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Climate change has led to an increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as heat and drought extremes with considerable global public health burden. This systematic review collected 87 domestic and international studies from 2000 to 2023, considering the impacts of heat extremes, drought extremes, and compound hot-dry events on infectious diseases attributable to various transmission pathways such as waterborne, foodborne, insect-borne, airborne, and contact-transmitted diseases. Our results showed that high temperature was associated with increased transmission risks of waterborne and foodborne diseases including infectious diarrheal diseases (cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and paratyphoid) and infectious gastroenteritis; vector-borne diseases including dengue fever, Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, chikungunya fever, malaria, West Nile fever, and Rift Valley fever; airborne diseases including influenza-like diseases, influenza A, measles, and mumps; and contact-transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, schistosomiasis, and leptospirosis. Additionally, drought conditions also amplified the transmission risks of waterborne and foodborne diseases including cholera, Escherichia coli infection, rotavirus infection, and hepatitis E; vector-borne diseases such as scrub typhus, schistosomiasis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and West Nile fever; airborne diseases including meningococcal meningitis, pertussis, measles, and upper respiratory infections; and contact-transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Along with global warming, the frequency of compound high temperature and drought events shows a considerably increasing trend, causing more adverse health effects than heat or drought alone. However, there is limited research quantifying their effects on infectious diseases. These associations may be mediated through temperature and precipitation on infectious disease pathogens, transmission vectors, population susceptibility, public health services, and behaviors. In the context of climate change, the increasing occurrence of compound events of high temperatures and droughts raises health concerns, and further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of the impacts of climate change on infectious diseases and improve human adaption to climate change.

This paper utilizes data on the records of damage to expressways and main roads caused by precipitation in Liaoning Province from 2017 to 2021. It analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of damage accidents, calculates the effective rainfall before the occurrence of accidents, and establishes a probability fitting model for road water damage. The results show that precipitation-induced road damage events in Liaoning Province generally occur from May to October, with a peak in July and August. The occurrence of road water damage follows a pattern of gradually delaying from northwest to southeast, and the number of accidents is highly correlated with precipitation. The eastern and western parts of Liaoning are high-incidence areas, with Dandong, Chaoyang, Huludao, and Benxi being the high-incidence areas within the province. Among various methods compared, the fitting effect of the road water damage probability conforms to the Gaussian distribution probability density function. The critical rainfall threshold for disaster in the eastern and southern parts of Liaoning is higher than that in the central and northern parts. Under the same effective rainfall conditions, the risk of road water damage in plain areas is higher than in mountainous and hilly areas. The road water damage situation during a flooding process in Liaoning in 2022 is used for verification, indicating a strong role in flood control guidance.

Objective To explore the biomarkers and potential mechanisms of chronic restraint stress-induced myocardial injury in hyperlipidemia ApoE-/- mice. Methods The hyperlipidemia combined with the chronic stress model was established by restraining the ApoE-/- mice. Proteomics and bioinformatics techniques were used to describe the characteristic molecular changes and related regulatory mechanisms of chronic stress-induced myocardial injury in hyperlipidemia mice and to explore potential diagnostic biomarkers. Results Proteomic analysis showed that there were 43 significantly up-regulated and 58 significantly down-regulated differentially expressed proteins in hyperlipidemia combined with the restraint stress group compared with the hyperlipidemia group. Among them, GBP2, TAOK3, TFR1 and UCP1 were biomarkers with great diagnostic potential. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that ferroptosis was a significant pathway that accelerated the myocardial injury in hyperlipidemia combined with restraint stress-induced model. The mmu_circ_0001567/miR-7a/Tfr-1 and mmu_circ_0001042/miR-7a/Tfr-1 might be important circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks related to ferroptosis in this model. Conclusion Chronic restraint stress may aggravate myocardial injury in hyperlipidemia mice via ferroptosis. Four potential biomarkers are selected for myocardial injury diagnosis, providing a new direction for sudden cardiac death （SCD） caused by hyperlipidemia combined with the restraint stress.

Compared with other sea areas in China, the interaction between the Yellow and Bohai Sea surrounded by land on three sides and the mid latitude atmosphere has its uniqueness, and it is necessary to conduct research on the impact of air-sea coupled model on meteorological elements in this region. Based on the global forecasting and reanalysis data for the atmosphere and ocean, the numerical experiments are conducted using the high resolution regional air-sea coupled model (referred to as coupled model) and uncoupled model. By utilizing the actual observation data of the national surface conventional observation stations and the Chengbei Petroleum A platform in the inspection area, a comparative analysis was conducted on the prediction results of the near-surface atmospheric temperature and humidity elements in June 2020. In addition, according to the changes in sea surface temperature, air-sea heat flux, and wind field adjustments, the reasons for the impact of the air-sea bidirectional coupling process on the prediction of near-surface temperature and humidity factors were analyzed. The results show that the coupled model improves the forecasting of humidity element near-surface, with a predominantly humidifying effect. The impact area of bidirectional coupling between air and sea on temperature and humidity can extend to the entire area around the Yellow and Bohai Sea, thereby improving the prediction of near-surface temperature during the daytime and humidity elements of the coupled model in this area. The response of humidity to the air-sea bidirectional coupling is significantly faster than that of temperature, indicating that the regional air-sea coupling model first improves the forecast of near-surface humidity. The increase of latent heat flux over the sea surface after coupling is the main reason for the improvement in the forecast of temperature and humidity elements near the surface layer.

