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Traditional village culture is an important part of rural culture as well as a precious heritage and historical memory of the Chinese nation, and its effective inheritance and sustainable development have attracted much attention. However, traditional village culture is often in a disadvantaged position in the process of urban-rural cultural exchanges, and the cultural adaptation problem of traditional village residents creates difficulties for the integration of urban-rural culture and the development of traditional cultural inheritance in China. In the context of traditional village conservation and tourism development, the cultural adaptation of traditional village residents is related to the resolution of the contradiction among traditional village development and conservation, the realization of the residents' good life, and the realization of the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture. Based on the literature on cultural adaptation, case summaries, and long-term field research experiences, this study clarifies the practical objectives of the cultural adaptation of tourism-driven traditional village residents, refines the process mechanism of their cultural adaptation by combining dimensions and processes, and explores the integration path of cultural adaptation based on positive psychology. The results show that first, the process mechanism of cultural adaptation of the residents of tourism-driven traditional villages can be investigated by combining the context of the evolution of urban-rural relationships in China and the U-curve theory of cultural adaptation. During the period of foreign culture entry, residents' external actions are actively cooperative, although their internal perceptions show foreign culture biases and development opportunity expectations. During the period of cultural clash and adjustment, conflicts and contradictions in daily life and behavioral expressions of residents are frequent, causing negative internal psychological emotions and cultural assimilation. The goal of the cultural integration period is that after a series of conflicts, residents will actively cooperate in their external behavior, and will be able to pass on their culture and seek progress. In terms of internal perceptions, residents will have increased psychological satisfaction, cultural confidence, and positive and open cultural perceptions. Further, borrowing from the research concept of positive psychology, we created a positive social organization system with three aspects: government macro-control, coordination of multiple groups, and a preventive supervision mechanism; a positive personality trait system with three aspects: cross-cultural interaction skills, ownership concept, and flexible and open cultural cognition; and a positive emotional experience system with three aspects: cultural identity, positive gaze of visitors, and community care. Based on the above systems, corresponding countermeasures to be taken at different stages of the cultural adaptation process are proposed to construct an integrated path of cultural adaptation for residents of traditional villages. This study explores the process mechanism and integration path of cultural adaptation of traditional village residents to deepen the interactive logic of locality and cultural adaptation, and provides a scientific reference for community governance and conservation practices in traditional villages, supporting traditional village locality protection and urban-rural integration.

As a severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has overtaken glomerulonephritis as a primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China. Mitochondria serve as a hub of cellular energy metabolism. In kidney, mitochondrial function plays a crucial role in supplying energy for normal physiological activities. And kidney has the second highest mitochondrial content among human organs. Typically appearing early in the development of DKD, mitochondrial dysfunction often precedes clinical manifestations. Thus it is crucial to examine the role of mitochondrial injury in the pathogenesis of DKD. Focusing upon the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in DKD, this review provided potential insights to explore how to delay the development of DKD and seek novel therapeutic targets.

ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics of whole genome sequences of H3N2 influenza virus strains isolated in Guangzhou city for providing reference data to the prevention and control of H3N2 influenza.MethodsWhole-genome sequencing was performed for 13 strains of H3N2 influenza virus isolated in Guangzhou city in 2019 and the sequencing results were analyzed with bioinformatics software. Gene segments of H3N2 influenza vaccine strains recommended by World Health Organization for the northern hemisphere population over the years were extracted from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) as the reference sequences.ResultsFor the 13 virus strains sequenced, the lowest nucleotide homology was 94% and the highest was 100%. Compared to the reference sequences, the gene with the greatest difference was NA (94% – 100%) and that with the least difference was PA (98.9% – 100%). The nucleotide variation rate of was the highest for NA gene (8.37%) and the lowest for PA gene (2.14%). All genes of the isolated strains, including both from out-patients under surveillance and from outbreak cases, belong to those of the same evolutionary branch of the vaccine strain (A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 H3N2). The HA, PB2, PB1, NP, M and NS genes of the strains could be further divided into three small branches (group 1 – 3) based on their epidemic time. Group 1, 2, and 3 were prevalent during periods of January – August, November – December, and January – August/November – December of 2019, respectively.ConclusionThe H3N2 influenza virus strains isolated in Guangzhou in 2019 were on the same evolutionary branch to the vaccine strain. The isolated strains had the same evolutionary origin but there were diversities in evolutionary characteristics, homologies and the variation rates of the whole genome among the strains.

Brick wall tubes, a popular form of ancient masonry pagoda, can be seen as a spatial lateral force resistance system. The masonry of the ancient pagoda is a case of compression and shear developed due to earthquakes. This composite compression and shear behavior is one of the key issues in the seismic capacity of masonry tube structure. In order to study the mechanical properties of the substructure of masonry pagodas, three sub-structural models were designed and constructed. Low cyclic loadings tests were conducted on the models and the crack, deformation, and failure phenomena were surveyed during the loading process. Simulation models were then developed for calculation, and results were obtained about the equivalent strain and load-displacement curve. Comparing the calculated results with the experimental results, the effects of vertical compressive stress on the masonry in the ancient tower were analyzed. Results showed that the error was less than 21% for the calculated value of the characteristic load relative to the test value. The distribution of equivalent plastic strain was consistent with the crack failure area of the specimens. When the vertical pressure remained constant with increasing horizontal load, the tower body gradually cracked, damage occurred along the masonry joints, and the width of cracks also increased. The failures around the structure opening were more obvious, and the residual deformation of specimens increased. With the increase in the ratio of compression to shear, the range of cracking and damage to the masonry of the ancient tower decreased, while shear bearing capacity, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity were increased. However, ductility and deformation capacity slightly decreased. These results can provide references for the assessment to structural damage and seismic capability of ancient masonry pagodas.

