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为绿色高效制备生物柴油，利用L-天冬氨酸离子液体（\[Asp\]HSO4）联合猪胰脂肪酶催化油酸制备油酸甲酯，采用单因素实验探究了反应时间、醇酸物质的量比、\[Asp\]HSO4用量、猪胰脂肪酶用量和反应温度对转化率的影响，在此基础上，采用正交实验进行优化，得到\[Asp\]HSO4联合猪胰脂肪酶催化油酸酯化反应的最优工艺条件为\[Asp\]HSO4用量6%、醇酸物质的量比5.5∶ 1、猪胰脂肪酶用量4%、反应时间21 h、反应温度45 ℃，在此条件下转化率可达91.91%。\[Asp\]HSO4可降低甲醇和温度对猪胰脂肪酶催化活性的影响，对猪胰脂肪酶催化油酸酯化具有协同效应。 In order to prepare biodiesel greenly and efficiently，L-Aspartic acid ionic liquid (\[Asp\]HSO4) combined with porcine pancreatic lipase was used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid to prepare methyl oleate. The effects of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, amount of \[Asp\]HSO4, amount of porcine pancreatic lipase, and the reaction temperature on the conversion rate were investigated by single factor experiment.Then the esterification process conditions were optimized by orthogonal experiment as follows: amount of \[Asp\]HSO4 6%, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid 5.5∶ 1, amount of porcine pancreatic lipase 4%, reaction time 21 h, and reaction temperature 45 ℃. The conversion rate could reach 91.91% under the optimal conditions.\[Asp\]HSO4can reduce the effects of methanol and temperature on the catalytic activity of porcine pancreatic lipase,and has synergistic effect on the esterification of oleic acid catalyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase.

为了开发环境友好型高效催化剂催化油酸酯化制备生物柴油，以L-谷氨酸与不同无机酸（硫酸、硝酸和磷酸）为原料合成了3种离子液体，对这3种离子液体催化油酸酯化反应制备油酸甲酯的酯化率进行了考察，筛选出催化效率较优的一种离子液体，对其进行傅里叶红外光谱表征，并进一步采用响应面法对其催化油酸酯化反应的工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：在3种离子液体中\[L-Glu\]HSO4的催化效率最高；\[L-Glu\]HSO4催化油酸酯化的最佳反应条件为离子液体用量15%、醇酸摩尔比11∶ 1、反应温度70 ℃、反应时间12 h，在此条件下酯化率为97.02%。因此，所合成的\[L-Glu\]HSO4可以高效催化油酸酯化制备生物柴油。 In order to develop environmentally friendly and efficient catalysts to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid for the preparation of biodiesel, three ionic liquids were synthesized from L-glutamic acid and different inorganic acids (sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid), and the esterification rates of these three ionic liquids for the catalytic esterification reaction of oleic acid to prepare methyl oleate were investigated, and one ionic liquid with better catalytic efficiency was selected and characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and the process parameters of the catalytic oleic acid esterification reaction were further optimized by response surface methodology. The results showed that the catalytic efficiency of \[L-Glu\]HSO4 was the highest among the three ionic liquids, and the best reaction conditions for the catalytic esterification of oleic acid by \[L-Glu\]HSO4 were as follows: ionic liquid dosage 15%, molar ratio of alcohol to acid 11∶ 1, reaction temperature 70 ℃, and reaction time 12 h. The esterification rate was 97.02% under the best conditions. Therefore, the synthesized \[L-Glu\]HSO4 can efficiently catalyze the esterification of oleic acid to prepare biodiesel.

Objective: This study aimed to establish a new method for detecting furfurals in tea. Methods: A gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2-Acetylfuran in tea. The sample pretreatment method and GC-MS/MS method were optimized. Furfural-D4 was used as the internal standard. The sample was extracted by acetonitrile, treated and purified by QuEChERS method, and determined by GC-MS/MS multi reaction monitoring (MRM). Results: The four furfurals showed good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 1.25~200.00 μg/L, with the correlation coefficient ≥0.999 0, and the detection limit (S/N=3) was 1 μg/kg, with the recovery range of standard addition of 89.10%~113.02%. Most of the commercially available tea samples were found to contain furfural. Conclusion: This method in the present study is simple, rapid and can eliminate the interference of complex matrix in tea. The result is accurate, reliable and sensitive. It is suitable for the simultaneous determination of four furfurals in tea.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the oil yield of rapeseed during pressing in a double screw oil press. Methods: To simulate the pressing process of rapeseed and to explore the effects of two factors, the speed of the press screw and the porosity, on the oil yield. Results: The oil yield of rapeseed was linearly related to the porosity, and a larger porosity, was associated with a lower oil yield. Moreover, the oil yield was negatively related to the speed of the press screw. Conclusion: The oil yield of rapeseed was highest when the porosity was 0.45 with the speed of pressing screw at 20 r/min.

