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Benzene, as a major indoor pollutant, has received widespread attention. In order to better control indoor benzene pollution and protect people's health, the limit value of benzene in the"Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)'' was reduced from 0.11 mg/m 3 to 0.03 mg/m 3 . This study reviewed and discussed the relevant technical contents of the determination of benzene limit value, including the exposure status of benzene, health effects, and derivation of the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the future direction of formulating indoor air benzene standards.

Objective: To investigate the effect and regulation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) on islets function and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and autophagy in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) mice. Methods: Experimental study. Twenty, 8-week-old, male C57BL/6J mice were selected and divided into a normal control group ( n =5) and a high-fat feeding modeling group ( n =15). The model of T2DM was established by high-fat feeding combined with intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin. After successful modeling, those mice were divided into a diabetes group ( n =7) and a UC-MSCs treatment group ( n =7). The UC-MSCs treatment group was given UC-MSCs (1×10 6 /0.2 ml phosphate buffer solution) by tail vein infusion once a week for a total of 4 weeks; the diabetes group was injected with the same amount of normal saline, and the normal control group was not treated. One week after the treatment, mice underwent intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests, and then the mice were sacrificed to obtain pancreatic tissue to detect the expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) by immunofluorescence. The bone marrow-derived macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate (experimental group) in vitro , then co-cultured with UC-MSCs for 24 h (treatment group). After the culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the secretion level of IL-1β in the supernatant, and immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome, and related autophagy proteins. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired one-way analysis of variance, repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: In vivo experiments showed that compared with the diabetes group, the UC-MSCs treatment group partially repaired islet structure, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (all P <0.05), and the expression of PDX-1 increased and IL-1β decreased in islets under confocal microscopy. In vitro experiments showed that compared with the experimental group, the level of IL-1β secreted by macrophages in the treatment group was decreased [(85.9±74.6) pg/ml vs. (883.4±446.2) pg/ml, P =0.001], the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy-related protein P62 was decreased, and the expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3) and autophagy effector Beclin-1 were increased under confocal microscopy. Conclusions: UC-MSCs can reduce the level of pancreatic inflammation in T2DM mice, preserving pancreatic function. This might be associated with the ability of UC-MSCs to inhibit the activity of NLRP3 inflammasomes in macrophages and enhance autophagy levels.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nerve loop blocking in the treatment of blepharospasm caused by Meige syndrome. Methods: It was a retrospective case series study. Patients with Meige syndrome characterized by blepharospasm or blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia who underwent nerve loop blocking in the Ophthalmology Department of Henan No. 3 Provincial People's Hospital from April 2018 to January 2020 were included. Before and after surgery, blepharospasm was graded, and the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) was used to score the symptoms of ocular and oral dystonia. The improvement rate of ocular spasm was calculated after surgery according to the scores. The postoperative complications were observed. The Wilcoxon rank test was used to compare the BFMDRS movement subscale scores before and after surgery. The independent sample Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the improvement rates of eye spasm between male and female patients and between patients with and without combined oromandibular dystonia. Results: Among the 199 patients included, 64 (32.2%) were males, and 135 (67.8%) were females, aged 58 (51, 64) years (22-79 years). The postoperative follow-up period was 24 (21, 28) months. Preoperatively, blepharospasm was graded as grade 3 in 12 patients (6.0%) and grade 4 in 187 patients (94.0%), while the postoperative blepharospasm grades were grade 0 in 100 patients (50.3%), grade 1 in 64 patients (32.2%), grade 2 in 31 patients (15.6%), and grade 3 in 4 patients (2.0%). There was statistically significant difference in the BFMDRS scores of ocular dystonia before and after surgery [8.0 (8.0, 8.0) vs . 0.0 (0.0, 1.0); Z =-12.41, P <0.001]. The improvement rate of blepharospasm in all patients was 100% (87.5%, 100%), ranging from 43.8% to 100%, with no statistically significant difference between patients of different genders and between patients with and without combined oral dystonia (both P >0.05). Statistically significant difference existed in the scores of oral dystonia before and after surgery [2.0 (0.5, 4.5) vs . 1.0 (0.5, 2.0); Z =-4.38, P <0.001], with 25 of 65 patients (38.5%) having their oral symptoms improved. Postoperative complications included eyelid valgus (7.5%, 15/199), frontal numbness (100%, 199/199) and tearing (89.9%, 179/199). Conclusion: Nerve loop blocking is a relatively safe and effective method in the treatment of blepharospasm symptoms of Meige syndrome.

