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Objective To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on the proliferation and migration ability of bladder cancer T24 cells and its mechanism. Methods T24 cells were treated with TGF-β1 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L for 24 h. The proliferation activity of T24 cells was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay; their migration ability was detected by cell scratching method; the relative expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein in T24 cells was detected by Western blot. T24 cells were treated with TGF-β1 at a concentration of 5 μg/L for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 6 and 24 h. The relative expression of PD-L1 protein as well as phosphorylated serine-threonine protein kinase (p-AKT) and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (p-ERK) proteins in T24 cells were detected by Western blot. T24 cells were divided into groups A to G. Group A was cultured with normal medium; group B was cultured with the medium containing TGF-β1 at a final concentration of 5 μg/L; group C was cultured with the medium containing TGF-β1 and SB431542 at a final concentration of 5 μg/L. The relative expression of PD-L1 in groups A to C was measured by Western blot. Group D was cultured with normal medium; group E was cultured with the medium containing TGF-β1 at a final concentration of 5 μg/L; group F was cultured with the medium containing TGF-β1 and AKT inhibitor MK2206 at a final concentration of 5 μg/L; group G was cultured with the medium containing TGF-β1 and ERK inhibitor U0126 at a final concentration of 5 μg/L. All T24 cells were treated for 24 h. The relative expression of p-AKT, p-ERK, and PD-L1 proteins in groups D to G was detected by Western blot. Results After T24 cells were treated with TGF-β1 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L for 24 h, the proliferation ability of T24 cells was significantly enhanced compared with that of T24 cells treated with TGF-β1 at 0 μg/L (t=3.59-12.18,P0.05); the PD-L1 protein expression was significantly higher in T24 cells treated with TGF-β1 at 5 μg/L than at other concentrations (t=3.22-5.64,P