Background Eccentric exercise or high tension exercise could cause damage to skeletal muscle structure, resulting in deficiency of dystrophin and secondary loss of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) from the sarcolemma, which indicated that down-regulation of dystrophin was one of the key points of skeletal muscle injury from eccentric exercise. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations of DMD gene, resulting in the absence of dystrophin, which means that skeletal muscles of DMD patients after birth are in the natural state of actual path of force transmission which carried high tension from eccentric exercise. This paper investigated systematically whether expression of DGC is associated with progressive muscle weakness in natural history of DMD, and analyzed the expression of DGC at the sarcolemma of 197 confirmed DMD cases (9 days-12 years old). Methods The expression of α- and β-dystroglycan (DG), α-, β-, γ- and δ-sarcoglycan (SG) and syntrophin at the sarcolemma of DMD patients was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. Results The study showed that there was no relationship between lack of proteins and progressive muscle weakness with increasing age, although expression of α- and β-DG, α-, β-, γ- and δ-SG and syntrophin at the sarcolemma at different stages of 197 DMD patients (9 days-12 years old) had different degrees of deficiency. Conclusions Deficiency of DGC may occur before birth and DMD patients were recommended to avoid further damage to skeletal muscles from eccentric exercise and high-resistance movement in activities of daily life and rehabilitation training. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2015.06.006

Background China is one of the countries that have the largest number of patients suffering from Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). Although the building of international DMD/BMD databases has laid a foundation for clinical drug development and clinical trials, it has not yet been carried out in China. In this study, a modified registry form of Remudy was applied to 229 DMD/BMD patients in order to establish a comprehensive database, which will lay the groundwork for international cooperation. Methods A total of 229 DMD/BMD patients diagnosed by genetic testing or muscle biopsy admitted in Children's Hospital of Fudan University (CHFU) during the period of August 2011 to December 2013 were enrolled in this study. The data included sex, age, age at diagnosis, geographic distribution of patients, DMD gene mutation types, family history, walking capability, cardiac and respiratory function, steroid treatment and rehabilitation intervention. Results There were 194 DMD and 35 BMD male patients who were diagnosed at the age of 0-18 years, and among them, most patients were diagnosed at the age of > 3-4 (16.59%, 38/229) and > 7-8 (14.85%, 34/229) years. Exon deletion was the most frequent genetic mutations for DMD/BMD [65.46% (127/194) and 74.29% (26/35)], respectively. Patients with a family history accounted for 23.14% (53/229). The rate of DMD registrants losing walking capability was 17.53% (34/194), and all the BMD registrants were able to walk. Cardiac functions were examined in 46.29% (106/229) DMD/BMD boys and respiratory functions were examined in 17.90% (41/229) DMD/BMD boys. The proportion of DMD patients receiving prednisone with dosage of 0.75 mg/(kg·d) was 26.29% (51/194). Conclusions This database describes in detail the genotype, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment and rehabilitation status of 229 DMD/BMD patients in China. The database not only provides comprehensive information for DMD/BMD patient management, but also will make significant contribution to the development of clinical trials, prospective therapeutic research and better management of DMD/BMD patients and families in China.

Background Eccentric exercise or high tension exercise could cause damage to skeletal muscle structure, resulting in deficiency of dystrophin and secondary loss of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) from the sarcolemma, which indicated that down-regulation of dystrophin was one of the key points of skeletal muscle injury from eccentric exercise. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations of DMD gene, resulting in the absence of dystrophin, which means that skeletal muscles of DMD patients after birth are in the natural state of actual path of force transmission which carried high tension from eccentric exercise. This paper investigated systematically whether expression of DGC is associated with progressive muscle weakness in natural history of DMD, and analyzed the expression of DGC at the sarcolemma of 197 confirmed DMD cases (9 days-12 years old). Methods The expression of α- and β-dystroglycan (DG), β-, γ- and δ-sarcoglycan (SG) and syntrophin at the sarcolemma of DMD patients was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. Results The study showed that there was no relationship between lack of proteins and progressive muscle weakness with increasing age, although expression of α-and β- dystroglycan- DG, α, β-, γ- and δ-SG and syntrophin at the sarcolemma at different stages of 197 DMD patients (9 days --12 years old) had different degrees of deficiency. Conclusions Deficiency of DGC may occur before birth and DMD patients were recommended to avoid further damage to skeletal muscles from eccentric exercise and high-resistance movement in activities of daily life and rehabilitation training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background China is one of the countries that have the largest number of patients suffering from Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). Although the building of international DMD/BMD databases has laid a foundation for clinical drug development and clinical trials, it has not yet been carried out in China. In this study, a modified registry form of Remudy was applied to 229 DMD/BMD patients in order to establish a comprehensive database, which will lay the groundwork for international cooperation. Methods A total of 229 DMD/BMD patients diagnosed by genetic testing or muscle biopsy admitted in Children's Hospital of Fudan University (CHFU) during the period of August 2011 to December 2013 were enrolled in this study. The data included sex, age, age at diagnosis, geographic distribution of patients, DMD gene mutation types, family history, walking capability, cardiac and respiratory function, steroid treatment and rehabilitation intervention. Results There were 194 DMD and 35 BMD male patients who were diagnosed at the age of 0-18 years, and among them, most patients were diagnosed at the age of > 3-4 (16.59%, 38/229) and > 7-8 (14.85%, 34/229) years. Exon deletion was the most frequent genetic mutations for DMD/BMD [65.46% (127/194) and 74.29% (26/35)], respectively. Patients with a family history accounted for 23.14% (53/229). The rate of DMD registrants losing walking capability was 17.53% (34/194), and all the BMD registrants were able to walk. Cardiac functions were examined in 46.29% (106/229) DMD/BMD boys and respiratory functions were examined in 17.90% (41/229) DMD/BMD boys. The proportion of DMD patients receiving prednisone with dosage of 0.75 mg/(kg ⋅ d) was 26.29% (51/194). Conclusions This database describes in detail the genotype, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment and rehabilitation status of 229 DMD/BMD patients in China. The database not only provides comprehensive information for DMD/BMD patient management, but also will make significant contribution to the development of clinical trials, prospective therapeutic research and better management of DMD/BMD patients and families in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unreliability of communication channel will lead to a decline in the quality of video data. The error concealment technology repaires transmission error using the related of video data based on spatial and temporal. This paper introduced the research status of error concealment and related techniques, including interpolation method, boundary matching method and vector extrapolation and so on. It analyzed and compared the classical and new error concealment techniques. Finally, this paper depicted direction of research and development of error concealment for the next and provided reference for error concealment research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing suitable and validate attack strategies has meaningful significance to smash target networks or collapse criminal groups. To predict the effectiveness of attack strategies, two new measure indexes are proposed in this research: betweenness-centrality compactness index and closeness-centrality compactness index. The relationship of the indexes of average degree, betweenness-centrality compactness and closeness-centrality compactness with the effectiveness of attack strategies was analyzed in theory. To validate the proposed assumption, four types of complex networks were selected as test-beds for simulation. The results show that: the effectiveness of attack strategy based on node degree is the worst; with the same average degree, the smaller the betweenness-centrality compactness or closeness-centrality compactness, the more effectiveness of the attack strategy base on betweenness-centrality compactness or closeness-centrality compactness is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast global motion estimation algorithm is proposed by employing the gyro with ordinary precision to sense the camera status. Firstly gyro is used to sense the jitter of camera system, and the bearings (quadrant) of video jitter are achieved from the gyro output. Secondly, singular points of local motion vector are filtered using the acquired direction and position as the reference. Finally, global motion parameters are worked out using the least square method (LS). Experimental result shows that this algorithm has the advantages of fast operation, high accuracy of motion estimation and low precision requirement of gyro. Also it could effectively filter singular points stemming from either interference of local motion or error of calculation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitivities of Chlorella sp. to 10 antibiotics: gentamicin, neomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, cephalothin, streptomycin, G418, hygromycin Zeocin and chloramphenicol were investigated. The results show that Chlorella sp. is not sensitive to gentamicin, neomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, cephalothin and streptomycin, and they cannot inhibit the growth of Chlorella sp. in the concentration of this test. However, it is relatively sensitive to G418 and hygromycin, and very sensitive to Zeocin and chloramphenicol. LD50 and 95% confidence ranges of these four reagents in both seawater culture and decreasing NaCl concentration medium were calculated respectively. The results provide important data in developing selectable markers in genetic engineering of Chlorella sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the association of depression and suicidal ideation with parenting style in adolescents., Methods: The cluster sampling method was used to select 6 195 junior and senior high school students in Xinxiang City of Henan Province, China, from 2014 to 2018. The survey tools included a general social information questionnaire, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (11 items). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association of depression and suicidal ideation with parenting style in adolescents., Results: There were 6 194 valid questionnaires in total, including 2 586 boys (41.75%) and 3 608 girls (58.25%), with a mean age of (16.4±1.9) years (range: 11-20 years). Among these 6 194 students, 1 333 (21.52%) had depression, and 508 (8.20%) had suicidal ideation. Depression in adolescents was positively correlated with maternal control ( OR =1.059, P <0.001) and paternal control ( OR =1.061, P <0.001), but negatively correlated with maternal care ( OR =0.937, P <0.001) and paternal care ( OR =0.917, P <0.001). Suicide ideation in adolescents was positively correlated with maternal control ( OR =1.110, P <0.001) and paternal control ( OR =1.076, P <0.001), but negatively correlated with maternal care ( OR =0.895, P <0.001) and paternal care ( OR =0.914, P <0.001)., Conclusions: Parental care may decrease the risk of depression and suicide ideation, while parental control may increase the risk of depression and suicide ideation in adolescents. Citation .