Objective: To investigate the risk factors of moderate or severe perivalvular leakage (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with Veneus-A valve. Methods: This study was a single-center case-control study. The clinical data of patients with severe aortic stenosis, who underwent TAVR in the Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from October 2017 to January 2021, were analyzed. According to the circumferential extent of prosthetic valve paravalvular regurgitation measured by transthoracic echocardiography before discharge (patients who died in hospital were referred to transesophageal echocardiography results after valve implanted), the patients were divided into moderate or severe PVL group and mild or non-PVL group. The clinical features, CT scan and analysis results of aortic root were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors of postoperative moderate or severe PVL, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to explore the predictive value of related factors. Results: Eighty-two patients (mean age: (70.9±6.5) years, 46 males) were included in the analysis, there were 16 patients in the moderate or severe PVL group and 66 patients in the mild or non-PVL group. The proportion of male gender, depth of valve implantation, size of valve annulus and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and coverage index of LVOT were significantly higher in moderate or severe PVL group than those in mild or non-PVL group ( P all<0.05). As there was a strong collinearity among the valve annular short diameter, LVOT short diameter and LVOT coverage index (partial correlation coefficient R 0.251-0.779, P <0.05), these parameters were not entered in regression model. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that valve implantation depth( OR =1.239,95% CI 1.036-1.442, P =0.023), aortic angulation( OR =1.128, 95% CI 1.044-1.312, P =0.038)and LVOT tract coverage index ( OR =1.123, 95% CI 1.003-1.315, P =0.032) were independent risk factors for moderate or severe PVL after TAVR. The ROC curve showed that the valve implantation depth could predict the occurrence of moderate or severe PVL after TAVR (area under ROC curve ( AUC )=0.697, 95% CI 0.554-0.851, P =0.039). Conclusion: Among patients with severe aortic stenosis who undergo TAVR with Venus-A valve, the implantation depth, aortic angulation and LVOT coverage index are independent risk factors of moderate/severe PVL after TAVR, among which valve implantation depth could be used to predict the occurrence of moderate/severe PVL after TAVR.

