurately detected the high-temperature fire spot and the smoder at low temperature. It increases the ability and accuracy to detect fire spots.

The principle of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy and harmonic detection technique was introduced. An experimental device was developed by point sampling through small multi-reflection gas cell. A specific line near 1 653. 7 nm was targeted for methane measurement using a distributed feedback diode laser as tunable light source. The linearity between the intensity of second harmonic signal and the concentration of methane was determined. The background content of methane in air was measured. The results show that gas sensors using tunable diode lasers provide a high sensitivity and high selectivity method for city gas pipeline leak detection.

Reactor like oxidation ditch was used for anaerobic bioremediation of urban river water, in which biofilm formed on ceramic honeycomb carrier was used instated of activated sludge. The dissolved oxygen in the wastewater was controlled under 0.5 mg/L for anoxic oxidation, and ammonia nitrogen was removed 40 to 60 percent, and total nitrogen removed 40 to 45 percent, that is ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen were removed at the same time, also, nitrite was not any accumulated during the process. The biofilm was taken into flask to culture under anoxic oxidation condition in order to prove if anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) occurred in the process, and ammonia and nitrite nitrogen were also removed at the same time in the experiment, which suggested that nitrification-denitrification and ANAMMOX occurred in bioremediation of urban surface water with low ratio of carbon and nitrogen at the same time. The anammox bacteria were existed in the biofilm according to molecular biological analysis. The experiment will be significant for bioremediation of eutrophication water body.

Objective: To investigate the drug-resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) isolated from patients in burn ward, and study the incidence of 16S rRNA methylase genes mediated high-level aminoglycoside drug-resistance and its mechanism of transfer., Methods: A total of 40 Ab clinical isolates were collected from burn ward in Gansu Province People's Hospital from May 2006 to Dec. 2007. The sensitivity of Ab for 20 antibiotics were determinated by K-B agar diffusion. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, isepamicin and kanamycin against Ab strains were determinated by agar dilution. Five kinds of 16S rRNA methylase genes including armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD were amplified by PCR, the positive PCR-products were purified and sequenced, and the plasmid were extracted by alkaline lysis. The transferability of drug-resistance were determinated by conjugation and plasmid transformation tests., Results: The drug-resistance rates of Ab against six aminoglycosides antibiotics was 72.5%, 72.5%, 70.0%, 67.5%, 70.0%, 70.0%, respectively. Twenty five strains were resistant to six aminoglycosides antibiotics (62.5%), among which 10 isolates were armA-positive (40.0%); rmtA, rmtB, rmtC and rmtD-positive isolates were not found. Ten transformants and 10 conjugates showed high-level resistance against aminoglycosides antibiotics, all of which the value of MIC > or = 256 microg/mL carried armA gene., Conclusions: The drug-resistance of Ab clinical isolates have high drug-resistance. 16S rRNA methylases gene exists in Ab and locates in plasmid chromosome.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of pharmacological postconditioning with edaravone, a new free radical scavenger, on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the mechanism thereof., Methods: Forty Wistar rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with PTCA balloon to establish ischemia/reperfusion models, with the LAD occluded for 45 min and reperfused for 180 min. The rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups : (1) I/R group undergoing occlusion of the LAD for 45 min and reperfusion for 180 min; (2) I-postC group undergoing ischemia for 45 min, 3 cycles of balloon air relief-aeration (30s reperfusion and 30s ischemia), and then reperfusion for 180 min, (3) iA-1 group undergoing injection of edaravone, 3 mg/kg into the aorta root 1 min before reperfusion; (4) iA-2 group undergoing injection of edaravone 10 mg/kg into the aorta root 1 min before reperfusion; and (5) iV group undergoing intravenous injection of edaravone 10 mg/kg 1 min before reperfusion. Another 8 rats underwent sham operation. By the end of experiment arterial blood was collected to measure the dynamic parameters and serum biochemical markers: MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO). Then the rats were killed. The ischemic size and Infarct size of myocardium were measured by Evans blue and TTC staining respectively., Results: The myocardial infarct size and levels of serum CK-MB, MDA, and NO were all significantly reduced in the I-postC, iA-1, and iA-2 groups compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.01), and the activity levels of SOD of these groups were all enhanced (all P < 0.05). The MI size and levels of serum CK-MB and MDA of the iV group were all reduced, the activity level of SOD was enhanced compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.05), and the NO level was decreased, but not significantly., Conclusion: Edaravone pharmacological postconditioning applied just before the onset of coronary reperfusion provides potent myocardial infarct size reduction, an effect similar to the cardio-protective effect of dynamic postconditioning. The common potential mechanism of both practices may be associated with decreasing the injury by reactive oxygen species and strengthening the resistance to oxidation stress. Intra aorta root-coronary injection may be a more effective pharmacological postconditioning pathway than intravenous pathway.