Purpose: This study aimed to summarize and analyze dental emergence data and compare with the same period from 2017 to the first half of 2020, to provide a basis for improving the quality of dental emergency care and formulating rational allocation., Methods: A total dental emergency cases from 2017 to the first half of 2020 were collected, statistical analysis was carried out according to patients' sex and age, chief complaints and diagnosis with SPSS 18.0 software package., Results: The top three diseases in 2017 of dental emergency were maxillofacial trauma, facial infection and dental pulp disease. From 2018, most of the specialized patients were treated due to oral craniomaxillofacial injury , maxillofacial infection and tumors. The top three chief complaints for 3 consecutive years were facial swelling, toothache and dental trauma. The difference of emergency data within 4 years was statistically significant., Conclusions: There are a large number of patients which follow the regular pattern and a wide scope of disease types in dental emergency department. The total amount has a rising trend year by year. After divisions of dental emergency department are established, the patients' treatment is more timely, convenient and targeted, and the quality of medical service has been improving.

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) is a rare and life-threatening disease that affects women more frequently than men. SMAS is characterized by extensive compression of the 3rd part of the duodenum between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. This compression results in chronic, intermittent or acute obstruction of the small bowel due mainly to the lack of fat between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, which increases the angle between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery and the end of the duodenum, causing intestinal obstruction. The goal of supportive treatment is to increase both body weight and the angle between the mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta. This case involved a 14-year-old girl with low body weight who suffered from SMAS. Her symptoms included recurrent, severe vomiting and bloating, which necessitated her taking time off from school, causing further anxiety and leading to agitation, resistance to further treatment and care, and more-severe symptoms. During the period of nursing care from August 14th to August 30th, 2017, the author identified symptoms of nutritional imbalance and anxiety. Care initiated to improve nutritional status included: (1) improving nutritional intake, (2) promoting comfort, and (3) maintaining caloric intake. Care initiated to reduce anxiety included: (1) increasing self-control, (2) providing opportunities to participate in treatment planning, and (3) refocusing attention on self-worth. At the end of care, the patient had gained weight, the angle between the upper mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta had increased, the symptoms had subsided, and anxiety had been alleviated. This nursing experience offers a reference for nurses facing similar cases of clinical care.

Objective: To study the association of suicidal ideation with family environment and psychological resilience in adolescents., Methods: Cluster sampling was used to perform an investigation among 3 230 junior and senior high school students in Xinxiang of Henan Province, China December 2014. A general social information questionnaire, 11-Item Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale(KADS-11), Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Chinese version ) were used for evaluation. A multivariate logistic regression analysis and a case-control study were used to investigate the association of suicidal ideation with family environment and psychological resilience in adolescents., Results: A total of 2 960 usable questionnaires were received. Among the 2 960 adolescents, 247 (8.50%) had suicidal ideation (98 boys and 149 girls). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustment for age and sex, single-parent/remarried family was associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation (OR=2.655). Suicidal ideation in boys was negatively correlated with family cohesion (OR=0.750, P<0.001) and organization (OR=0.855, P=0.036) and was positively correlated with family conflict (OR=1.159, P=0.017). Suicidal ideation in girls were negatively correlated with family cohesion (OR=0.771, P<0.001), emotional expression (OR=0.815, P=0.001) and intellectual-cultural orientation (OR=0.915, P=0.037). The adolescents with suicidal ideation had a significantly lower total score of psychological resilience than those without suicidal ideation (P<0.05). Compared with those without suicidal ideation, the adolescents with suicidal ideation had significantly lower scores on 4 factors of the CD-RISC (ability, tolerance of negative emotions, acceptance of changes and control) (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Family cohesion is a protective factor against suicidal ideation in adolescents. Family organization in boys and family emotional expression in girls are associated with a decreased risk of suicidal ideation. Enhanced psychological resilience may help to reduce the incidence of suicide ideation in adolescents.