The calculation methods of the maximum principal engineering strain,maximum principal logarithmic strain,maximum principal Green-Lagrange strain,and maximum principal Euler strain and octahedron shear strain peak under uniaxial and multiaxial loading stress condition are studied. It is found that the five damage parameters can be calculated only by outputting the deformation gradient tensor of the dangerous area in the finite element analysis. Based on the fatigue crack initiation theory and the fatigue test data of dumbbell rubber test piece,the life prediction models are established by the above five damage parameters,and the accuracy of the five life prediction models is measured by the goodness of fit value. Among them,the life prediction model with octahedron shear strain peak as damage parameter has the best fitting value. The fatigue life prediction model is established based on the fatigue crack growth theory and the crack growth test data of one-sided notch,pure shear specimen. The life prediction model with octahedral shear strain peak as damage parameter and the life prediction model based on crack growth theory were used to predict the life of the same bushing product respectively. It is found that the life prediction model with octahedral shear strain peak as damage parameter has better prediction effect,and the predicted life is near the triple scatter line of the measured life.

In order to meet the demand of large flow and fast response electro-hydraulic control system, a large flow and fast response on/off valve driven by a linear motor was developed. The basic principle was that, integrating the linear motor drive technology with the pilot valve structure closely, the pilot valve and main valve spool were direct driven respectively by a high power linear motor. Firstly, a model was established with AMESim simulation software for the hydraulic quick opening valve to optimize the key structural parameters and to get its static and dynamic characteristics. Then the motion plan was programmed with Matlab/Simulink software for both the position loop and the speed loop of the linear motor to control the movement state of the on/off valve pilot spool and the main spool, to achieve a precise digital control of the valve opening and improve the control accuracy of the fast response and large flow valve. Finally, a prototype of the on/off valve was developed, and the trajectory test of linear motor was carried out. The results show that the linear motor possesses a better following performance and can achieve the planned motion curve. The experiment and simulation results are basically consistent, which proves that the characteristics of the developed hydraulic valve can satisfy the need of large flow and fast response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding variation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in common plant species across islands along a latitude gradient is insightful to reveal the adaptation strategies of plant species to environmental changes. Five common herbaceous species including Artemisia argyi, Setaira viridis, Humulus japonicus, Ophiopog onjaponicus, and Oxalis corniculata were sampled in 125 plots across nine islands in Eastern China. C, N and P contents in leaves, stems, and roots of five plant species were measured, and their relationships with soil C, N and P contents as well as mean annual air temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) were investigated. The results showed that the range of C, N and P contents in aboveground parts of five species across nine islands was 352.16-518.16, 10.81-34.43, 0.58-2.38 mg⋅g-1, while the range of C:N, N:P and C:P was 11.98-38.99, 4.67-27.47, 133.39-748.54, respectively. In terms of roots, the range of C, N and P contents of five species was 312.28-493.34, 9.26-23.27, 0.40-2.10 mg⋅g-1, while the range of C:N, N:P and C:P was 18.18-46.79, 8.53-37.38, 174.45-1120.40, respectively. With the increases of latitude, contents of N and P in aboveground parts increased, but N:P decreased. Relative to N content, P content showed higher variation and was largely dependent on environment. Climate factors explained 60% of the variation of N and P contents and N:P across nine islands. In contrast, N and P contents and N:P of roots were independent of latitude, with climatic factors only explained 6%-10% of their variations. The contribution of climatic factors and soil nutrients contributed to the variations of N and P contents differed between above ground parts and roots of five species. Soil N and P had significant effects on P content in roots. Soil P content was positively correlated to aboveground P content. Soil properties explained 37% of the variation in N and P contents of plant roots. Our results suggested that latitude associated environment shifts were the main drivers of variation in N and P contents and N:P in aboveground parts, and soil nutrients especially affected variation in P in roots of five common plant species, when the effects of plant phylogeny was controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Island vegetation plays an important role in biodiversity research across the world. The study of plant diversity in island is helpful for understanding the mechanism of plant diversity maintenance under land-sea interaction. Here, four typical plant communities (Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus thunbergii community and Vitex negundo community) in Miao Archipelago were selected to examine the species, functional and structural diversities and their responses to environmental factors at the community scale by using species diversity indices, functional diversity indices, as well as structural diversity indices. The results showed that the species richness and Rao index of P. thunbergii community was higher than that of Q. acutissima community and R. pseudoacacia community, but the structural diversity was lower. The species diversity and structural diversity of V. Negundo shrub were lower than that of forest community, but the functional diversity was higher than some forest communities. The relationship between the diversity of typical plant communities in island area illustrated a significant positive correlation between species richness with Rao index and tree height diversity, however the correlation with functional evenness was significantly negative. The structural diversity and functional evenness were determined by slope with negative and positive relationships, respectively. Functional heterogeneity, functional divergence and species diversity were affected largely by soil physical and chemical properties, displaying the positive relationship with soil bulk density and soil total carbon content, and a negative relationship with soil water content. In conclusion, diversity pattern of plant community in Miao Archipelago reflected not only the characteristics in mainland vegetation but also the special nature of the sea island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of selective cerebral deep hypothermic perfusion on the neurological function of rhesus monkey after severe brain ischemia. Methods Nine rhesus monkeys were given blocking bilateral common carotid arteries for 10 min at room temperature, and then keeping selective cerebral deep hypothermic perfusion for 60 mins, and then giving natural rewarming. After three days, the experimental animal central nervous function scale was used to evaluate the nerve function every week for 12 weeks. Results After three days evaluation (13.56 ± 1.81), part of the experimental animals had such symptoms as coma, lethargy, lameness, etc., and needed to survive in captivity. After two weeks neurological evaluation (16.11 ± 1.76), animals could survive independently. Compared with before operation, the neurological function in experimental animals was significantly lower 3 days after operation, and was gradually increased 1 week after operation. There were statistically significant differences in the neurological function score between 3 days to 6 weeks after operation and before operation (P < 0.05), but no statistically significant difference between 7 to 12 weeks after operation and before operation (P > 0.05) . Conclusions Selective cerebral deep hypothermic perfusion after severe brain ischemia in Rhesus monkeys can significantly avoid severe hemiplegia, coma, vegetative state survival or death caused by cerebral ischemia, and can significantly improve the prognosis of cerebral ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to observe and compare the influences of the casting alloy post and cores on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Six casting alloy post and cores were fabricated for the experimental groups, and zirconia post and core served as the control. The seven types of post and cores were of the same size and shape. Each post and core was orally fastened to a volunteer and then imaged with sequences of T1-weighted spin echo imaging (SE-T1WI), T2-weighted turbo spin-echo imaging (TSE-T2WI), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Results Cobalt chromium alloy post and core generated severe artifacts, whereas gold palladium alloy post and core generated no obvious artifacts, and no difference was observed between the zirconia and the gold palladium alloy post and cores (P>0.05). The pure titanium alloy post and core produced mild artifacts. The post and cores of the titanium, nickel-cadmium, and gold platinum alloys generated moderate artifacts with no significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion Different metal post and cores have different influences on MRI. With the exception of that generated by cobalt chromium alloy, the artifact generated by the single-alloy post and core does not influence the image of the normal head and neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word