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of carbon nanoparticles zonal tracer technique in lymph node retrieval of gastric cancer (GC). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out. Clinicopathological data of GC patients who underwent radical D2 resection with carbon nanoparticles tracer in The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University and Hainan Cancer Hospital from December 2015 and February 2019 were collected. Those with postoperative pathology of T1-2, Borrmann IV type GC, distant metastasis, preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy and incomplete data were excluded. A total of 181 patients were enrolled in this study, including 113 cases from the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University and 68 cases from Hainan Cancer Hospital. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the methods of carbon nanoparticles tracer: zonal tracer group and traditional tracer group. In the traditional tracer group, 0.1-0.3 ml of carbon nanoparticle was injected subserously at the upper, lower, left and right 4 injection points 0.5 cm away from the edge of the tumor in the normal serous membrane. In the zonal tracer group, on the basis of the traditional tracer group, 0.1-0.3 ml of carbon nanoparticle was injected subserously at the first branch of the suprapyloric right gastric artery into the stomach, the first branch of the subpyloric right gastroepiploic artery into the stomach, the first branch of the minor curvature left gastric artery into the stomach and the first branch of the greater curvature left gastroepiploic artery into the stomach, respectively. The display of lymphatic vessels in each location and lymph nodes in each group by the tracing method was observed. The number of black-stained lymph nodes, the black staining rate of lymph nodes, the total number of detected lymph nodes, the total number of positive lymph nodes, and the metastatic rate of lymph node were compared between the two groups. Results: Eighty-nine patients were assigned to zonal tracer group, and 92 patients to traditional tracer group. There were no significant differences in baseline information between the two groups (all P >0.05). The median number of black-stained lymph nodes (median: 25.0 vs. 13.5, Z =-7.158, P <0.001) and the black staining rate of lymph nodes [(70.8±12.0)% vs. (47.1±15.7)%, t =11.399, P <0.001) in the zonal tracer group were significantly higher than those in the traditional tracer group. The total detected number of lymph nodes (37.5±11.5 vs. 29.6±11.8, t =4.581, P <0.001) and the total number of negative lymph nodes (31.3±12.5 vs. 24.9±11.1, t =3.621, P <0.001) were significantly higher in the zonal tracer group than those in the traditional tracer group. There were no significant differences in the total number of positive lymph nodes (median: 4.0 vs. 3.0, Z =-1.485, P =0.137), lymph node metastatic rate [78.7% (70/89) vs. 72.8% (67/92), χ(2)=0.834, P =0.361] and metastatic degree [median: 11% vs. 10%, Z =-0.483, P =0.629] between the two groups. Conclusion: The carbon nanoparticles zonal tracer method can increase the black-staining rate of lymph nodes and the detected number of lymph nodes, thus improving the accuracy of gastric cancer staging.

Objective: To study the clinical application effect of modified nasopharyngeal swab sampling for 2019 novel coronavirus nucleic acid detection. Methods: This study covered the period from January 14 to March 1, 2020.The supine position method and the protective face screen were used to collect nasopharyngeal swabs from February 24 onwards, before which, the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected by sitting position method. All the patients who were diagnosed with suspected/confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus infection were admitted from February 19 with the nasopharyngeal swabs collected outside the hospital before admission. (1) Thirty-four swabbing operators meeting the inclusion criteria of the study were recruited in this retrospective cohort study. They were grouped according to the collection method of nasopharyngeal swabs. Sixteen operators of Wuhan Taikang Tongji Hospital who applied the supine position method and the protective face screen were included in supine position method+ protective face screen group (15 males and 1 female, aged 34-49 years); 18 operators (12 from the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University), 1 from Wuhan Jiangxia Mobile Cabin Hospital, 5 from the East District of People's Hospital of Wuhan University) who applied the traditional sitting position method were included in sitting position method group (2 males and 16 females, aged 25-49 years). In supine position method+ protective face screen group, when collecting sample, the patient lay flat and wore a special protective face screen for nasopharyngeal swab sampling, with neck slightly extending and face turning to the opposite side of the operator about 10°. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the cooperation, the incidence of nausea, coughing, sneezing, and struggling of patients evaluated by the operators, the operation time for a single swab sample, the fear of operation and the perceived exposure risk of operators in the two groups. (2) Sixty-five patients (22 males and 43 females, aged 25-91 years) admitted to Wuhan Taikang Tongji Hospital who successively received the sitting position method and supine position method+ protective face screen for nasopharyngeal swabs sampling and with complete nucleic acid detection results were included. The positive rates of nucleic acid detection by the two sampling methods of nasopharyngeal swabs of the patients were statistically analyzed. (3) Forty-one patients who could express their feelings accurately were selected out of those 65 patients (12 males and 29 females, aged 27-83 years). The comfort of patients in the process of sampling by the two methods was investigated. (4) Thirty-four patients (10 males and 24 females, aged 25-83 years) with two or more consecutive negative results of nucleic acid detection of nasopharyngeal swabs by sitting position method were selected from the above 65 patients. The positive rate of nucleic acid detection of nasopharyngeal swab of patients by supine position method+ protective face screen, i. e. negative to positive rate was statistically analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed with t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and chi-square test. Results: (1) Compared with those of sitting position method group, the cooperation score of patients evaluated by the operators in supine position method+ protective face screen group was significantly higher ( Z =-4.928, P <0.01), the incidence of nausea, choking cough, sneezing, and struggling of patients evaluated by the operators, and the fear of operation score and the perceived exposure risk score of operators in supine position method+ protective face screen group were significantly lower ( Z =-5.071, -5.046, -4.095, -4.397, -4.174, -5.049, P <0.01), and the operation time for a single swab sample in supine position method+ protective face screen group was significantly longer ( t =223.17, P <0.01). (2) The positive rate of nucleic acid detection of nasopharyngeal swabs by supine position method+ protective face screen was 60.00% (39/65), which was obviously higher than 41.54% (27/65) by sitting position method ( χ (2)=4.432, P <0.05). (3) The comfort score of the 41 patients during nasopharyngeal swabs sampling by supine position method+ protective face screen was significantly higher than that by sitting position method ( Z =-5.319, P <0.01). (4) Of the 34 patients with two or more consecutive negative results of nucleic acid detection of nasopharyngeal swabs by sitting position method, the rate of negative to positive of nucleic acid detection was 26.47% (9/34) after sampling by supine position method+ protective face screen. Conclusions: Compared with the traditional sitting position method, detection of 2019 novel coronavirus nucleic acids of nasopharyngeal swabs collected by supine method combined with protective face screen is worth promoting, because of its better comfort of patients, low exposure risk for operators, in addition to reducing in the false negative result to some extent, which may help reduce false recurrence of discharged patients.