Objective: To investigate the status of vaccination in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection., Methods: A questionnaire survey was performed in 148 children in Hunan province, China who were registered in China's Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Comprehensive Response Information Management System up to December 31, 2016 and were aged <15 years at the time of confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection. The information on vaccination, diagnosis of HIV infection, and diagnosis and treatment of related diseases was collected., Results: Of the 148 children with HIV infection, there were 70 boys (47.3%) and 78 girls (52.7%); 140 children had an age of 3.8 (0.2-14.8) years at the time of confirmed diagnosis, and 8 children refused to answer this question. Mother-to-child transmission was found in 133 children (91.7%), blood transmission in 1 child (0.7%), and unknown in 14 children (9.5%). Of the 148 children, 129 (87.2%) received antiviral therapy and 19 (12.8%) did not receive such treatment. The vaccination rates of hepatitis B vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine, poliomyelitis live attenuated vaccine and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine ranged from 70.9% to 77.7%, which was significantly lower than the national level (≥97%); the vaccination rates of the other vaccines in the National Immunization Program gradually decreased with age. No severe adverse effects were reported after vaccination., Conclusions: Mother-to-child transmission is the main route of HIV infection in Chinese children. The diagnosis of children with HIV infection is significantly delayed, with low vaccination rates. Efforts should be made to strengthen early diagnosis, early treatment and vaccination in children with HIV infection, in order to improve their quality of life.

To study the suitable arousal modes of hibernating Whitmania pigra, the biological characteristics, activity of amylase, lipase, and protease as well as morphologic structure of digestive tract were investigated by direct observational method and 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry, p-nitrophenyl palmitate ester（p-NPP）colorimetry, folin-phenol and histological methods. The results revealed that Wh. pigra activity was increased with increases of the water temperature and prolonging treating duration. Except for the feeding groups of direct arousal mode at 24 h and 48 h, none of the other Wh. pigra groups died. Compared with that of normal groups, the digestive tract structure of hibernating Wh. pigra was looser and the mucosal folds of craw were more sparse. No obvious recovery was observed for the structure of the digestive tract before 48 h of direct arousal mode or the 5th day of 15 °C gradient arousal mode. The mucosal folds of craw increased and the muscularis were incrassated after 72 h of direct arousal mode or the 8th day of 20 °C gradient arousal mode, that indicated the tissue structure was approximately restored to the normal state. The digestive enzyme activities were increased with prolonging treating duration. And the feeding groups recovered faster than that of the no feeding groups. Additionally, the enzyme activities of feeding groups were significantly higher than that of no feeding groups ( P <0.05) and approximately restored to the normal level after 48 h in the direct arousal mode or 20 °C in the gradient arousal mode. In conclusion, both of the two modes can be applied to the arouse of hibernating Wh. pigra, and it should be fed when the temperature is recovered to 15 °C or 20 °C at 2 °C·d⁻¹ in the gradient arousal mode after 72 h in the direct arousal mode to reduce the death ratio and improve effectively the economic profit of Wh. pigra aquaculture., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Purpose: The study was designed to explore an effective method to control early scar after maxillofacial trauma and improve the satisfaction of clinical treatment., Methods: Fifty skin lesions after maxillofacial trauma were divided into the experimental group and control group. Patients in the experimental group were treated with pulsed dye laser when taking out stitches, 15, 30 and 60 days later. Digital microscope photos were taken and lesion area was measured before and 3 months after laser irradiation. Adverse effects were recorded during and after each treatment as well. All patients were asked to rate their satisfaction at 3-month of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software package., Results: The efficiency of the experimental group was 74% and 37 lesions were cured or significantly improved, while the efficiency rate was 22% in the control group. Area reduction of maxillofacial lesions before and after treatment between the two groups was significantly different (P＜0.05). Patients in the experimental group were highly satisfied with the final outcomes. No severe adverse events were observed., Conclusions: Pulsed dye laser is safe and effective in inhibiting early scar following maxillofacial trauma.

Soil organic carbon pool is an important component of terrestrial carbon pool. Soil organic carbon pool and its dynamic change have important influence on carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystem. Soil organic carbon density (SOCD) is an important parameter of soil carbon storage, and it is also an important index to evaluate farmland soil quality. Accurate prediction of regional organic carbon density spatial distribution is of great significance to the development of precision agriculture. A total of 242 farmland soil samples collected from the Jianghan Plain were used to explore the effects of land use types on the spatial distribution of SOCD in plain areas. Moreover, in the presence of spatial heterogeneity and spatial outliers of SOCD, three Kriging approaches combining land use types were used for the spatial prediction of SOCD. They were dummy variable regression Kriging (DV&#95;RK), mean centering ordinary Kriging (MC&#95;OK1) and median centering ordinary Kriging (MC&#95;OK2). Results showed that the difference of land use types between paddy field and irrigable land was one of the reasons for the spatial heterogeneity of SOCD in the study area, resulting in spatial non-stationary characteristics of SOCD and lowering the performance of OK. DV&#95;RK, MC&#95;OK1 and MC&#95;OK2, however, eliminating the impacts of SOCD spatialheterogeneity caused by land use types while modeling, enhancing the model stability. Therefore, the prediction accuracy of these three models was higher than that of ordinary Kriging (OK). Moreover, MC&#95;OK2 outperformed the others in terms of model reliability, prediction accuracy and the ability to explain the total variance of SOCD. In summary, as an easily accessed auxiliary variable, land use type could effectively decrease the effects of spatial heterogeneity and spatial outliers on SOCD spatial interpolation model, improving the prediction performance and reducing the model uncertainty. SOCD map with higher quality could also be achieved to help reveal the spatial characteristics of SOCD for guiding the agricultural production.