segmentation effect of the English text recognition system directly affects the system identification accuracy. This paper puts forward a connected domain search based word segmentation method, which firstly search whole image to record all the connected domain, then merge connected domain according to the location, size of connected domain. The experimental result shows that the method can better solve the word segmentation with overlapping between the letters than vertical projection method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of new materials and technology, it is more and more complex that the friction characteristics appear between contact surfaces, and the impact to various engineering products has become increasingly evident. In order to solve anisotropic friction problem in engineering, the affection of anisotropic friction to the object movement was analyzed using theory and numerical simulation methods. The motion law of translational objects in different anisotropic friction characteristics was studied. Moreover, the over-rotation of bushing structure in engineering was studied, the quantitative relationship of friction anisotropy orientation, size, velocity and acceleration of the objects were obtained and the optimal method of anisotropic friction characteristics and experimental verification were proposed. The results show that the relative movement of the structure would be seriously affected by anisotropic friction characteristics, however, the problem of over-rotation can be solved effectively by reducing the friction coefficient ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of multi-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Methods Retrospective analysis was used to compare the routine magnetic resonance imaging and DWI features with b-value of 33 cases of pancreatic carcinomas and 12 cases of benign pancreatic tumors. Results T1WI demonstrated a pancreatic head mass in 16 cases, pancreatic body mass in 10 cases, and pancreatic tail mass with pancreatic atrophy in 7 cases. 8 cases had hepatic metastases, 13 cases had invasion or envelopment of mesenteric vessels, 4 cases had bone metastases and 10 cases had lymph node metastases. DWI demonstrated an inhomogeneous high signal with unclear margins. Necrotic tissue demonstrated uneven low signal. A b-value of 1 100 s/mm2 was associated with a high signal with poor anatomical delineation. A b-value of 700 s/mm2 was associated with apparent diffusion coefficient that were useful in distinguishing benign and malignant pancreatic carcinomas (< 0.05) . The ADCs have no differentiation between the two tumors in the b values of 50, 350, 400, 450 and 1 100 s/mm2. Conclusion DWI is a proposed method which provides more information for preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a dataset including 4, 255 foreign subsidiaries in China, we examined the legitimacy rationale behind their choice of entry mode from an institutional perspective. The results show that regulatory legitimacy ( coming from central government policy and local government regulation), and cognitive legitimacy (related to home country mimetic entry and same industry mimetic entry) have a positive effect on the choice of a sole foreign ownership. However, normative legitimacy (concerning cultural distance) has a negative impact on the choice of entry mode of sole foreign ownership. We find that regulatory legitimacy moderates the relationship between normative legitimacy and the likelihood of adopting a sole foreign ownership. We also have found that different types of institutional legitimacy have differentiated effects on the choice of the mode of foreign entry: the regulatory legitimacy plays the biggest role, which is followed by cognitive legitimacy and then by normative legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach of text images segmentation based on fuzzy logic and spectral clustering is proposed in this paper in order to extract the text from complex backgrounds. Parameters of the function are obtained according to the maximum entropy principle and the original image is fuzzified. Then gray, distance and textural information among pixels are extracted from the fuzzified image to construct the affinity matrix. The original image is segmented using the clustered eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of the matrix. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the usual thresholding methods and can handle the natural scene text image with complex backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of lycra/wool core-spun yarn were tested in different elongation. Yarn was retracted dramatically after test. Retraction property and morphology of core-spun yarn were analyzed. The results showed that, with the tensile fixed-length increased, retraction rate of yarn increased. When tensile fixed length was less than 10%, level of yarn retraction was lower and structure change little. When tensile fixed length was lager than 10%, evel of yarn retraction was higher. The yarn structure was destroyed after stretching. Morphology of core-spun yarn become loose and tightness decreased. Strands were retracted dramatically. The degree of twist of the two single yarn declined and pore appeared between two single yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different fineness of lycra core-spun yarn and polyester core-spun yarn were woven on sample loom without weft in three kinds of different weft density. Yarn breaking strength, breaking elongation, breaking strength decline rate, breaking elongation decline rate and the appearance of yarn are tested and analyzed. The results show that, with the weft density increased, the breaking strength reduced and the breaking strength decline, rate, breaking elongation decline rate increased. The structure of yarn become loose, tightness decreased and hairiness increased. In the condition of the same weft and warp density for different of the linear density, the smaller the liner density is, the change of the structure of core-spun yarn is smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil heavy metal pollution poses a serious threat to food security, human health, and soil ecosystems. Based on 644 soil samples collected from a typical oasis located at the eastern margin of the Tarim Basin, a series of models, namely, multiple linear regression （LR）, neural network （BP）, random forest （RF）, support vector machine （SVM）, and radial basis function （RBF）, were built to predict the soil heavy metal content. The optimal prediction result was obtained and utilized to analyze the spatial distribution features of heavy metal contamination and relevant health risks. The outcomes demonstrated that： ① The average Cd content in the study area was 0.14 mg·kg -1 , which was 1.17 times the soil background value of Xinjiang, making it the primary factor of soil heavy metal contamination in the area. Additionally, the carcinogenicity risk coefficients of Cd for both adults and children were less than 10 -4 , indicating that there were no significant long-term health risks for humans in the area. ② The estimation accuracies of the five inversion models were compared, and the validation set of the RF model had an R 2 value of 0.763 7, which was the highest among the five models. Additionally, the RMSE, MAE, and MBE of the RF model were the smallest among the five models. Therefore, the predicted values of the RF model were most consistent with the measured values of the soil Cd content. The predicted map of soil Cd distribution derived from the RF model coincided best with the interpolation map. ③ The RF model outperformed the other four models in predicting health risks associated with the soil Cd element for both adults and children, resulting in better prediction results. Comparatively, the predicted values of the LR model in the validation set varied greatly, leading to unreliable results. It was demonstrated that the RF was the best model for predicting soil Cd content and evaluating health risks in the study area, considering its superior generalization capability and anti-overfitting ability.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of microtubule associated tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1) on hemeoxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression and hemin-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells and its regulatory mechanism. RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to assess altered genes of hemin binding proteins, the expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2), hemin-induced HMOX1 expression in MTUS1 knockdown human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and the effect of overexpression of CREB and NRF2 on HMOX1 expression in MTUS1 knockdown 293T cells. The effect of MTUS1 or HMOX1 knockdown on hemin-induced apoptosis in HUVEC, and the overexpression of NRF2 on hemin-induced apoptosis in MTUS1 knockdown 293T cells were assayed with CCK8 and Western blot. The results showed that MTUS1 was knocked down significantly in HUVEC by siRNA (P < 0.01), accompanied by decreased HMOX1 expression (P < 0.01). The increased HMOX1 expression induced by hemin was also inhibited by MTUS1 knockdown (P < 0.01). And the apoptosis of HUVEC induced by hemin was amplified by MTUS1 or HMOX1 knockdown (P < 0.01). Moreover the expression of CREB and NRF2 were both inhibited by MTUS1 knockdown in HUVEC (P < 0.01). The decreased HMOX1 regulated by MTUS1 knockdown could be rescued partly by overexpression of NRF2 (P < 0.01), however, not by overexpression of CREB. And the MTUS1 knockdown mediated decreased 293T cells viability induced by hemin could be partly rescued by NRF2 overexpression (P < 0.01). These results suggest that MTUS1 can inhibit hemin-induced apoptosis of HUVEC, and the mechanism maybe related to MTUS1/NRF2/HMOX1 pathway.