Objective: To explore the short-term effects of ambient PM 2.5 on the outpatient visits of allergic conjunctivitis among children in Shenzhen. Methods: It was a ecological study. Data on daily visits including date of visit, sex and age from children with allergic conjunctivitis were collected from Shenzhen Eye Hospital and Shenzhen Children's Hospital in 2018. Related data on air pollution (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and O 3 ) and meteorology (atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity) were also collected. Pearson correlation analysis was used for normal distribution data and Spearman rank correlation analysis was used for non-normal distribution data. Generalized additive model was used to estimate the impact of PM 2.5 pollution on allergic conjunctivitis outpatients and the lagging effects. Results: In 2018, there were 16 133 allergic conjunctivitis outpatients in the two hospitals. The maximum age was 18 years and the minimum age was 2 months. Males accounted for 49.3%. The daily average concentration of PM 2.5 was 22 (15, 31) μg/m 3 . Changes of the concentration of PM 2.5 had a positive correlation with the amount of allergic conjunctivitis visits, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.150 ( P =0.004). The single pollutant model showed that the strongest effect appeared at 3 days ( RR =1.111， 95% CI :1.071-1.152). A 10 μg/m 3 increase of PM 2.5 would result in an excessive number of allergic conjunctivitis outpatients as much as 11.112% (95% CI ：7.011%-15.212%). In the multiple air pollutants models, after the introduction of NO 2 , O 3 and CO, the concentration of PM 2.5 showed an enhanced effect on the number of hospital visits due to allergic conjunctivitis on the same day, and the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Changes of the concentration of PM 2.5 h ad a positive correlation with daily outpatient visits of allergic conjunctivitis among children in Shenzhen. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 608-614) .

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause great damage to the elderly patients and lead to high mortality. The clinical presentations and auxiliary examinations of the elderly patients with COVID-19 are atypical, due to the physiological ageing deterioration and basal pathological state. The treatment strategy for the elderly patients has its own characteristics and treatment protocol should be considered accordingly. To improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19 in the elderly, the Expert Committee of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, China Society of Geriatrics established the "Expert consensus for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 in the elderly" . We focused on the clinical characteristics and key points for better treatment and prevention of COVID-19 in the elderly. (1) For diagnosis, atypical clinical presentation of COVID-19 in the elderly should be emphasized, which may be complicated by underlying disease. (2) For treatment, strategy of multiple disciplinary team (mainly the respiratory and critical care medicine) should be adopted and multiple systemic functions should be considered. (3) For prevention, health care model about integrated management of acute and chronic diseases, in and out of hospital should be applied.