Ligusticum chuanxiong is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine plant. The study on its molecular markers development and germplasm resources is very important. In this study, we obtained 24 422 unigenes by assembling transcriptome sequencing reads of L. chuanxiong root. EST-SSR was detected and 4 073 SSR loci were identified. EST-SSR distribution and characteristic analysis results showed that the mono-nucleotide repeats were the main repeat types, accounting for 41.0%. In addition, the sequences containing SSR were functionally annotated in Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway and were assigned to 49 GO categories, 242 KEGG pathways, among them 2 201 sequences were annotated against Nr database. By validating 235 EST-SSRs,74 primer pairs were ultimately proved to have high quality amplification. Subsequently, genetic diversity analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis, PCoA analysis and population structure analysis of 34 L. chuanxiong germplasm resources were carried out with 74 primer pairs. In both UPGMA tree and PCoA results, L. chuanxiong resources were clustered into two groups, which are believed to be partial related to their geographical distribution. In this study, EST-SSRs in L. chuanxiong was firstly identified, and newly developed molecular markers would contribute significantly to further genetic diversity study, the purity detection, gene mapping, and molecular breeding., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Human's application of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has a long history, but the origin remains unclear. Safflower was introduced into China for traditional Chinese medicine, and Sichuan was major producing area. However, in recent years, the main producing area is in Xinjiang province, in contrast Sichuan safflower is difficult to find. By reading relevant document literature and the production and marketing information of safflower, and having field investigation in the main producing areas, the origin of safflower and the reasons of producing areas' changes were explored. The origin of safflower is considered as the Fertile Crescent in reasonably. The change of producing areas in China is effected by the factors of natural environment and society. The suitability of producing areas and quality of safflower still need to study further., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S),the third gaseous signal molecule after carbon monoxide (NO)and nitric oxide (CO),has been widely studied by many researchers.H2S plays important roles in neurobiology. This article overviews the roles of H2S in neuroprotection and neuromodulator and summarizes the progress of its role in central nervous disease.

The average yield of safflower blooming from 1 to 7 day was recorded and calculated, HPLC was used to detect the percentage composition of HYSA,quercetin,naringenin and kaempferol, and the real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of chs and chi. The average yield,percentage composition of HYSA and naringenin as well as functional genes' expression presented similar trends. The average yield reached the highest peak at the third day, showing highpositive correlation with the contents of HYSA (r=0.756,P<0.05), and significant correlation with the expression of chi (r=0.892,P<0.01). The contents of naringenin showed a high positive correlation with the expression of chs(r=0.766,P<0.05). The study provides a theory basis for the composition and regulation mechanism of the flavonoid constituents and lays foundation for molecular mechanisms which lead to the difference of quality in C. tinctorius., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Effects of nine different moisture contents on vigor of Cyathula officinalis seeds and its anti-aging mechanism were studied by artificial accelerated aging through high temperature and wet. The research results showedthat seed vigor were generally decreased after artificial aging; in general, seed vigor and its anti-aging ability are relatively stronger within the scope of 6.55%-4.78% moisture content, the increase range of seed conductivity, peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content,and reduce amplitude of activityof dehydrogenase , superoxide dismutaseare alllower as well. And when the moisture content reduced to 5.77%, all of the germination tests index of the non-aged seeds are the highest, and the activity of peroxidase the lowest,conductivity of leaching solution relatively low, activity of dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase the highest,and catalase activityrelatively high.Therefore, in the low temperature germplasm preservation of C. officinalis seeds, the seed moisture content should be controlled close to the range of (5.70±1)% to keep higher vigor and anti-aging ability., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To clone chalcone-flavonone isomerase( CHI) gene in Carthamus tinctorius,to analyze the bioinformation of CHI,to compare the expression of CHI,and to analyze the percentage composition of hydroxysafflor yellow A( HSYA) during the florescence,in order to provide the foundation for functional verification of CHI and the composition and regulation mechanism of the flavonoid constituents in Carthamus tinctorius., Methods: CHI was cloned,bioinformatics was used to analyze the protein characteristics, real timePCR was used to analyze the expression of CHI,and HPLC was used to analyze the percentage composition of HSYA, Results: A 696 bp CHI sequence in Carthamus tinctorius,the expression of CHI and the percentage composition of HSYA during the florescence were obtained. The variation tendency was similar between the expression of CHI and the accumulation of HSYA, which was increased gradually during 1 ~ 4 d and peaked at the fourth day,then decreased sharply during the fifth to the seventh day of florescence., Conclusion: This research provides a foundation for functional verification of CHI and the composition and regulation mechanism of the flavonoid constituents in Carthamus tinctorius.

Objective: To clone squalene synthase gene( ss) from seeds of Citrus reticulate ‘Dahongpao’,and to analyze its expression and bioinformatics., Methods: The technology of RT-PCR was used to clone the gene of Citrus reticulata seeds and analyze its expression at various growing stages. Moreover, the bioinformatics was analyzed by online analytical tools., Results: The full-length of ss was1 205 bp and 397 amino acids were encoded, SS had a homology of 99% with that of Citrus sinensis and Citrus clementina. The growth process of Citrus reticulata seeds was divided into three stages: morphogenesis stage, maturity and dehydration periods, and expression of ss was the highest in maturity period., Conclusion: Squalene synthase gene from seeds of Citrus reticulate ‘Dahongpa’is obtained for the first time, which provides reference for biosynthesis and regulation mechanism research of limonin compounds in Citrus reticulata seeds.

The study is aimed to distinguish morphological characteristics of Dalbergiae Lignum collected from crude drug's markets and establish a identification methods and the quality standard for Dalbergiae Lignum. The macroscopic and microscopic features of Dalbergiae Lignum from crude drug's market were observed, analyzed and compared according to Hongmu specification issued by the People's Republic of China in 2000, and by the characteristics recorded in domestic monograph of Mucai Shibie (wood identification). The redwood of Dalbergiae Lignum cut into small pieces as medicinal material are dry heart wood of mahogany (trees from Dalbergia sp.), which characteristics of the small pieces as crude drug are different. There are differences in macroscopic and microscopic features about texture of wood and color, odor, taste, transverse section, radial section, tangential section. The results can provide basis for identification, application and improment of the quality standard of Dalbergiae Lignum as medicinal material.