To explore the color value changes after processing and further explore the correlations between color values and internal components, we established a rapid evaluation method for the quality of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle. In this study, the color values of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle were digitized by a spectrophotometer, and the standard ranges of color values of the two herbal medicines were established. Further, a discriminant analysis model was established to quickly and accurately distinguish the two herbal medicines. The content of 9 flavonoids and 1 triterpene in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle were determined by HPLC, and Pearson correlation analysis was adopted to analyze the correlations between the color values and the content of 10 components. The standard ranges of L~*, a~*, and b~* values were 65.539 6-68.305 8, 7.296 3-8.467 3, and 29.998 8-32.212 8 for Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and 43.654 3-47.166 4, 14.050 0-15.133 8, and 16.424 6-20.984 8 for Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle, respectively. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma had higher L~* and b~* values and lower a~* value than Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle, which indicated that processing with honey decreased the white and yellow values and increased the red value. The original and cross validation of the established discriminant analysis model met the requirements, and the external validation of the model showed the prediction accuracy of 100%. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the a~* value was positively correlated with the content of liquiritin apioside and isoliquiritin apioside(P&lt;0.05), while the L~* and b~* values were negatively correlated with the content of the above two components(P&lt;0.05). After processing with honey, L~* and b~* decreased while a~* increased, and the content of liquiritin apioside and isoliquiritin apioside increased, which was consistent with the content determination results. This study reveals the regularity of the color values of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma after processing with honey roasting, as well as the correlations between color values and component content, which provides a basis for the rapid quality evaluation of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle.