Objective: To investigate the electrophysiological features of patients with subacute combined degeneration (SCD). Methods: The electrophysiological data of 85 hospitalized patients in Department of Neurology, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2014 to September 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Abnormality rate of motor nerve conduction (27.4%(93/339)) was lower than that of sensory nerve conduction (45.9%(107/233)) ( P< 0.001). Abnormality of sensory nerve action potential amplitude was more frequent than conduction velocity abnormality (22.7%(53/233) vs 4.7%(11/233), P= 0.001). Abnormality rate of needle electromyogram (EMG) was higher in lower limbs than upper limbs (31.9%(59/185) vs 5.7%(5/87), P< 0.001). Spontaneous potentials were unrelated to disease duration or severity. Abnormal somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) results appeared more frequent in lower limbs (80.8%(118/146)) than upper limbs (61.1%(77/126)) ( P< 0.001). SEP abnormalities (71.7%(195/272)) were more common than nerve conduction abnormalities (35.0%(200/572)). Abnormal findings presented in 15/16 of visual evoked potential (VEP) studies. Neurological severity score were correlated with electrophysiological findings. Conclusions: Posterior funiculus is more likely to be affected than peripheral nerves in SCD patients. The sensory nerves rather than motor nerves, lower limbs rather than upper limbs, axons of sensory nerves rather than myelin, are more severely affected. Electrophysiological tests can provide evidence in early diagnosis, lesions location, and disease severity evaluation for SCD.

Objective: To analyze the relationship of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with diabetes mellitus in community residents aged ≥15 years in Pudong new district of Shanghai, and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Methods: Using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, a total of 7 194 community residents aged ≥15 years were surveyed by using questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory tests in 2016. The relationship of BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio with diabetes mellitus was analyzed by χ (2) test, single factor linear correlation and logistic regression analyses. Results: In 2016, the crude prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus in Pudong was 27.37 % , which was 12.75 % after standardization. The prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus was slightly higher in men than in women and was increased with age. The levels of FPG, 2 h plasma glucose and HbA1c were positively correlated with BMI, WC and WHR. After adjusting the confounding factors, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that obesity ( OR =1.351, P <0.01), excessive waist circumference ( OR =1.255, P <0.01) and high WHR ( OR =1.291, P <0.01) were risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: The increase of obesity, WC and WHR will increase the risk for diabetes mellitus. It is important to maintain healthy weight, especially the control of WC and WHR, reduce the accumulation of abdominal fat to reduce the risk for diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of catheter-directed interventional therapy in patients with acute pulmonary embolism(PE). Methods: PE was diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography(CTPA). After risk stratification, a total of 79 PE patients (age (58.9±14.9) years old)were treated with catheter-directed interventional therapy via pulmonary vessels. The changes of pulmonary hemodynamics were compared before and after treatment. The risk of complications and side effects were observed. Results: The pulmonary artery pressure was changed followed by interventional therapy. The interventional therapy significantly decreased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) from (35.3±11.2)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) to (30.0±10.6)mmHg ( t= 8.803, P< 0.05) and the echocardiographic derived right ventricular dimension to left ventricular dimension (RV/LV) ratio from 0.93±0.16 to 0.83±0.15 ( t= 6.868, P< 0.05). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen was increased from (69.0±8.6)mmHg to (75.1±9.9)mmHg ( t= 8.561, P< 0.05) . The oxygen saturation was also increased from (93.9±2.9)% to (95.1±1.9)% at 24 h after the treatment ( t= 2.621, P< 0.05) . Patients were further grouped as high-risk group ( n= 28) and intermediate risk group ( n= 51). mPAP and RV/LV ratio were significantly reduced in the two subgroups (all P< 0.05) and the range of reduction was more significant in the high-risk group. Five patients experienced minor bleeding complication, 3 patients suffered worsened dispone post procedure and were treated with mechanical ventilation, 1 patient died, and 1 patient developed recurrent PE. Conclusion: The catheter-directed interventional therapy improves pulmonary hemodynamics and reduces load of right ventricle both in high-risk or intermediate risk PE patients, this therapy strategy is safe and effective for patients with PE.