Hyperspectral remote sensing, known as the state-of-the-art technology in the field of remote sensing, can be used to retrieve physical and chemical properties of surface objects based on the interactions between electromagnetic waves and the objects. Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important parameters used in the assessment of soil fertility. Quick estimation of SOM with hyperspectral remote sensing technique can provide essential soil data to support the development of precision agriculture. The presence of external parameters, however, may affect the modeling precision, and further handicap the transfer ability of existing model. With the aim to study the effects of soil moisture on the Vis/NIR estimation of soil organic matter, and the capacity of direct standardization(DS)algorithm in the calibration transfer, 95 soil samples collected in the Jianghan plain were rewetted and air-dried. Reflectance of these samples at 13 moisture levels was measured. Results show that the model calibrated using air-dried samples has the highest prediction accuracy. This model, however, was not suitable for SOM prediction of the rewetted samples. Prediction bias and RPD improved from -8.34-3.32 g x kg(-1) and 0.64-2.04 to 0 and 7.01, when DS algorithm was applied to the spectra of the rewetted samples. DS algorithm has been proven to be effective in removing the effects of soil moisture on the Vis/NIR estimation of SOM, ensuring a transferrable model for SOM prediction with soil samples at different moisture levels.

To improve the quality standard of Angelica sinensis, solve the problem of lacking relevant reference substance, a new method-based on the standard reference extract (SRE) was applied to achieve the quality control of Angelica sinensis. SRE of Angelica sinensis was obtained by chromatographic separation technology. After calibration of three makers of the SRE, an UPLC analytical method was developed to determinate the contents of the makers. T-test was used for comparison of the determination results of two methods (reference substances and SRE as reference, respectively), and the results demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the two methods. The presented method is very convenient and practical, which can be used for the quality control of Angelica sinensis.

Objective: To discuss the cost, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility of the extension methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics and provide the evidences of the strategy of scaling up the extension MMT clinics., Methods: A study was conducted in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, including Mang, Ruili city, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Lianghe county. 117 newly enrolling heroin addict patients in 17 extension MMT clinics were recruited as subjects from December 2010 to February 2011. An interview was conducted by the trained interviewers for the quality of life score of patients, and the cost of drug use was calculated. Table of outpatient costs of methadone maintenance treatment clinic of Dehong prefecture in Yunnan was used for collecting and calculating the fixed cost, operating cost of the clinics, and the unit cost and incremental cost of the patients from 2008 to 2010. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the extension clinics were analyzed by using the Markov model., Results: The total spending of extension clinics for 2008, 2009, and 2010 on average was ¥57 294, ¥80 752 and ¥74 739 respectively, or about ¥4379 annually per patient. The cost of averting one HIV infection was ¥316 509; the cost of averting one acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients was ¥508 676; and the cost of averting one death was ¥152 330. The cost of obtaining one life year (LY) was ¥3696 and the cost of obtaining one quality adjusted life year (QALY) was ¥9014. Comparing with drug users, the incremental cost utility ratio (ICUR) of the patients of the extension MMT clinics were -7074 yuan/QALY and -7162 yuan/LY., Conclusion: The extension MMT clinic service is lower in cost, and better in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility.

Objective: To establish a highly sensitive fluorometric nanobiosensor for determination of aqueous mercury ions (Hg(2+)) using optimized mercury-specific oligonucleotide (MSO) probes and graphene oxide (GO)., Methods: The nanobiosensor was assembled by attaching the self-designed MSO(1) (5' end labeled with fluorophore carboxyfluorescein (FAM), denoted as FAM-MSO(1)) and MSO(2) to the surface of GO through strong non-covalent bonding forces. Upon the addition of Hg(2+), the formation of the T-Hg(2+)-T configuration desorbed the FAM-MSO(1) and MSO(2) from the surface of GO, resulting in a restoration of the fluorescence of FAM-MSO(1). Using the specific mispairing of T-Hg(2+)-T and the changes in fluorescent signals in solutions, quantitative analysis of Hg(2+) could be performed., Results: The average thickness of the prepared GO sheets was only 1.4 nm. For the Hg(2+) nanobiosensor, the optimum concentrations of FAM-MSO(1) and MSO(2) were both 1 µmol/L, the optimum volume of 0.5 g/L GO was 5 µL, and the limit of detection was 10 pmol/L; it had low cross-reactivity with 10 other kinds of non-specific metal ions; the fluorescence recovery efficiency was up to 65% in the re-determination of Hg(2+) after addition of Na(2)S(2)O(3)., Conclusion: The MSO/GO-based nanobiosensor is convenient to operate, highly sensitive, highly specific, highly accurate, and reusable. It can be applied to determine trace amount of Hg(2+) in aqueous solutions.

Biological toxicities of heavy metals (Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr6+ and Pb2+), phenolic compounds (2,4-DCP, 2-CP, 4-CP, 2-NP and 4-NP), surface water and wastewater were determined with the MTOXPlate based on 11 genetically diverse microorganisms and the analysis endpoint of dehydrogenase activity inhibition. The results showed that the MTOXPlate had good performance for toxicity analysis of heavy metals and phenolic compounds. The EC50 values of Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Pb2+, 2,4-DCP, 2-CP, 4-CP, 2-NP and 4-NP detected by the MTOXPlate were 0.617, 21.05, 35.21, 11.22, 27.26, 64.29, 44.19, 85.89 and 33.84 mg x L(-1), respectively. The dehydrogenase activity inhibition of surface water was less than 20%. Moreover, the EC50 values of sewage and dyeing wastewater were 62.19% and 16.42%, respectively. Thus, the biological toxicity testing technology MTOXPlate could reflect the actual toxicity of surface water, sewage and dyeing wastewater.

Objective: To analyze the risk factors and therapy strategies of acute pulmonary edema (APE) in critically ill patients with multiple trauma., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis with the clinical date of all the critically ill patients with multiple trauma treated in General ICU from Jan. 2009 to Jan. 2012. We compared the clinical characteristics of the patients with or without onset of APE. The patients with APE were divided into young group (< or = 55 yr.) or elderly group (> 55 yr.), then the clinical data were analyzed between the two groups, including the level of hemoglobin (Hb), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), serum albumin (A1b), as well as complications, liquid balance during 1 week, 3 d, 1 d before the onset of APE., Results: Among the 284 patients with multiple trauma, APE was detected in 47 patients (16.5%) for 68 times, 29 (61.7%) in young group and 18 (38.3%) in elderly group. The ratio of acute renal failure (ARF) and systematic infection were significantly higher in the patients with APE (P < 0.05). Hb, MAP, CVP, A1b and the ratio of ARF, severe infection, extremity lost were not statistically different (P > 0.05) between young and elderly group, while the ratio of primary heart disease was significantly higher in elderly group (P < 0.05). The net balance of liquid during 1 week, 3 d and 1 d before the onset of APE was significantly higher in young group (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Mutiple Trauma patients with ARF are prone to encounter APE on the exist of infection and overburden of liquid; young patients tend to develop APE followed by liquid overburden,while elderly patients tend to develop APE because of poor primary heart condition even with more cautious fluid infusion.