L~*, a~* and b~* values of prepared slices of Curcumae Rhizoma were measured by spectrophotometer. SPSS 21.0 was used for discriminant analysis to establish the color range and mathematical prediction model of prepared slices of Curcumae Rhizoma. The values of L~*, a~* and b~* of kwangsiensis ranged from 58.09-62.40, 4.53-5.66 and 23.61-24.29, while the values of L~*, a~* and b~* of phaeocaulis were between 64.02-70.71,-0.89-4.13 and 44.59-54.52, respectively. The values of L~*, a~* and b~* of wenyujin were 68.55-70.99,-0.11-1.47 and 28.26-32.19, respectively. The mathematical prediction model was proved to be able to realize 100% identification of Curcumae Rhizome of different origins through original and cross validation and external samples validation. A dual wavelength HPLC was established; the contents of 9 sesquiterpenoids and 3 Curcumae Rhizomes were determined simultaneously; and the contents of Curcumae Rhizome of different origins were determined. The results showed that kwangsiensis had higher contents of neocurdione, β-elemene and isocurcumaenol, phaeocaulis curcumin, furadienone, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin; and wenyujin mainly contained curdione, furadienes and guimarone. Pearson correlation analysis on L~*, a~*, b~* value and content of 12 components showed that curcumin, furadienone, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin had a significant positive correlation with b~* value(P&lt;0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between neocurdione, β-elemene and isocurcumaenol and L~* value(P&lt;0.01). Curdione, furadienes and guimarone were significantly correlated with L~* value(P&lt;0.01),indicating that the appearance co-lor of Curcumae Rhizoma could reflect the change of the content of the internal components. This study provided reference for the rapid recognition of Curcumae Rhizoma and the establishment of quality evaluation system.

Objective: To explore a medical big data algorithm to screen the core indicators in clinical database that can be used to evaluate the prognosis of elderly patients with pneumonia., Methods: Based on the clinical database of a Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Consortium Chaoyang Emergency Ward in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, patients with pulmonary infection were selected through the big data retrieval technology. According to the prognosis at the time of discharge, they were divided into death group and survival group. The general data of patients were collected, including gender, age, blood gas and laboratory indices. A computer language called Python was used to make batch calculations of key indicators that affect mortality in elderly patients with pneumonia. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between laboratory indicators and patients' prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to analyze the predictive value of screening method for patients' prognosis., Results: A total of 265 patients were included in the study, 64 died and 201 survived. The data of the first detection indexes of each patient after admission were collected, and 23 key indicators with significant differences were selected from 472 indicators: blood routine indicators (n = 7), blood gas indicators (n = 3), tumor markers indicators (n = 3), coagulation related indicators (n = 4), and nutrition and organ function indicators (n = 6). (1) The key indicators of blood gas in patients died of pneumonia: Cl - was 97-111 mmol/L in 51.6% (33 cases) of patients, lactic acid (Lac) was 0.5-2.5 mmol/L in 81.2% (52 cases) of patients, and H + was 0-46 mmol/L in 87.5% (56 cases) of patients. (2) The key indicators of blood routine of patients died of pneumonia: hemoglobin count (Hb) of 46.9% (30 cases) patients was 80-109 g/L, the eosinophils proportions (EOS%) in 67.2% (43 cases) patients was 0.000-0.009, the lymphocytes proportions (LYM%) in 51.6% (33 cases) patients was 0.00-0.09, the red blood cell count (RBC) in 50.0% (32 cases) patients was (3.0-3.9)×10 12 /L, the white blood cell count (WBC) in 54.7% (35 cases) patients was (0.0-9.9)×10 9 /L, and the red blood cell volume distribution width coefficientof variability (RDW-CV) in 48.4% (31 cases) patients was 10.0%-14.9%, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was 0.0-49.9 mg/L in 48.4% (31 cases) patients. (3) The key indicators of tumor markers in patients died of pneumonia: 76.6% (49 cases) of patients had negative free prostate specific antigen/total prostate specific antigen (FPSA/TPSA, the ratio was 0), 92.2% (59 cases) had cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) between 0.0-11.0 μg/L, and 75.0% (48 cases) had carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) between 0-104 kU/L. (4) The key coagulation indexes of patients died of pneumonia: 68.8% (44 cases) of patients had activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of 57-96 s, 73.4% (47 cases) of patients had D-dimer of 0-6 mg/L, 93.8% (60 cases) of patients had thrombin time (TT) of 14-22 s, and 89.1% (57 cases) of patients had adenosine diphosphate (ADP) inhibition rate of 0%-53%. (5) Nutrition and organ function key indicatorsin patients died of pneumonia: 92.2% (59 cases) of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with 0, 46.9% (30 cases) of patients had prealbumin (PA) of 71-140 mg/L, 90.6% (58 cases) of the patients with uric acid (UA) for 21-41 μmol/L, 75.0% (48 cases) of the patients with albumin (Alb) to 10-20 g/L, 93.5% (60 cases) of patients had albumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio) of 0-0.9, 84.4% (54 cases) of the patients with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from 0-6.68 μmol/L×s -1 ×L -1 . (6) Logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis: Logistic regression analysis showed that PA and Lac were the prognostic factors. PA could reduce the risk of death by 0.9%, Lac could increase the risk of death by 69.4%; the area under ROC curve (AUC) between laboratory indicators and the prediction effect of death prediction model for patients' prognosis was 0.80, which showed that the classification effect was better, and this study model could better predict the prognosis of elderly patients with pneumonia., Conclusions: By using big data technology, 23 core indicators for evaluating the prognosis of elderly patients with pneumonia can be screened from the clinical database of emergency ward, which provides a new perspective and method for clinical evaluation of the prognosis of elderly patients with pneumonia.