Objective: To evaluate the intervention effects of response to heatwave in communities of four cities, China. Methods: Baseline survey on heatwave and climate change related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) was conducted in the pilot communities in Harbin, Nanjing, Shenzhen and Chongqing, using face-to-face questionnaire interview in November, 2011 to November, 2013. Finally, 1 604 residents were interviewed. Intervention measures were implemented in summers of 2013 and 2014, including delivering early warning information of heatwave health risk and launching health education and promotion. The second survey was conducted in same communities using the same questionnaire and sampling method as baseline survey in November, 2014, and 1 640 residents were interviewed. The Chi-square test was used to compare the demographic characteristics and KAP of community residents between before and after intervention, and the factors that affected the intervention effect were selected by logistic multiple stepwise regression model. Results: The age of the residents interviewed before and after intervention was (46.4 ± 15.5) years and (45.0 ± 15.9) years, respectively. Overall, the residents' awareness rates of heatwave before and after intervention were 70.5% (1 131/1 604) and 82.9% (1 359/1 640) (χ 2 =69.40, P< 0.001). The rate of residents who had wished to receive early warning information increased 6.3% (χ 2 =41.11, P< 0.001), which reached 94.6% (1 551/1 604) after intervention from 88.3% (1 416/1 604) in baseline survey. Both heatwave health risk early warning and health education had big impacts to residents. There were 92.7% (1 105 residents) among the 1 192 residents who had received the early warning information arrange work and rest time according to the early warning information and 93.0% (1 231 residents) among the 1 323 residents who knew about health education activities being conducted in community thought that the community health education activities had made active role in protecting health from heatwaves. After a series of intervention, male had a effect on attitude about hot wave than female in Nanjing and Chongqing, OR (95 %CI ) were 1.48(1.02-2.16) and 1.45 (1.18-2.05) , respectively; compared with subjects below primary school education, people with college degree or above had higer KAP in all cities ( ORs range from 1.18 to 2.05), P< 0.05; regular physical exercise ( ORs range from 1.39 to 2.70) also had profound impacts on KAP in all cities ( P< 0.05). Conclusion: s Early warning and health education were effective measures to enhance residents' response capacity to climate change.

Objective: To assess the association between the concentration of the air pollutant PM 2.5 and daily outpatient visits for respiratory disease. Methods: All records of daily outpatient visits to three hospitals in Shenzhen from January 1 to December 31, 2013 were collected. Daily air pollution monitoring and meteorology data from the same period were also collected in Shenzhen. The data were analyzed using a semiparametric generalized additive model with Poisson distribution of time series analysis controlling for long-term and seasonal trends, flu, DOW, public holidays, and meteorological factors. The excess risk( ER )of respiratory disease and its 95% CI value were calculated, along with the incremental increase of 10 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 concentration. Results: Number of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases totaled 1 428 672(daily range: 1 790-5 228). The annual average PM 2.5 concentration was 40.2 μg/m 3 (daily range: 7.2-137.1 μg/m 3 ). The lag1 factor had the most significant impact on the lag effect. We estimated that a 10 μ g/m 3 increase in day-before PM 2.5 concentration was associated with a 1.809%(95% CI : 1.709%-1.909%) ER of visits for respiratory disease. After controlling for other pollutants(NO 2 , CO, and O 3 ), the effect remained stable. When NO 2 , CO, and O 3 were introduced separately, for every 10 μg/m 3 rise in PM 2.5 concentration, the excess risk of daily outpatient visits for respiratory disease was 1.814%(95% CI : 1.706%-1.923%), 2.780%(95% CI : 2.668%-2.892%), and 1.513%(95% CI : 1.403%-1.624%), respectively. With simultaneous control of NO 2 and O 3 , NO 2 and CO, and CO and O 3 , for every 10 μg/m 3 rise in PM 2.5 concentration, the excess risk of respiratory disease was 1.369%(95% CI : 1.242%-1.497%), 2.709%(95% CI : 2.590%-2.828%), and 2.577%(95% CI : 2.452%-2.702%), respectively. With simultaneous control of NO 2 , CO, and O 3 , for every 10 μg/m 3 rise in PM 2.5 concentration, the excess risk of respiratory disease was 2.370%(95% CI : 2.231%-2.509%). Conclusions: PM 2.5 can increase the risk of outpatient visits for respiratory disease in Shenzhen.

In the present report, amplification of C-erbB2 proto-oncogene in ovarian cancer was studied with Southern Blot technique. There were 14 cases to occur amplification of C-erbB2 oncogene in 50 cases with ovarian cancer. Among 14 ovarian cancer cases with amplification of C-erbB2, 2 of 20 cases were detected in stage I and II respectively, while 12 of 30 cases were from stage III/IV (P < 0.05). These results showed that amplification of C-erbB2 proto-oncogene is associated with advanced ovarian cancer. Therefore, it is suggested that C-erbB2 gene amplification may deserve further evaluation as a prognostic marker in ovarian cancer.

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is an uncommon but dangerous disease. Many lethal complications, such as bacterial meningitis and pneumoencephalus, may be the result of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Otolaryngologist, neurosurgeons and radiologists must know how to diagnose, how to localize the site of leakage and how to choose the best method of treatment. A case of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and meningitis due to improper sinus surgery is presented. Satisfactory result, such as avoidance of unnecessary brain tissue damage, can be obtained by extracranial endonasal repairing of the fistula with a composite septal flap.

Ames Salmonella assay and sister chromatid exchanges in CHO cells were used to study the mutagenic activity of size-fractionated air particles from outdoor air in Beijing, Taiyuan, Wuhan, Shenyang and the areas with high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei county. Five size particles were collected from each sampling points. The results indicate that: 1. The results of organic matter content in particles. 2. All of the samples have mutagenicity. There was negative correlation between mutagenicity and particle sizes, mutagenicity was increased with particle size reduced. The maximum mutagenicity was at the particle size less than 1.1 microns. So it is especially hazardous to human health. There was logarithmic correlation between organic matter content and revertants. Correlation coefficient was 0.98. Regression equation was gamma = 0.23 + 1.01 X. 3. The results showed that of the five sampling points air pollution at the high lung cancer incidence area of Xuanwei county was the most severe.

We reported the purification and characterization of a pancreatic cancer-associated antigen from normal colonic mucosa (PCAAc) and pancreas-specific antigen (PaA) according to Kitada's and Loor's methods as well as the established method of double antibody enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of serum PaA and PCAAc; respectively. In our study, 155 serum samples were detected (including normal controls 40; pancreatic cancer 31; other malignant disease 56 and benign diseases 28). The results indicated that the overall sensitivity and specificity of a single PCAAc test for pancreatic cancer were calculated to be 70.98% and 96.43%; a single PaA to be 80.65% and 95.23%, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of combined tests (PCAAc and/or PaA) for pancreatic cancer were calculated to be 96.77% and 90.91%. The diagnostic efficiency was 90.91%. None of 84 cases of nonpancreatic cancer and benign diseases has been found elevated PCAAc and PaA simultaneously. The results suggest that simultaneous detection of PCAAc and PaA would have increased the sensitivity of diagnosis for pancreatic cancer.

The aerobic glycolysis rate and mitochondria-bound hexokinase activity of ascitic liver cancer cells are 8 and 50 times as high as those of the normal liver cells, and they can be inhibited by Na2SeO3 in concentration below 10 micrograms/ml. The inhibitory effect increases with selenium concentration. In contrast, Na2SeO3 at the same concentration does not significantly affect the glycolysis rate and mitochondria-bound hexokinase activity of the normal liver cells. The selective action of selenium on energy metabolism of the liver cancer cells may account for its inhibitory effect on cancer cells.

Sodium selenite in normal saline was administered intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) into mice bearing ascitic hepatocarcinoma for 4 days. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes (type I and type II) in normal liver and hepatocarcinoma cells were separated and assayed. The results show that the level of type I/II is markedly higher in hepatocarcinoma than in the normal liver cells. Sodium selenite is able to reduce it towards the normal level. Further analysis shows that the chief function of sodium selenite is to reduce the raised level of type I/II in hepatocarcinoma cells which, in fact, is due to the increase of total amount of type I cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This paper presents the speculation that one of the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of sodium selenite on carcinogenesis may be due to the selective action of this compound on the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes in tumor cells, thus inhibiting cancer cell division and facilitating differentiation and reversion.

After treating human lung adenocarcinoma cells by Na2SeO3 (1 microgram/ml) for 24 hours, its mitotic index decreased by 50%. The reduction rate was directly proportional to selenite concentration (1-5 micrograms/ml). In the meantime, the labelling index, growth rate and progression of the cell cycle were also inhibited. In contrast to the above observation, there was no marked change in the cell count, mitotic index, labelling index and the average silver granule number in the human embryonic lung diploid cells treated by Na2SeO3 (1-5 micrograms/ml) for 1-3 days. When human embryonic lung diploid cells were mix-cultured with human lung adenocarcinoma cells in the presence of 5 micrograms/ml Na2SeO3 for 24 hours, the former maintained a normal morphology, while the lung cancer cells showed heavily vacuolated cytoplasms and distorted nuclei.

We set up a software system which can store, retrieve and handle the data for cervical cancer. The data of 526 patients with cervical cancer have been stored. The correlation between various prognostic factors and 5-year survival was studied by means of stepwise analysis. It was found that such factors as macroscopic type of tumor, hemoglobin, peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration and age of the patients influenced prognosis significantly. The best regression equation to predict the 5-year survival of patients was established by this method. It was proved that the calculated survival rate in correspondence with the real 5-year survival rate was 83.6%-99.55%. This study was important to us. We could then take appropriate therapeutic measures in the treatment of patients with cervical cancer.

Ascitic hepatoma cells of mice were incubated with three HPD. After the cell-bound HPD was treated by visible light, the product of membrane lipid peroxidation--malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined. The results showed that the MDA level increased with HPD concentration and exposure time, but it was unchanged in the control. Beta-carotene, a quencher of singlet oxygen, could inhibit the lipid photooxidation of the membrane of cell-bound HPD resulting in a decrease of MDA level which decreased with increase of beta-carotene concentration. Adding vitamin E in vitro and vivo, formation of the product of membrane lipid peroxidation of cell-bound HPD by light was inhibited and the MDA level decreased with the increase of vitamin E concentration. These results show that the singlet oxygen, produced by HPD bound cells following light activation, reacts directly with the polyunsaturated fatty acids on cell membrane to produce lipid peroxides leading to cellular damage.

The selenium (Se) level in barley and maize from 43 communes of Qidong county, a high risk area of liver cancer in China, were assayed. An inverse correlation between the Se level and the liver cancer incidence was observed. An inverse correlation was also observed between the blood Se level and liver cancer incidence of the local residents. When selenite solution was sprayed on the crops during their preflowering, the content of Se in barley and maize was increased by 6 fold over the control. It is suggested that the increase of blood Se level of the residents who live in the low-Se areas by this method be useful in the prevention of liver cancer.