Objective: We conducted both quick surveillance and evaluation programs within one week after the novel H7N9 influenza cases had been released by the Ministry of Health (MOH), to get the basic information on H7N9 virus in Guangzhou., Methods: We sampled live birds from food markets and the natural habitat of birds to detect H7N9, H5 and H9 viruses. We interviewed workers from both markets and natural habitats. We also reviewed records on pneumonia patients with unknown causes from the surveillance system, to find clues related to the identification of severe pneumonia., Results: We sampled 300 specimens from 49 stalls in 13 food markets and a natural habitat but none showed H7N9 positive result. A chopping block was detected positive of carrying H5 avian influenza virus, while another 4 specimens including a chicken cage, a duck cage, a chopping block and a pigeon cage were detected positive of carrying H9 avian influenza virus. In the past month, no sick, dead birds or ILI cases among the workers were discovered. 21.2% (7/33) of the stalls did not follow the set regulations for prevention. 10.3% (4/39) of the stalls had the cages cleaned, 4 days after the inspection. 3.7% (2/54) of the workers wore masks and 40.7% (22/54) of them wore gloves during the slaughtering process. 102 bird feces specimens were tested negative on H7N9 virus. No pneumonia cases with unknown reason were identified. From April 3(rd) to 17(th), we found 26 severe pneumonia cases but with negative results on influenza A (H7N9)., Conclusion: According to the data and information from 1) lab tests, 2) pneumonia cases with unknown reasons under the surveillance system, 3) the identification of severe pneumonia cases, and 4) preventive measures and actions taken by the workers, we inferred that no H7N9 virus or related cases were found prior to April in Guangzhou. However, the risk of H7N9 epidemic does exist because of the following reasons:1) improper market management process, 2) negligent behavior of the workers and 3) potential trend of the national situation, suggesting strategies related to poultry markets management, health education and preventive measures against the avian influenza need to be strengthened.

Objective: To understand the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in China., Methods: A national multi-center, large sample epidemiological survey was carried out and certified by an international third-party testing organization. Internationally accepted method for sequencing analysis of viral genotype was used., Results: Patients were those suffered from the 4 major genotypes of chronic hepatitis C, including nine subtypes, which were dominated by genotype 1 (69.6%), with type 1b in particular (accounting for 68.38%). Among the rare gene-6, we saw more subtypes of 6a. In the south, central, and north areas, there was no significant difference seen between the south and the north areas in the distribution of the genotype 1. However, the rate of gene type 2a increased gradually from south to north. In terms of less common type of gene 3b and gene-6, they were seen mainly in the southern provinces., Conclusion: In China, Patients with chronic hepatitis C had 4 HCV genotypes, with 9 subtypes. The rarely seen genotypes 3b and 6 were mainly distributed in the southern provinces.

Objective: To study the characteristics of amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in preterm infants and changes of maturation with gestational age., Methods: aEEG monitoring was done within 3 days of age with domestically produced digital aEEG set (CFM3000). Duration of each recording was at least 4 hours. The continuity, sleep-wake cycle, voltage and bandwidth of all aEEG tracing were analyzed., Results: The percent of continuity background increased from 30% of 28 weeks to 85.7% of 36 weeks (χ(2) = 28.2, P = 0.026); the percent of mature sleep-wake cycle increased from 10% of 28 weeks to 100% of 36 weeks (χ(2) = 192.4, P < 0.01). Low bound voltage increased with gestational age, from (6.8 ± 1.7) µV (28 w) to 9.7 - 10.1 µV (35 - 36 w) (F = 11.4, P < 0.01). Bandwidth of the narrow band decreases gradually with gestational age, from 1.45 cm (28 w) to (0.86 ± 0.24) cm (36 w) (F = 8.731, P < 0.01). The correlation coefficient for continuity, sleep-wake cycle, low bound voltage and bandwidth of narrow band, and total scores were 0.32, 0.81, 0.38, 0.55 and 0.78 respectively (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The older the gestational age of infants at birth, the more mature the aEEG pattern, manifested as increased continuity and sleep-wake cycle, the higher low bound voltage and more narrowed bandwidth with increased gestational age.

Objective: To investigate the changes of clinical and EEG features in children with febrile seizures which are prone to epilepsy four years after antiepileptic drugs valproate and/or topiramate treatment., Methods: One hundred and thirty-two children with febrile seizures between 2004 and 2005 and who had the indications of antiepileptic drugs treatment were administered with oral valproate and/or topiramate treatment. The children were followed up for four years. Routine blood tests, liver and renal function tests were performed twice a year. Sleeping activation EEG examination was performed once a year., Results: During the follow-up of 1 to 10 years, 108 (98.2%) out of 110 children with valproate monotherapy were seizure-free. In the 110 cases, 95 were in the drug withdrawl and 10 were in the drug reduction. All of 13 cases receiving topiramate monotherapy were seizure-free and were in the drug withdrawl. None of the patients showed abnormalities in routine blood tests, liver and renal functions tests. Sleeping activation EEG showed normal in 102 cases, focal discharges in 8 cases, bilateral synchronized spikes in 4 cases and 3Hz spikes and polyspikes in 2 cases., Conclusions: Early use of antiepileptic drugs valproate or topiramate is effective and safe in children with febrile seizures which are prone to epilepsy. The majority of the children have a normal sleeping activation EEG after antiepileptic drug therapy.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupoint-catgut-embedding therapy combined conventional western medication on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at stable stage due to lung and kidney deficiency., Methods: The cases were randomized into observation group and control group, 30 cases in each one. In control group, the conventional western medication was administered. In observation group, on the basis of conventional western medication, the catgut-embedding therapy was applied at Dingchuan (EX-B 1), Feishu (BL 13), Shenshu (BL 23), Fenglong (ST 40) and Zusanli (ST 36). The total attack frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), the attack frequency of AECOPD at moderate or above moderate stage and TCM syndrome score were compared before treatment and 6 months after treatment in two groups., Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% (28/30) in observation group and was 90.0% (27/30) in control group, indicating equivalent efficacy between two groups. 6 months after treatment, in two groups, the total attack frequency of AECOPD and the attack frequency of AECOPD at moderate or above moderate stage were reduced remarkably as compared with those before treatment (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The total attack frequency of AECOPD in observation group was reduced remarkably as compared with that in control group (P < 0.05). The scores of cough, expectoration and chest oppression as well as the total score of TCM syndrome were reduced remarkably after treatment in observation group (all P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Integrated therapy of acupoint-catgut-embedding and conventional medication has similar efficacy as simple medication. But, the combination of acupoint-catgut-embedding therapy and western medication can reduce the attack frequency of AECOPD and improve in cough, chest oppression and other symptoms in patients with COPD at stable stage effectively.

Objective: To investigate the serum levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in patients with the auras of threatened abortion (ATA), i.e., fetal irritability and vaginal bleeding, and the relation with prognosis., Methods: Chinese medicine syndrome of 598 pregnant women with ATA consulted in authors' hospital were differentiated into 5 types, 151 patients of Shen-deficiency type; 151 of Pi-Shen deficiency type; 36 of qi-blood insufficiency type, 235 of blood-heat type, and 25 of traumatic injured type. Their serum levels of E2 and P at the 5th to 13th gestation week were monitored by competitive chemiluminescnet enzyme immunoassay. And the outcome of pregnancy, continued or defeated, was observed., Results: (1) From the 7th gestation week on, serum E2 level in women with continued pregnancy (CP) increased continuously, showed a higher value than that at the previous week (P < 0.05), and was higher than that in women with defeated pregnancy (DP) of same gestation age (P < 0.05). (2) Serum P level was not different in CP women at various gestation age (P > 0.05), but from the 7th week on, it was higher in CP women than in DP women of same gestation age (P < 0.05). (3) The comparison of serum E2 in CP versus DP of women with Shen-deficiency type or Pi-Shen deficiency type was identical to that in CP versus DP of all women enrolled., Conclusions: Serum levels of E2 and P in women with ATA at 5th to 13th gestation weeks were obtained. The 7th week of pregnancy is the critical period of pregnancy development, a comparative high E2 levels and its sustained and steady elevation indicates the good-ending of pregnancy with fetal irritability and vaginal bleeding. The Chinese medicine syndrome presented in women with ATA is dominantly the Shen-deficiency type. The variation of serum E2 is one of the important material foundation in pregnancy with fetal irritability and vaginal bleeding of Shen-deficiency type.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of the recombinant human type II tumor necrosis factor receptor-antibody Fc fusion protein (rhTNFR:Fc) on cytokines and bone metabolism in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)., Methods: This was a prospective, non-randomized, controlled and open-label study. Thirty-one patients with JIA in active state were enrolled at our hospital from December 2006 to June 2009. The mean age was 12.7 ± 2.3 years. Exclusive criteria included infection with tuberculosis and hepatitis B etc., abnormal renal or hepatic function. Study consists of two phases. During the first phase (0-3 months), according to the economic status, all JIA patients were divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group consisted of 18 patients (enthesitis-related arthritis, n = 15; polyarticular-onset arthritis, n = 2; systemic-onset type, n = 1) on a regimen of rhTNFR:Fc 0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneously injected twice weekly. The control group contained 13 patients (enthesitis-related arthritis, n = 9; polyarticular-onset arthritis, n = 2; systemic-onset type, n = 2) on a regimen of MTX 10 mg × m(-2) × w(-1). Two intolerance patients were given sulfasalazine (SASP) 30-50 mg × kg(-1) × d(-1). During the second phase (3-6 months), the responding patients continued the original therapy. The rhTNFR:Fc group received a reduced dosage of 0.4 mg × kg(-1) × w(-1). All patients of both groups who became complicated with peripheral arthritis or were non-responding had the addition of SASP. Follow-up was conducted at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. And TNF-α, MMP-3, IL-1β, osteocalcin (BGP), β-collagen fragment (β-CTx), alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP) and bone mineral density dynamic changes were examined respectively in the treatment process., Results: Alkaline phosphatase and lumbar spine bone mineral density increased while TNF-α, IL-1β, ESR and CRP decreased significantly in two groups (P < 0.05). ESR were 16 ± 8.0 mm/h vs 60 ± 38 mm/h, CRP 10 ± 7 mg/L vs 47 ± 37 mg/L and β-CTx 2.1 ± 0.8 vs 1.1 ± 0.9 µg/L at 1 month in two groups respectively with statistic difference (P < 0.05). BGP increased and MMP-3 decreased in both groups with no statistic difference. Femur Ward's triangular area and forearm bone mineral density had no statistic difference between two groups. Interestingly, one case with bone fracture for two years has healed after a 6-month therapy of rhTNFR:Fc as proved by X-ray., Conclusion: Both rhTNFR:Fc and traditional DMARDs both can reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, ESR and CRP and increase lumbar spine bone mineral density and ALP significantly. RhTNFR: Fc improves the acute phase index and bone metabolism index earlier than the traditional therapy. Thus disease and bone destruction are controlled more earlier.

Objective: To investigate the effect of estradiol (E2) on tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content in raphe nuclei of rats under forced swimming stress and explore the role of estrogen and stress in disease mechanism of depression in women., Methods: At Week 3 post-ovariectomy, 35 ovariectomized (OVX) female SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 7): non-stress group, control group, estradiol (E2) group and fluoxetine (FLX) group and E2 plus FLX group. Animals were administered with different drugs for 2 weeks. At Day 14, animals except those in the non-stress group were subjected to the 15 min forced swimming test (FST). At 2 hours post-FST, all animals including those in the non-stress group were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and brains removed for TPH and 5-HT immunofluorescence staining. We compared the content of TPH and 5-HT by observing and calculating the integrated optical density (IOD) of immunofluorescent-positive signals in raphe nuclei., Results: (1) The IOD value of TPH- and 5-HT-positive region in raphe nuclei of rats in the control group was significantly lower than that of the non-stress group (P < 0.01); (2) the IOD value of TPH- and 5-HT-positive region in raphe nuclei of rats in the E2, FLX and E2 plus FLX groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Forced swimming stress can decrease the TPH and 5-HT content in raphe nuclei. Such changes can be prevented by a pre-administration of estradiol. Similar results are observed with antidepressant fluoxetine. These effects may underlie the role of estradiol and stress in the disease mechanism of depression in women.