To study the time-toxicity relationship and mechanism of Gardeniae Fructus extract on the hepatoxicity in rats. Rats were randomly divided into C group(0 day), D5 group(5 days), D12 group(12 days), D19 group(19 days), and D26 group(7 days recovery after 19 days of administration). The rats in normal group received normal saline through intragastric administration, and the rats in other groups received 10 g·kg~(-1 )Gardeniae Fructus extract through intragastric administration. After the final administration, the livers were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Total liver proteins were extracted for proteomic analysis, detected by the Nano-ESI liquid-mass spectrometry system and identified by Protein Disco-very software. SIEVE software was used for relative quantitative and qualitative analysis of proteins. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed based on STRING. Cytoscape software was used for cluster analysis of differential proteins. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) database was used to perform enrichment signal pathway analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed for the screened differential protein expression and liver pathology degree score. The results showed that the severity of liver injury in D5, D12 and D19 groups was significantly higher than that in group C. The degree of liver damage in D5 group was slightly higher than that in D12 and D19 groups, with no significant difference between group D26 and group C. Totally 147 key differential proteins have been screened out by proteomics and mainly formed 6 clusters, involving in drug metabolism pathways, retinol metabolism pathways, proteasomes, amino acid biosynthesis pathways, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. The results of Pearson correlation analysis indicated that differential protein expressions had a certain temporal relationship with the change of liver pathological degree. The above results indicated that the severity of liver damage caused by Gardeniae Fructus extract did not increase with time and would recover after drug with drawal. The above pathways may be related to the mechanism of liver injury induced by Gardeniae Fructus extract.

Chinese medicine processing is the main feature that distinguishes traditional Chinese medicine from natural medicine and plant medicine, and is the main feature in clinical medication of traditional Chinese medicine. The research of Chinese medicine processing technology is an important link to realize standardization and standardization of Chinese herbal pieces, with urgent need to attract high attention. At present, there are still many problems in the research of processing technology of Chinese herbal pieces, mainly including inconsistent processing technology, large differences in process technology parameters, and unstable production technology of Chinese herbal pieces, resulting in uncontrollable quality of Chinese herbal pieces and affecting the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicine. This paper focused on the establishment of a unified standard processing technology, and put forward the countermeasures for the processing technology of Chinese medicine based on a comprehensive analysis of the current situations of the processing technology of Chinese herbal pieces, with significance for guiding the establishment of a standardized processing technology of Chinese medicine., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Island vegetation plays an important role in biodiversity research across the world. The study of plant diversity in island is helpful for understanding the mechanism of plant diversity maintenance under land-sea interaction. Here, four typical plant communities (Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus thunbergii community and Vitex negundo community) in Miao Archipelago were selected to examine the species, functional and structural diversities and their responses to environmental factors at the community scale by using species diversity indices, functional diversity indices, as well as structural diversity indices. The results showed that the species richness and Rao index of P. thunbergii community was higher than that of Q. acutissima community and R. pseudoacacia community, but the structural diversity was lower. The species diversity and structural diversity of V. Negundo shrub were lower than that of forest community, but the functional diversity was higher than some forest communities. The relationship between the diversity of typical plant communities in island area illustrated a significant positive correlation between species richness with Rao index and tree height diversity, however the correlation with functional evenness was significantly negative. The structural diversity and functional evenness were determined by slope with negative and positive relationships, respectively. Functional heterogeneity, functional divergence and species diversity were affected largely by soil physical and chemical properties, displaying the positive relationship with soil bulk density and soil total carbon content, and a negative relationship with soil water content. In conclusion, diversity pattern of plant community in Miao Archipelago reflected not only the characteristics in mainland vegetation but also the special nature of the sea island.

Understanding variation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in common plant species across islands along a latitude gradient is insightful to reveal the adaptation strategies of plant species to environmental changes. Five common herbaceous species including Artemisia argyi, Setaira viridis, Humulus japonicus, Ophiopog onjaponicus, and Oxalis corniculata were sampled in 125 plots across nine islands in Eastern China. C, N and P contents in leaves, stems, and roots of five plant species were measured, and their relationships with soil C, N and P contents as well as mean annual air temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) were investigated. The results showed that the range of C, N and P contents in aboveground parts of five species across nine islands was 352.16-518.16, 10.81-34.43, 0.58-2.38 mg·g -1 , while the range of C:N, N:P and C:P was 11.98-38.99, 4.67-27.47, 133.39-748.54, respectively. In terms of roots, the range of C, N and P contents of five species was 312.28-493.34, 9.26-23.27, 0.40-2.10 mg·g -1 , while the range of C:N, N:P and C:P was 18.18-46.79, 8.53-37.38, 174.45-1120.40, respectively. With the increases of latitude, contents of N and P in aboveground parts increased, but N:P decreased. Relative to N content, P content showed higher variation and was largely dependent on environment. Climate factors explained 60% of the variation of N and P contents and N:P across nine islands. In contrast, N and P contents and N:P of roots were independent of latitude, with climatic factors only explained 6%-10% of their variations. The contribution of climatic factors and soil nutrients contributed to the variations of N and P contents differed between above ground parts and roots of five species. Soil N and P had significant effects on P content in roots. Soil P content was positively correlated to aboveground P content. Soil properties explained 37% of the variation in N and P contents of plant roots. Our results suggested that latitude-associated environment shifts were the main drivers of variation in N and P contents and N:P in aboveground parts, and soil nutrients especially affected variation in P in roots of five common plant species, when the effects of plant phylogeny was controlled.

This experiment was mainly aimed to investigate the effect of Er-xian decoction on osteoporosis and the femur proteomics in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis. The female SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, Alendronate group (1 mg•kg⁻¹), Er-xian decoction group (in dose of 8 g•kg⁻¹) according to their weight. The rats in sham operation group and model group were gavaged with normal saline; the rats in Alendronate group were gavaged with the Alendronate at the dose of 1 mg•kg⁻¹ and the rats in Er-xian decoction group were gavaged with Er-xian decoction at the dose of 8 g•kg⁻¹, once a day for continuous 90 days. Then the femoral bone mineral density (BMD) was detected. The femoral bone proteins were detected by NanoLC-LTQ-Orbitrap system, identified by Protein Discovery software, and the intensity of differentially expressed proteins were quantitated by SIEVE software. The results showed that Er-xian decoction could significantly improve femoral BMD in ovariectomized rats. As compared with model group, 41 differentially expressed proteins whose variation trend was consistent with the sham operation group, were found in Er-xian decoction group, mainly including biological oxidation related protein, signal transduction pathway related protein, proteins involved in aliphatic acid metabolism, cytoskeleton related protein, proteins involved in energy metabolism, and proteins involved in glucose metabolism etc. The osteoporosis could be prevented and cured by Er-xian decoction. The differentially expressed proteins such as carbonic anhydrase 2 and integrin β1 may be the action targets for Er-xian decoction., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Proteomics method, based on NanoLC-LTQ-Orbitrap technology, was applied to explore the biological basis of intervention effect of "Qi enriching" herbs on "Qi deficiency" rats. The "Qi deficiency" rat model was established with caloric restriction combined with excessive swimming. Muscle proteins of vastus lateralis from the blank group, the model group and the ginseng group were detected by NanoLC-LTQ-Orbitrap system. The data were imported into Protein Discovery software to identify the proteins and all the raw datum were analyzed by SIEVE software. Compared with model group, 26 significant difference proteins were found in ginseng group, which the variation trend was consistent with the blank group. Through the biological function analysis, the found proteins could be classified into proteins involved in energy metabolism, proteins involved in glucose metabolism, electrolyte balance and material transfer related proteins, inflammation related protein and cytoskeleton protein. The above target proteins and their regulation pathways may be the biological basis which ginseng played a role of tonifying "Qi" of "Qi deficiency" symptom., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

This paper was aimed to investigate the impact of the extraction from raspberry on the Alzheimer disease model protein expression. According to weight, the ovariectomized mice were randomly divided into shame operation group, model group, estrogen positive control group(0.1 g•L⁻¹) and ethyl acetate extraction part control group(in dose of 18 g•kg⁻¹). Each mouse in positive control group was subcutaneous injected of estradiol with 0.2 mL every two days. Raspberry effective parts group were given 0.01 mL•g⁻¹ raspberry ethylacetate extracts, model group and control group were given 0.01 mL•g⁻¹ saline once a day. The drug administration lasted for 32 days. Proteins from mice's hippocampus were extracted, then Nanol-ESI liquid-mass spectrometry system was used for detection and ProteinDiscovery software was used for identification to qualitative analysis different groups of hippocampal proteins by using the software of SIEVE. The results showed that model group compared with the mice of ethyl acetate extraction part control group have 66 differentially expressed proteins including heat shock protein, microtubule protein, protein involved in energy metabolism and protein of brain protection related proteins associated with AD. Those differences protein may be the target that Raspberry prevention and treatment of AD., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Electronic case report forms (eCRFs) instead of the traditional paper case report forms (pCRFs) are increasingly used by investigators and sponsors of clinical research. We include a total of 14 phase III studies (8 pCRF, 6 eCRF) to compare paper and electronic data documentation both quantitatively and qualitatively in clinical studies. The result suggests that adaptions of electronic data capture (EDC) in clinical trials have the advantages in optimization of data capture process, improvement of data quality and earlier clinical decision compared to paper-based methods. Furthermore, the successful implementation of EDC requires accouplements with corresponding data management processes and reallocation of resources.

Previous studies showed that ethyl acetate extracts from the submerged macrophytes Potamogeton crispus can significantly inhibit the growth of Karenia mikimitoi. Further, two antialgal activity compounds (1-2) were successfully isolated from this submerged macrophytes through a combination of silica gel column chromagraphy and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography in this paper. These two antialgal activity compounds exhibited antialgal active against Karenia mikimitoi. Furthermore, their structure were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data: one flavonid named Trichodermatides B, and one alkaloid named 2-methylheptylisonicotinate. These two compounds were for the first time isolated from both Potamogeton crispus and submerged macrophytes.

The development of molecular genetic markers for parasitic nematodes has significant implications in fundamental and applied research in Veterinary Parasitology. Knowledge on genetic diversity of nematodes would not only provide a theoretical basis for understanding the spread of drug-resistance alleles, but also have implications in the development of nematode control strategies. This review discusses the applications of molecular genetic markers (RFLP, RAPD, PCR-SSCP, AFLP, SSR and mitochondrial DNA) in research on the genetic diversity of parasitic nematodes.

Objective: To improve the traditional fingerprint method to distinguish vinegar processed Genkwa Flos from raw Genkwa Flos., Methods: Ten batches of Genkwa Flos were collected, processed with vinegar through a standard method, and then analyzed under the optimum HPLC condition. Based on the chromatographic data obtained, a common model of vinegar processed Genkwa Flos fingerprints, including 11 common peaks and the components genkwanin, hydroxygenkwanin, luteolin, apigenin and yuanhuacin were identified, was established. The peak of baicalein, an exogenous component added quantitatively to the samples as an internal standard, was served as the reference peak. The similarity between the test samples and the common model was computed using the improved Euclidean distance method developed in this paper., Results: The similarities between vinegar processed Genkwa Flos samples and the common model were higher than 0.9, whereas those between raw Genkwa Flos and the common model were lower than 0.9., Conclusion: The proposed method thus effectively provides a clear distinction between vinegar processed and raw Genkwa Flos samples. The result is helpful to ensure the safe clinical use of the plant and expand the application field of fingerprinting technology.

To examine the regulatory effect of histone acetylation on memory related molecules, 34 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into control and basolateral amygdala (BLA) intracranial positioning operation groups. In the process of conditioned place preference (CPP) training, Trichostafin A (TSA) was administrated by the route of BLA and morphine was injected into enterocoelia with dimethyl sulfoxide or saline as control. Expression levels of H3K14 acetylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in BLA were evaluated by Western blotting.The results showed that CPP could be established by intraperitoneal injection of morphine. Compared with control groups, a stronger place preference was established and expression of H3K14 acetylation and BDNF was significantly increased in the group treated with TSA and morphine. In addition, there was a synergistic effect between morphine and TSA. Our results suggested that the level of histone acetylation in BLA is associated with the formation of morphine memory in rats. Inhibition of the activity of histone deacetylases in BLA can promote the formation of cue-associated memory induced by morphine and the involvement of BDNF in BLA maybe was regulated by histone acetylation.

Flavonoid naringin is widely distributed in various types of plants and is an important component of herbal Drynaria. In previous studies, Drynaria has been demonstrated to have inhibitory effects on inflammatory responses and bone destruction and exert anabolic effects on bone, has been widely used in the clinical treatment. Naringin, was in the stage of experimental yet. The experimental results have confirmed that naringin suppressed inflammation including arthritis by lowering the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and the mechanism can be explained as reducing the expression of NF-κB. Naringin has been shown to increase osteoblast proliferation by increasing the expression of BMP-2, inhibit osteoclast activity by reducing the expression of RANKL. In animal experimental, naringin was useful for osteoporosis, and the mechanisms are in-depth studies. Research in the field of traditional Chinese medicine and orthopedics, naringin as a explicit material structure in the components of Drynaria, has been concerned about the experimental studies, it is not only prosperity the development of traditional Chinese medicine research,but also ready for clinical studies anti-inflammatory and bone effects of naringin in the future.

In order to investigate the effect of different types of reactors on the nitrosation granular sludge, a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) was studied, using mature nitrosation granular sludge cultivated in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as seed sludge. Results indicated that the change of reactor type and influent mode could induce part of granules to lose stability with gradual decrease in sludge settling ability during the initial period of operation. However, the flocs in CSTR achieved fast granulation in the following reactor operation. In spite of the changes of particle size distribution, e. g. the decreasing number of granules with diameter larger than 2.5 mm and the increasing number of granules with diameter smaller than 0.3 mm, granular sludge held the absolute predominance of sludge morphology in CSTR during the entire experimental period. Moreover, results showed that the change of reactor type and influent mode didn't affect the nitrite accumulation rate which was still kept at about 85% in effluent. Additionally, the average activity of the sludge in CSTR was stronger than that of the seed sludge, because the newly generated small particles in CSTR had higher specific reactive activity than the larger granules.