The expression of plant gene is controlled by its promoter. The isolation and the function analysis of promoter are important for studying the genetic engineering and the regulation expression of plant genes. In this paper, we cloned a promoter, 0s252, which was predicted to be highly expressed in the stem of rice from the EST database. After the construction of the Os252::GUS expression vector, it was transformed into rice. The integration of transgenes into transgenic rice genome was confirmed through PCR analysis. X-Gluc staining showed that Os252 can promote GUS gene expression in leaf, stem and matured seed. GUS enzyme activities driven by Os252 promoter in leaf and seed are about 190% and 250% of that driven by the 35S promoter. Thus, the Os252 promoter can be applied for rice genetic engineering.

Objective: To investigate the amino acids from the fruit of Clausenae lansium., Methods: To determine the content of hydrolyzed and free amino acids from fresh fruit and dried fruit of Clausenae lansium by HPLC, 10 mmol/L Na2HPO4 (PB) was used as mobile phase (A) and PB-methanol-acetic acid (50:35:15) was used as mobile phase (B) on a Hypersil ODS column., Results: 16 kinds of amino acids were assayed, 10 of all was necessary or half-necessary amino acids. The total content of free and hydrolyzed amino was 4.8 mg/g and 15.0 mg/g in fresh fruit; 4.8 mg/g and 15.0 mg/g in dried fruit., Conclusion: There are abundant amino acids in the fruit of Clausenae lansium.

Objective: To study and determine the chemical constituents of the volatile oil and the trace elements in the fruits of the Clausena lansium., Method: The essential oils were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and separated on capillary columns with HP6890GC-5973MS. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS. And the trace elements were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES., Result: 36 Components constituting 95% of the total essential oil were separated and identified, and 11 trace elements were identified., Conclusion: 18 Compounds were found from the fruit of C. lansium for the first time.

Objective: To observe and evaluate secondary optical penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in the eyes with severe keratomycosis after therapeutic keratoplasty using cryopreserved donor tissue., Method: There were 35 eyes in 35 cases for whom therapeutic PKP using cryopreserved donor tissue had been carried out to treat severe fungal keratitis. At least 6 months after the PKP, when the fungal infection had been eradicated and ocular inflammation had resolved, a secondary optical penetrating keratoplasty was further performed for visual rehabilitation. If the crystal lens was found to be opaque, it was also simultaneously removed through extracapsular cataract removal with an IOL implantation. Surgical or postoperative complications, visual outcome, graft rejection episode, and graft survival were analyzed., Results: Among 35 eyes, 18 eyes received optical PKP only, and 17 received combined optical PKP with ECCE and IOL implantation. During the follow-up period of 6.8 - 36.8 (15.7 +/- 7.6) months after optical PKP, 3 eyes experienced graft failure due to immunologic rejection and 32 retained clear grafts. Postoperative visual acuity was 0.4 or better in 24 eyes, and 0.1 or better in 32 eyes, and less than 0.1 in 3 eyes., Conclusions: Optical PKP performed in the eyes after therapeutic PKP due to severe fungal keratitis can recover satisfactory visual acuity, with low frequency of graft rejection, long-term graft survival and few complications.

Objective: Summarizing the value and key point of combined use of local block anesthesia and general anesthesia in cleft lip repairing for infants., Methods: Local block anesthesia and general anesthesia were combined to use in 120 cleft lip repairing operation of infants using Midazolam, Fentangl, Ketamine, Scoline (or Vecuronium) in intubation, and injecting 0.5% - 1% lidocaine of which contained 1/250 000 adrenalinum. While intubation and operation, BP, P, R, SpO2, T and ECG were observed clearly. After operation, extubation was delayed and breathing oxygen was used for infants with breathing airway infection., Results: While operation, anesthesia of 120 infants was smooth. After operation, the infants regain conscious quickly and no accident occurred., Conclusion: For the cleft lip repairing operation to infants, as combined use of local block anesthesia and general anesthesia, anesthesia is smooth, internal environment of body is steady, bleeding is little, regaining consciousness is quick and the infants are safe.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a dural graft prepared using porcine membrane in duraplasty., Methods: Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into groups A (n=4), B (n=4), C (n=5), and D (n=5) sacrificed 3, 14, 30 and 90 d after duraplasty, respectively. Each animal underwent bilateral parietal craniectomy behind the coronal suture and beside the midline to expose the dura, which was cut on the right side and substituted with the dural graft. The exposed dura on the left was kept intact as control. The rabbits were observed for WBC counts before the operation and before sacrifice by transcardiac formalin perfusion, respectively. The meninges and brain tissues were histologically examined after sacrifice., Results: The WBC count varied little after the operation (P>0.05). Microscopic examination demonstrated tissue repair on both the implantation side and control side, without graft adhesion to the cortical surface. In group A, a large number of leukocytes were seen gathering on the lateral dura, suggesting acute tissue repair. In group B, endothelial cells covering the inner surface of the graft could be seen. Fibroblasts and fibrocytes were seen in the grafts between collagen fibers in group C, and in group D, fibroblasts and fibrocytes increased between the collagen fibers and the suture healed., Conclusion: The dura graft is safe and applicable for dural defect repair.

Objective: To provide the foundation for reasonable utilization by analysing the essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici in different areas., Method: The essential oils were extracted by using steam distillation and separated with GC capillary columns. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS., Results: 18, 17 and 20 compounds of essential oils from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei were identified., Conclusion: There are significant differences among the components and contents of essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei.