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OBJECTIVES In the past centuries, the concept of “physical education” has changed from a more general concepts including physical activities and sports, to specifically inferring “instruction of physical activity”. Instead, “sports” has become the comprehensive concept of sports, exercise, and physical education. Given to the inconsistent terminologies and English translations of “體育 (ti-yu)” (physical education) and “運 動 (yun-dong)” (sports or exercise) in Mandarin, the purpose of this study was to investigate in the current terminology usage, hierarchy, and the English translation of “體育 (ti-yu)” and “運動 (yun-dong)” in Taiwan. METHODS Three government authorities, two sport related universities, eight top sport and exercise journals, and nighty-six college departments in Taiwan were analyzed. RESULTS “運動 (yun-dong)” was the most widely used terminology as “體育 (ti-yu)” occupied the majority usage among government authorities, sport related universities, and title of top sport and exercise journals. Regarding English translation, despite of “department of physical education”, “sports” remained the most common terminology. Moreover, “體育 (ti-yu)” and “sports” are the highest hierarchy among government authorities, and sport related university; “體育 (ti-yu)” and “physical education” are the highest hierarchy among traditional sport and exercise journals; “運動 (yun-dong)” and “sports” are the highest hierarchy among college departments also the mainstream of current translation and hierarchy. CONCLUSIONS “體育 (ti-yu)” was the highest hierarchy in the past. However, “運動 (yun-dong)” has been the mainstream of the highest hierarchy in Mandarin according to college departments. In English, “sport(s)” is the main term in Taiwan when translating “體育 (ti-yu)” and 運動 (yun-dong)”, also being the highest hierarchy. On the other hand, “體育 (ti-yu)” and “physical education” are utilized regarding those departments focusing on educating PE teachers. This study expects the terminology, English translations, and hierarchy being align with the mainstream of current translation and hierarchy in the future.

Due to the low oxidation potential and high electrochemiluminescence (ECL) quantum yield, Luminol has been widely applied in analytical and detection fields, especially in immunoassay, food safety and environmental monitoring. However, there is a lack of sufficient experimental evidence on the ECL mechanism of Luminol, which affects the further improvement of its ECL efficiency. Herein, an electrochemistry-micro tube-mass spectrometry (EC-MT-MS) device was constructed for on-line monitoring of Luminol ECL reaction. In this EC-MT-MS device, a high borosilicate glass tube with a nano tip was used as electrochemical cell and electrospray ionization source, a platinum working electrode and a platinum counter electrode were inserted into the tube and connected to a customized power station, which could simultaneously input a low voltage (volt level) for the ECL reaction and a high voltage (kilovolt level) for the formation of electrospray. Prior to the EC-MT-MS experiment, the composition of the reaction solution was optimized to obtain the highest MS signal response, and Luminol was dissolved in acetonitrile-water (4:1, V/V) solvent with ammonium acetate as the electrolyte. The concentrations of Luminol and ammonium acetate in the prepared solution were both 0.1 mmol/L, and the pH was adjusted to 11 using ammonium aqueous. The oxidation potential of Luminol was subsequently studied using a traditional three-electrode system by cyclic voltammetry in the same solution, and the determined oxidation potential for ECL reaction was 0.87 V. During the EC-MT-MS measurements, (2.5 kV+0.87 V) and 2.5 kV were input to the working and counter through the power station, respectively. A series of short-lived intermediates and products such as L1 (m/z 198) and the luminescent precursor AP- (m/z 180) in the Luminol ECL reaction process were successfully captured and analyzed by MS. The molecular structures of these products were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) technique. There are mainly two fragments of m/z 163, 136 present in the MS2 spectrum of luminescent precursor AP-, attributed to the (NH2+H) and COO losses, respectively. In addition, the promotion mechanism of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the ECL performance of Luminol was also investigated. A key reaction intermediate LO2H- was found in the MS spectrum at m/z 208. Meanwhile, the peak intensity of luminescent precursor AP- significantly increased from 1.3% to 15.7%, proving that the presence of H2O2 effectively promoted the generation of key luminescent intermediate. Finally, by adding 1,4-benzoquinone to the Luminol-H2O2 system, the central role of the superoxide anion radical (O2·-) derived from H2O2 in the Luminol ECL process was confirmed. The relevant results provide a direct data reference for the study of the Luminol ECL mechanism.

Objective To preliminarily summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of functional movement disorder (FMD) based on movement disorders clinic in China. Methods and Results A total of 593 patients with movement disorders newly diagnosed in movement disorders clinic of 22 clinical medical centers from August to September in 2023 were included, including 37 patients (6.24%) with FMD and 556 patients (93.76%) with organic movement disorder. Comparison of the epidemiological characteristics of the 2 groups, the proportions of corona virus disease (COVID⁃19) infection (χ2 = 4.217, P = 0.040) and psychopsychological symptoms (χ2 = 18.694, P = 0.000) in the FMD group were higher than those in the organic movement disorder group, while age (t = 3.757, P = 0.000), age of onset (t = 3.720, P = 0.000) and proportion of hypertension (χ2 = 4.736, P = 0.030) were lower than those in the organic movement disorder group. Comparison of the clinical characteristics of the 2 groups, the FMD group had higher proportions of tremor (χ2 = 3.955, P = 0.047) and myoclonus (Fisher′s exact probability: P = 0.011) than the organic movement disorder group, and the proportions of parkinsonism (χ2 = 8.491, P = 0.004) and gait disorder (χ2 = 5.028, P = 0.025) were lower than those in the organic movement disorder group. Conclusions The age and age of onset, as well as the proportions of COVID⁃19 infection, hypertension, psychopsychological symptoms, tremor, myoclonus, parkinsonism and gait disorder with FMD were different from those with organic movement disorder in China.

Aiming at the application of miniature air launched decoy (MALD) in air dominance operations, the development of several models of MALD in the US military is analyzed. The basic performance of MALD, MALD-J and MALD-N is discussed in detail, and their functional changes and development evolution are also discussed. Combined with the requirements of air dominance combat missions, its possible application methods are explored from four aspects: "fishing" to trap enemy aircraft, pretend to confuse the enemy, electronic interference to suppress enemy aircraft, and emergency release to protect carrier aircraft. It can provide a theoretical reference for formulating air combat strategies and methods against MALD.

Quasi-static compression experiments on graphene-reinforced aluminum matrix composites were carried out by means of microcomputer controlled electronic universal testing machine, while dynamic behavior of the composites at various high strain rates was determined by split hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the morphological feature of aluminum matrix composites reinforced respectively by grapheme and SiC. The results show that at all strain rate, the yield strength of aluminum is improved both with addition of graphene and SiC, by incorporation of graphene, the yield strength of aluminum is improved more significantly, but without affecting the strain hardening rate of the material. In comparison with SiC as reinforcements, use of graphene undermines strain rate sensitivity of the composites, and meanwhile results in a decline in ultimate strength. J-C and Z-A constitutive models were fitted respectively to the experimental results to obtain relative parameters. Comparison between the two models suggests that J-C model is more accurate in terms of describing stress-strain behavior of both composites reinforced respectively by graphene and SiC.

Aiming at overcoming the drawback that a conventional power divider can only operate at a fixed frequency and its odd harmonics, a miniaturized unequal power divider operating at 1 GHz and 2.2 GHz is presented. The miniaturization is achieved by realizing the power divider′s impedance transformer using composite right/left-handed(CRLH) transmission lines(TLs). According to the theoretical and simulated results, the input terminal of the divider has good return loss and output terminals have good isolation result. Simulation result agrees well with theoretical one, which verifies the feasibility of this method.

The envelope tracking power amplifier(ETPA) has the advantages of high efficiency and high linearity, and has become the research hotspot of modern mobile communication technology. Envelope tracking power modulator is one of the key modules in ETPA because it can improve the efficiency of PA in the power back-off region, resulting the overall efficiency of the communication system greatly improved. The introduction of the envelop tracking technique(ET) and the envelope elimination and restoration technique(EER) are firstly described, and the performance differences are compared. And then it focuses on the ET technique, analyzing the hybrid envelope tracking amplifier(HETA), the most commonly used circuit structure of ET technique, and its key design parameters. The comparison and summary of the existing HETA structures optimization scheme are developed, then the practical application of ET technology in mobile communication is enumerated. Finally, the facing challenge of ET technology is considered.

There is a serious "sawtooth" problem in the backward inflow flow of the Three Gorges Reservoir, which affects the real-time operation of the reservoir. The data smoothing algorithm can be used to handle the error effectively. In this paper, the five-point cubic smoothing algorithm and the discrete wavelet threshold denoising algorithm are selected to study by comparing the smoothing algorithms, and compared with the three-point smoothing algorithm commonly used in practical work. The smoothing effect is evaluated by constructing the hydrological element index and smoothness index. The results show that the smoothing effect of Db7 wavelet threshold denoising is better than other wavelets in the best comprehensive application conditions of Db wavelet and Sym wavelet. Compared with the three-point smoothing method and the five-point cubic smoothing method, the Db7 wavelet threshold denoising method can fully retain the flood peak, flood volume and peak occurrence time of the original sequence, and eliminate more sawteeth of the original inflow flow. The study shows that the method of discrete wavelet threshold denoising can be used to smooth the noise of the backthrust inflow of the Three Gorges Reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the combustion mechanism of biomass hot gas containing tar in porous media and characteristics of tar combustion and removal, solid particle packing method was adopt to simulate the porous media, the distribution characteristics of temperature, heat flux density and reaction kinetic rate in the reactor during combustion were analyzed, and the significant influence of equivalence ratio on the direct combustion mechanism of biomass hot gas in porous media was revealed. The results showed that the direct oxidation reaction rate was high in the tar combustion and removal process, which determined the low tar outlet concentration and high conversion rate. At the front of the combustion flame, temperature of the solid was higher than the gas, the heat was transferred from solid to gas, which played a preheating and heat preservation role for the biomass hot gas containing tar, so that the tar in the hot gas remained gaseous and did not condense. In consideration of the complete combustion of biomass hot gas and the improvement of tar removal efficiency, the equivalent ratio should be selected in the region around 0.8. The results confirmed the advantages of the direct combustion technology of biomass hot gas porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the cost and large power consumption of high-resolution analog-to-digital converters in mmWave massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)system, we develop a channel estimation algorithm with one-bit quantizer. Given the quantized received signal, the conditional expectation is first calculated to estimate the unquantized received signal. Based on the parsity of mmWave channel in the angular domain, the column most correlative to the current residual is selected for least square estimation in each iteration. We also propose a solution to select multiple atoms in each iteration for the efficiency improvement. The simulation results show that the average normalized mean square error of the proposed algorithm and the running time of each iteration are 1/10 and 1/20 of the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. It can be seen that the algorithm has improved performance and higher reliability, with certain practical value in the channel estimation application of mm-Wave large-scale MIMO systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test the ecological services provided by pollinating insects in the fruit industry and solve the problems of insufficient pollinators and low fruit quality. [Methods] The benefit of the presence of Osmia cornifrous (Rodoszkouski) and Apis mellifera ligustica Spin, the two main pollinating insects in apple and cherry orchards in eastern Shandong province, on apple and cherry yield, fruit quality, were measured over three consecutive years. We compared fruit set, vitamin C content, soluble solids, total sugar content, total acid content and fruit yield in 6 orchards with O. cornifrous and A. mellifera ligustica from 2015 to 2018. Orchards with normal pollination methods were the control. [Results] We found that orchards with O. cornifrous and A. mellifera ligustica had higher fruit set, and the fruit from these orchards had higher vitamin C, total sugar and total acid levels, and higher solid-acid ratios. The pollinating efficiency of O. excavate was, on average, higher than that of A. mellifera. [Conclusion] Both O. excavate and A. mellifera provide important pollination services in apple and cherry orchards; both species increase fruit set, fruit yield and flavor. O. excavate is superior to A. mellifera because of its greater resistance to lower temperatures, higher pollination efficiency and simpler, lower input, management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim at the low real-time performance and high false alarm rate of the traditional fall detection model, AdaBoost multi-core support vector machine model (ADB-MKSVM) was proposed which was used to detect and identify the falling action. Based on the improved AdaBoost model framework, the model took multi-core support vector machine as the basis classifier and assembled these basis classifiers to form a stronger final classifier. According to the distribution of human movement data and whether the classification of each sample in each training set is correct or not, and the overall classification accuracy last time, the weight of each sample was determined. The dynamic weight allocation method was used to improve the recognition rate of the fall action. The test results showed that this model had good classification performance, and the method of binding the sensor on the waist position could effectively improve the detection effect of the fall action. The accuracy rate was 99. 33%,the fall detection rate was 63. 6%,and the false detection rate was 1. 62% . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to facilitate students' understanding of the flow field measurement in the fluid mechanics, an experimental teaching scheme based on the advanced PIV (particle image velocimetry) is established. The experimental teaching program has achieved good results in stimulating professional interest, developing experimental technology, innovating teaching means, and integrating scientific research with experimental teaching. Students' understanding of PIV technology and ship external current field has been further deepened, and their experimental innovation ability has been improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the clinical effect of arthrodesis in treating severe hallux rigidus. Methods Totally 30 patients (30 feet) with severe hallux rigidus treated by arthrodesis from January in 2010 to January in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. AOFAS and VAS scoring system were employed to evaluate the clinical curative effect including acquiring the fusion rate, the time to fusion and the incidence rate of hallux valgus. Forefoot-plantar pressure values before and after operation were measured by Plantar pressure measurement system. Results The mean follow-up time was 18 months. AO-FAS score was raised from (48.2±7.6) to (72.8±6.2) after operation (P<0.01). VAS score was also increased from (1.7±0.7) to (8.3±1.1) after operation (P<0.01). The average healing time of knitting was 12.1 weeks. None was non-union and developed to hallux valgus. The forefoot-plantar pressure returned to normal postoperatively from abnormal laterally distribution. Conclusion The surgical strategy of arthrodesis is proved to be effective in treating severe hallux rigidus, in terms of capability of relief from pain, recovery of forefoot-plantar pressure distribution, low incidence of complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the all-cause (ICD-9 000-999) and cardiovascular diseases (ICD- 9 390-459) mortality risks associated with regional ambient temperatures in Taiwan between 2000 and 2008. Methods: We applied the distributed lag non-linear model to estimate the 8-day cumulative mortality risks associated with high temperatures during the hot season (May- October) and 26-day cumulative mortality risks associated with low temperatures during the cold season (November-April) in 7 study areas. Area cause-specific mortality risks were estimated in association with daily average temperatures at Z±1 and ±2 and by study season. Results: The mortality risks in Taiwan were greater from low temperatures than hot temperatures, especially for mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The mortality risk associated low temperatures was highest in the Taoyuan-Hsinchu-Miaoli area, with relative risks of 2.21 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-3.67) for all-cause and 4.09 (95% CI: 1.39-12.03) for cardiovascular diseases. High temperatures also elevated the all-cause mortality, but not cardiovascular diseases mortality, in the Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan and Kaohsiung-Pingtung areas. In contrast, extremely high temperatures were associated with cardiovascular diseases mortality in the Hualien-Taitung area only. Conclusions: Cumulative all-cause and cardiovascular diseases mortality risks for high and low temperatures are various among regions in Taiwan. This study provides the reference for a temperature-health warning and response system for the local health authority in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to utilize the waste biomass resources, a series of biochars from reed straw were prepared at different temperatures under a limited oxygen condition. The basic properties of biochars were characterized and adsorption kinetic experiments of Cu2+ onto biochars were conducted to investigate the relationship between pyrolytic temperature and biochar performance. Results showed that when the temperature increases from 350°C to 700°C, the yield of biochar drops by 9.79%, whereas the ash, alkalinity and specific surface area are raised, moreover, the C content increases, but O, H and available N and P contents decrease. With the increase of temperature, aliphatic groups of biochar are reduced, aromaticity and stability are obviously improved, and micropores are gradually developed, all of results can enhance the adsorption capacity of biochar. The sorption processes of Cu2+ onto biochar can be well characterized by pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the adsorption rate gradually increases with the increasing pyrolysis temperature. Results in this research can provide basis for the application of biochar derived from wetland plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the condition that the data is not complete and relevancy of evaluation index is not confirmed during the evaluation of shipboard helicopter guarantee capability, the evaluation model of shipboard helicopter guarantee capability based on entropy matter-element is studied. The evaluation system and the weight model based on entropy are constructed according to investigation of the reality of shipboard helicopter guarantee. The method of matter-element is used to evaluate guarantee capability and the problem of index connection indetermination is resolved. The analysis shows that the model is practical and has a certain value; moreover, the model is appropriate for evaluation of shipboard helicopter guarantee capability at the present stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a rapid growth of UDP-based applications in wireless networks, how to improve the performance of UDP in wireless networks is becoming an important research topic. A novel protocol, named XJDP/NLT, is proposed. This protocol uses LT code and network coding technique to encode and decode the packets in order to decrease the negative influence due to the frequent network packet loss, thus increasing the throughput. UDP/NLT does not change the existing protocol stack structure and semantics of UDP and hence come true easily. Analysis and simulations in NS2 show that the UDP/NLT has better throughput performance than traditional UDP, almost without increasing the network latency in wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the damp and low temperature environment in tunnel, a electronic refrigeration temperature and humidity control system based on STC12C5A32S2 was designed and realized. It detected the temperature and humidity algorithm after a certain time and added integrators to ensure the stability and the accuracy of the data. The feedback control technology was also used to make the controling temperature and humidity to the normal range in short time. Testing results showed that the system could meet the requirements of harsh environment in the tunnel, and have stable running and good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of fine roots of Pinus tabuliformis, Populus tomentosa, Prunus armeniaca, Robinia pseudoacacia, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Caragana korshinskii was investigated by using soil core method and the fine root was defined as root with diameter less than 2 mm. The soil moisture and soil properties were measured. The results showed that in the horizontal direction, the distribution of fine root biomass of P. tabuliformis presented a conic curve, and the fine root biomass of the other species expressed logarithm correlation. Radial roots developed, the fine root biomass were concentrated within the scope of the 2-3 times crown, indicating that trees extended their roots laterally to seek water farther from the tree. In the vertical direction, the fine root biomass decreased with the increasing soil depth. Fine root biomass had significant negative correlation with soil water content and bulk density, while significant positive correlation with organic matter and total N contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is observed that the loess vertical joints form in the process of rainfall penetration by the model test for simulating loess penetration under the sedimentation. According to the model test, an ideal model of soil particle arrangement was built; based on the soil-water characteristic curve of loess sample measured by TEN-15 tension meter, the interaction force between soil particles under different moisture contents was induced by the relationship between matric suction and curvature radius of water shrink film. The results show that the vertical joint is caused by the change of inter-particle force because of the matric suction and surface tension in the process of rainfall penetration; the inter-particle force increases sharply with the decrease of the inter-particle distance, and the relationship between the inter-particle force and water content is significantly influenced by the inter-particle distance; the structure of initial sediment loess is loose and the support of inter-particle is weak, so that the particles will be close to each other because of the inter-particle force at small order caused by the change of water content, and the inter-particle force increases sharply with the decrease of the inter-particle distance, and then the shrinkage of soil leads to local cracks and forms vertical joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the miss distance caused by the matching performance between pitch and roll control channels, a principle model about BTT guidance was built base on the BTT-90 command calculation logic and proportional navigation guidance law. The model included the simplified control system model and nonlinear model about guidance command calculation and aerodynamic translation. Taking the velocity pointing error and target maneuvering as the analysis conditions, the influence on the miss distance was analyzed and the STT control was compared also. The simulation results show that the total aerodynamic of system is determined by the slower autopilot within the pitch and roll control channels when BTT control used in the end guidance. It is the essential condition for the miss-distance converging to zero, that the guidance time is 10 times more than the aerodynamic time constant of the control system. To insure the high guidance accuracy, the response rate of the roll control channel should be faster than that of the pitch control channel. And only the response rate of the roll control channel is 5 times faster than that of pitch control channel, the miss distance of BTT will be close to that of STT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It took experimental methods to study the evolution characteristics of surface deformation field and temperature field of coal specimens with uniaxial compression. The impact and non-impact proneness propensity coal specimens were selected to research. The white light speckle method was used to analysis the surface deformation localization evolution of the specimens. It can be concluded that the deformation localization of non-impact proneness coal specimens appeares in elastic stage; but the impact proneness one appeares in plastic stage; the impact one is more severe than the non-impact one for deformation field. The temperature within the deformation localization is higher than outer region, and the same variation for both the impact and non-impact proneness propensity coal specimens; however, the temperature difference between inside and outside localized has an opposite variation; the absolute temperature of impact specimens has a bigger change than the non-impact ones; deformation field corresponding temperature field, which the impact ones are latter simply. Based on the whole rock mineral analysis and clay mineral composition analysis of different coal specimens, internal crystal, amorphous and clay mineral content were compared between impact and non-impact coal specimens, so as to explore the influence of the macroscopic temperature field and deformation field caused by the internal components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the underlying mechanisms of electric field (EF) on the synchronization of neural network. Based on HH neuron model, it solved the differential equations of neuron numerically by using the modified Euler method, it investigated the effects of EF on the synchronization of excitatory-inhibitory network. The DC EF weakened the trend of impairing the network synchronization, due to introducing the adaptation current and removing the inhibitory connection; the AC EF also counteracted the negative effect because of adaptation current, moreover, the synchronous activities of the network were dependent on the amplitude and frequency of the AC EF. The results can contribute to further development of EF stimulation on treatment of neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the impact of rural school relocation on public space in village, and explores the complex interaction between political, economical, and cultural connections in rural China. This paper argues that a sustainable rural development in China is possible only when peasants meaningfully participate in the economic, social, political, and cultural life of their public communities. Therefore, the need for change in education should not be exclusively cast in economic terms and particularly in relation to the efficiency of school finance and administration. It also involves a country's responsibility to provide public services and cultivate civil society, and particularly public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the mechanism of coal mass dynamic damage, the impacting compression test of coal sample was made by φ50 mm split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental system under different strain rate. The experimental results show that the preliminary dynamic constitutive curve shows great nonlinear and initial elastic modulus, yield strength and ultimate strength increase with the strain rate increasing, but plastic deformation first increases and then decreases. According to the dynamic constitutive curve characteristics and previous constitutive model research, damage visco-elastic constitutive model was introduced by using elastic and plastic theory. Dynamic constitutive model fitting curve has a good agreement with the measured curve, fitting results show that dynamic mechanical properties of the coal have different sensitivity with high and low strain rate, it's more sensitive to the high strain rate, especially when the strain rate is 300 s-1,the plastic flow of coal is strongest and the strain-stress curves exhibit the second kinds of unloading (positive slope). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The static push-out tests of twenty steel reinforced concrete (SRC) short columns specimens with stud connectors in the surface of shape steel at elevated temperatures and two other comparative specimens at normal room temperatures were carried out to study the shear force transfer behavior on the interface between shape steel and concrete in SRC members at elevated temperatures. Test results show that the typical failure mode of steel reinforced concrete short columns with stud connectors at elevated temperatures is concrete split, which is almost the same as that at normal room temperatures. The ascending part of load-slip curves of specimens at elevated temperatures is more fiat than that at normal room temperatures, and the slip rigidity of specimens at elevated temperatures is lower than that at normal room temperatures. From normal room temperature to peak temperature lower than 400 °C, the shear transfer capacity declines fast with the increase of the highest temperature in the whole heating process and declines slow when the highest temperature exceed 400 °C. With the same highest temperature, the shear transmission capacity decline with the increase of time duration of the highest temperature. The calculating formula for shear transmission capacity of steel reinforced concrete with stud connectors at elevated temperatures was proposed. The calculating results of the formula are proved to be safe with test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in the Anjiagou catchment on Longzhong Loess Plateau as test object, an observation was made on the characteristics of throughfall, stemflow, interception, and canopy structure of P. tabulaeformi during its growth season (from May to September) in 2011. Based on the observed data, the revised Gash analytical model was adopted to simulate the canopy interception, aimed to understand the ecological hydrological processes of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and related mechanisms. In the observation period, a total of 19 precipitation events were observed, with a total precipitation of 215. 80 mm. The throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception were 165. 24 mm, 2. 29 mm, and 48. 27 mm, occupying 76. 7%, 1. 1%, and 22. 4 % of the total precipitation, respectively. The simulated canopy interception was 41. 24 mm, being 7. 13 mm lower than the observed value and with a relative error of 14. 7%. There were 33.8% and 60. 0% of interception were evaporated from the canopy during and after precipitation, respectively. The revised Gash analytical model was highly sensitive to the canopy storage capacity, forest coverage, rainfall intensity, and evaporation, but less sensitive to the stemflow rate and stem water holding capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model of unsteady ventilated supercavitation is established based on the principle of Logvinovich of the cavity sections expansion and mass conservation equation. The mathematical model is used to simulate the shape stability of ventilated supercavitation under the disturbances of air-supply rate, cavitator, velocity and some combination perturbation, respectively, and then the stability of ventilated supereavitation is analyzed. The results indicate that the disturbance of velocity plays a crucial role in the shape stability of ventilated supercavitation, and the oscillation of cavity is strong, the disturbance of cavitator can influence the shape stability of ventilated supercavitation with low-amplitude and determine the last length of cavity, the disturbance of air-supply rate is small compared with the others and can be ignored when they exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the remote sensing data in 2000, 2005, and 2010, this paper analyzed the variation trends of the land use type and landscape pattern in Daiyue District of Tai'an City from 2000 to 2010. The ecological risk index was built, that of the District was re-sampled and spatially inter- polated, and the spatiotemporal pattern of the ecological risk in the rural-urban ecotone of the District was analyzed. In 2000-2010, the main variation trend of the land use type in the District was the shift from natural landscape to artificial landscape. The intensity of human disturbance was larger in cultivated land, garden plot, and forestland than in other landscape types, while the human disturbance in water area was smaller. The ecological loss degree of cultivated land and water area decreased somewhat, while that of the other land use types presented an increasing trend. The eco- logical risk distribution in the District was discrete in 2000 and 2010, but most centralized in 2005. The ecological risk of each ecological risk sub-area had an increasing trend in 2000-2005, but was in adverse in 2005-2010. In 2000-2010, the ecological risk of the District was mainly at medium level. Spatially, the distribution of the ecological risk in the District had an obvious differentiation, with an overall diffusive increasing from forestland as the center to the surrounding areas. In the District, the ecological risk was mainly at medium and higher levels, the area with lower ecological risk had an obvious dynamic change, while that with the lowest and highest ecological risk had less change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have associated episodes of extremely high temperature and prolonged heat waves with increased risks in terms of mortality and morbidity. This study investigated the various health warning systems regarding heat waves that had been proposed by Western countries and reviewed worldwide publications and reports available from 2004 to 2012. Temperature-health associations should be identified before establishing a heat wave warning system. Patients with diabetes mellitus, renal diseases, disabilities, and chronic cardiopulmonary diseases are highly vulnerable to extremely high temperatures. A national weather system is expected to disseminate the heat warning accurately and in a timely fashion. The regional health authority is the lead agency responsible for public health responses to heat and the communication of risks to the public. Application of the temperature index and responses to heat wave warnings vary among areas depending on weather conditions and socio-demographic status. Based on our evaluation, a heat wave warning system would be expected to significantly reduce the impact on health from extremely high temperatures. Studies of temperature-health associations and heat wave warning systems should be established in Taiwan to mitigate the impact of global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From May to October 2011, an investigation was conducted on the effects of rainfall and its intensity on the canopy interception, throughfall, and stemflow of Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides, the main shrub species commonly planted to stabilize soil and water in the Anjiagou catchment of Loess Plateau. A total of 47 rainfall events were observed, most of which were featured with low intensity, and the total amount and average intensity of the rainfalls were 208. 9 mm and 2. 82 mm⋅h-1, respectively. As a whole, the rainfall events of 2-10 mm and 0. 1-2 mm⋅h-1 had the highest frequency. The canopy interception, throughfall, and stemflow of C. korshinski were 58.5 mm (28%), 124.7 mm (59.7%), and 25.7 mm (12.3%), while those of H. rhamnoides were 17.6 mm (8.4%), 153.1 mm (73.3%), and 38.2 mm (18.3%), respectively. Regression analysis showed that the canopy interception, throughfall, and stemflow of the two shrub species all had significant positive correlations with the rainfall amount, and had exponent or power correlations with the rainfall amount and the maximum rainfall intensity in 10 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the vibration characteristics of supercavitating projectiles under tail-slapping conditions, the fundamental frequency and the first principal mode shape of the transverse vibration of projectiles were presented, based on the dynamics of coupling system for rigid and elastic motions. By simulations, the influences of rotational speed, slenderness ratio and material characteristics on frequency and the mode shape of vibration were investigated. The results show that the frequency and the mode shape vary with the rotational speed, and the increase of the slenderness ratio and the material characteristic parameter could accelerate these variations. For the small slenderness ratio or the rotational speed is less than 50 rad/s, the influence of coupled motions can be disregarded and the natural frequency can be used as the frequency of vibration, and the natural mode shape also can be used when the rotational speed is less than 100 rad/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on RANS equations, the wall effect and scale effect of ventilated supercavity has been simulated using inhomogeneous model and SST turbulence model with consideration of gas-water interaction and gravity effect. The influence of different turbulence models to gas ventilation coefficient has been investigated. The developing process of ventilated supercavity under different ventilation rates is shown through numerical simulation, and the cavity shape and resistance differences at different scale and in unbounded flow field are compared. The results show that the cavity length and diameter of the small-scale model are greater than that of the large-scale model. But the extent of the upper cavity drift of the small-scale model is less than that of the large-scale model. The length, diameter and the extent of the upper cavity drift at the unbounded flow field are greater than that of in the wall effect condition. In the drag-reducing, the maximum drag reduction of the small-scale model is greater than that of the large-scale model. The maximum drag reduction of the unbounded flow field is smaller than that of in the wall effect condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A post-processing method tot SPH was presented based on Delaunay triangulation. However for non-convex domain occupied by SPH particles( nodes), Delaunay triangulation results in some empty elements which contains no mass. Thus an "element mass weighing" method should be proposed to identify and delete those empty elements from the element collection. The reasonability of the algorithm is that each empty element has a very much less SPH-weighted-approximation than the average quality of the particles on it. With the SPH data and the kept elements being exported into the universal post-processing software Tecplot, the values at any point in the computational domain could be obtained. The feasibility of the algorithm was tested in a series of numerical cases including a case with heterogeneous particle distribution and material splashing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore dynamics modeling and control of supercavitating vehicles, memory effect of the cavity and its influence on the shape of cavity were researched based on the principle of cavity expansion independence. The cavitator orientation effect and cavity flotation were taken into account in computing the hydrodynamic forces of all parts of the supercavitating vehicle. Efficiency of the fin with the change of the fin immersion depth while the vehicle was traveling underwater was researched. A more precise nonlinear dynamics model of supercavitating vehicle was established. Robust pole placement controller was designed after exact input-output linearization. This controller has good control performance in depth tracking. Its shortcomings are input saturation and adverse effects of planing force. Model predictive control controller was designed to solve the problem of input saturation by restricting the distance between tail part of vehicle and the cavity wall, so that the planing force was avoided, the friction drag was reduced and the motion stability of the vehicle was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of water culture expansion and construction of water conservancy becomes an important topic. Firstly, water culture expansion possesses new and rich connotation. Secondly, construction of water conservancy is mutually dependent and promoted with water culture expansion. Thirdly, the construction and management of water conservancy have problems in term of value recognition, scientific planning, the connotation of water culture, tourist feature , in addition to sustainable and effective management. Fourthly, it is of significance to highlight the elements of water culture and value water culture expansion, and further enhance water culture searches, water ecological system and water environment protection. resources integration. propagation, water area recreation, holiday economy, means of water culture expansion, water culture education and training and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, water culture is a new area in the research of culture. Through the discussion of the research method of water culture, it can be promoted deeper and wider. The promotion of the research on water culture also attributes a lot to the ecological civilization and the construction of culture in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the new recursive least square scheme for time-varying nonlinear structural system identification based on feed forward neural network model is presented. The new scheme improves adaptive tracking property by modifying recursire factor in the recursive least square procedure. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on the identification of some typical time-varying nonlinear system including the three degrees of freedom structural system with nonlinear time-varying stiffness. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique is capable of fast tracking the system parametric change and reducing the computational cost largely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on dynamic models of car-to-car collisions, a method to predict the vehicles pre-impact motion was introduced through the optimization of vehicles rest positions. With the help of the Pc-Crash software, a computer reconstruction of car-to-car collisions can be achieved. And through the application of this method in two typical cases, it is proved to be effective on analysis of this kind of accidents, and so can provide a scientific foundation for accident judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the actural requirements of the selection for regional leading industry, we propose a human capital matching criterion as well as the corresponding computational method. Empirical research reveals that human capital standards in China are still lower and distributed unevenly. Considering the differences of regional distribution of human capital, each region should accumulate the human capital to improve the human capital status. And rational selection of regional leading industry should be performed to realize the interaction between human capital accumulation and upgrade of industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of floor heave in the gob adjacent to the working face was analyzed. The aim was to understand the floor heave phenomena happened at No. 15423N working face in Jiulong Coal Mine, Fengfeng mining group. Core logging of floor strata and in-situ stress measurement near the investigated region were carried out. Moreover, the numerical simulation was used to obtain the in-situ stress of No. 15423N working face. Based on these data, a bi-directional loading similar simulation experiment was carried out to analyze the process and mechanism of floor heave of gob near working face above aquifer. A series of spring group were used to simulate the aquifer. The time-space evolution characteristics of stress and displacement field in floor strata were analyzed. The. results could be used to explain the mechanism of water inrush accidents in Jiulong Mine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to utilize the waste biomass resources, a series of biochars from reed straw were prepared at different temperatures under a limited oxygen condition. The basic properties of biochars were characterized and adsorption kinetic experiments of Cu2+ onto biochars were conducted to investigate the relationship between pyrolytic temperature and biochar performance. Results showed that when the temperature increases from 350°C to 700°C, the yield of biochar drops by 9.79%, whereas the ash, alkalinity and specific surface area are raised, moreover, the C content increases, but O, H and available N and P contents decrease. With the increase of temperature, aliphatic groups of biochar are reduced, aromaticity and stability are obviously improved, and micropores are gradually developed, all of results can enhance the adsorption capacity of biochar. The sorption processes of Cu2+ onto biochar can be well characterized by pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the adsorption rate gradually increases with the increasing pyrolysis temperature. Results in this research can provide basis for the application of biochar derived from wetland plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the effects of total intravenous anesthesia on the circadian rhythms in the patients undergoing cardiac transcatheter closure. Methods Thirty patients undergoing cardiac transcatheter closure under elective intravenous anesthesia were included in this study.Paired t -tests were performed to compare the mRNA levels of the genes encoding circadian locomotor output cycles kaput(CLOCK),brain and muscle ARNT-1 like protein-1(BMAL1),cryptochrome 1(CRY1),and period circadian clock 2(PER2),the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire(MCTQ)score,and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)score before and after anesthesia.Multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed to screen the factors influencing sleep chronotype and PSQI total score one week after surgery. Results The postoperative mRNA level of CLOCK was higher [1.38±1.23 vs .1.90±1.47; MD (95% CI ):0.52(0.20-0.84), t =3.327, P =0.002] and the postoperative mRNA levels of CRY1 [1.56±1.50 vs .1.13±0.98; MD (95% CI ):-0.43(-0.81--0.05), t =-2.319, P =0.028] and PER2 [0.82±0.63 vs .0.50±0.31; MD (95% CI ):-0.33(-0.53--0.12), t =-3.202, P =0.003] were lower than the preoperative levels.One week after surgery,the patients presented advanced sleep chronotype [3:03±0:59 vs .2:42±0:37; MD (95% CI ):-21(-40--1), t =-2.172, P =0.038],shortened sleep latency [(67±64)min vs .(37±21)min; MD (95% CI ):-30.33(-55.28--5.39), t =-2.487, P =0.019],lengthened sleep duration [(436±83)min vs .(499±83)min; MD (95% CI ):62.80(26.93-98.67), t =3.581, P =0.001],increased sleep efficiency [(87.59±10.35)% vs .(92.98±4.27)%; MD (95% CI ):5.39(1.21-9.58), t =2.636, P =0.013],decreased sleep quality score [1.13±0.78 vs .0.80±0.71; MD (95% CI ):-0.33(-0.62--0.05), t =-2.408, P =0.023],and declined PSQI total score [6.60±3.17 vs .4.03±2.58; MD (95% CI ):-2.57(-3.87--1.27), t =-4.039, P <0.001].Body mass index(BMI)( B =-227.460, SE =95.475, t =-2.382, P =0.025),anesthesia duration( B =-47.079, SE =18.506, t =-2.544, P =0.017),and mRNA level of PER2( B =2815.804, SE =1080.183, t =2.607, P =0.015)collectively influenced the sleep chronotype,and the amount of anesthesia medicine( B =0.067, SE =0.028, t =2.385, P =0.024)independently influenced the PSQI one week after surgery. Conclusion Total intravenous anesthesia can improve sleep habits by advancing sleep chronotype.BMI,anesthesia duration,and mRNA level of PER2 collectively influence sleep chronotype one week after surgery.The amount of anesthesia medicine independently influences the PSQI total score one week after surgery.