The consumption of whole grain foods has positive significance for reducing grain loss and enhancing national health, which is a crucial direction for future developments in the food industry. However, current whole grain consumption in China falls far below recommended levels. This study analyzes the overall quantity, structure, and policy environment of whole grain food consumption in major countries across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. It analyzes key factors influencing whole grain food consumption from the aspects of products, consumers, market and policy. In conclusion, great efforts should be made to raise consumer awareness regarding whole grain consumption, advance the processing technology of whole grain foods, and foster nutrition-oriented agriculture through policy initiatives. In this way, the way toward increased whole grain food consumption can be paved and the growth of the whole grain food industry can be promoted.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the differences in enzymatic properties of endogenous transglutaminase （TGase） in silver carp and black carp. Methods: STG and BTG were purified from the muscle of silver carp and black carp, respectively, by 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, Q-Sepharose FF, and Sephacryl S-200 HR chromatographies. Two enzymes were analyzed for relative molecular weights, peptide sequences, secondary structures, optimal reaction conditions, and thermal inactivation kinetics. Results: The purified STG and BTG showed similar relative molecular weights, of which the enzyme activities were 14.34 U/mg and 12.67 U/mg, respectively. Both enzymes showed differences in peptide sequences. The secondary structures of them were mainly the β-fold, though the content of β-fold in STG was slightly higher than that of BTG. The optimal temperatures for STG and BTG were both 50 ℃, and the optimal pH values were 8.0 and 7.5, respectively. The enzymes required Ca2+ up to 1 mmol/L for full activation. The activities of STG and BTG were enhanced by DTT, whereas PMSF, NH4Cl, NEM, EDTA, Cu2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+ showed inhibitory effects. When the temperature was 37~50 ℃, the passivations of STG and BTG by thermal treatment conformed to the first-order exponential decay kinetics with similar values of Ea. Conclusion: The primary and secondary structures of STG and BTG exhibited obvious differences, yet they still exhibited similar properties in terms of optimal reaction conditions and thermal inactivation kinetics.

Drought is expected to be more severe and frequent due to climate change. Drought exerts not only extensive impacts on economy and environment, but also direct or indirect impacts on human health. This review systematically collected studies exploring the association between drought and human mortality, and summarized the associations between drought and all-cause mortality, chronic non-communicable disease mortality, communicable disease mortality, and injury mortality. The results revealed that drought was significantly associated with human mortality, leading to an elevated mortality risk of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancers, diarrhea, and injuries; serious drought increased much more mortality risk than mild drought; males in rural areas, the elderly, and children were vulnerable populations to drought. However, in-depth studies on the association of drought with human mortality are limited, which calls for related studies in the future. This review summarized the current research status and existing problems in drought and population death, and pointed out the future research direction, which can provide reference for future related research.

Osteoporosis （OP） is a systemic bone disease and a common orthopedic disorder in elderly patients. High morbidity， disability and mortality rates and medical cost of OP bring huge burden to the patients and their family. Serine/threonine protein kinase（AMPK）/ mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway plays a significant role in cell metabolism and apoptosis. Traditional Chinese medicine monomer or compound can prevent and treat OP by regulating the expression levels of related factors through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway， whereas the specific mechanism remains elusive. In this article， the effect of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway upon osteoblasts and osteoclasts， and the regulatory role of traditional Chinese medicine were reviewed， aiming to provide novel perspectives and ideas for prevention and treatment of OP.

Recently, Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology has become a hot research topic in the broadband communication access network field and has attracted much attention in the industry. This is mainly because the technology makes full use of the massive bandwidth of optical fiber transmission and the application advantages of flexible coverage of wireless communication. In the evolution and development of RoF technology, multi-dimensional multi-order modulation has important scientific research significance and practical value because it can improve the system bandwidth utilization and reduce the signal transmission and receiving cost. This paper summarizes the research progress of traditional amplitude modulation, typical multi-dimensional multi-order modulation and some representative new multi-dimensional multi-order modulation technologies. We also briefly analyzes the application prospect of multi-dimensional multi-order modulation technology in RoF system.

This paper introduces the low-carbon quantitative index and energy consumption evaluation standard of cold storages, then systematically summarizes the novel low-carbon technologies and their application in cold storages from three aspects: refrigeration technology, cold thermal energy storage and air distribution optimization and finally prospects the development of cold storages in the future.

ObjectiveTo develop an active health behavior scale (AHBS) for hypertensive patients and to evaluate reliability and validity of the AHBS. MethodsThe initial AHBS for hypertensive patients was developed by means of literature research and focus group discussion. Then, the initial scale was tested with two rounds of interview survey among 120 and 720 community hypertensive patients recruited with simple random sampling at 18 towns in 2 prefectures and one county of 3 provinces (Sichuan, Hunan and Hubei) during October – December 2021. After preliminarily screening with dispersion degree, discrimination, correlation coefficient analysis and Cronbach′s alpha coefficient, the items of the initial scale were randomly divided into two parts using random number generator: the one for exploratory factor analysis of further item screening and factor model construction and the other for validity evaluation with confirmatory factor analysis and reliability evaluation based on Cronbach′s alpha coefficients. Chi-square value/degree of freedom (χ2/df), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI), normed fit index (NFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) were adopted in the analyses. ResultsValid responses were collected from 84 participants (aged 67.54 ± 10.26 years) in the first round of survey and 525 participants (67.42 ± 8.99) in the second round of survey. The finally developed health behavior scale for hypertensive patients consists of 30 items in 5 dimensions of health responsibility, diet, physical exercise, labor and emotion, and illness management, explaining 73.72% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the established model fits the data well (χ2/df = 2.279, NFI = 0.866, CFI = 0.919, IFI = 0.920, TLI = 0.909, RMSEA = 0.052). The Cronbach′s α coefficient for the total scale is 0.948 and the Cronbach′s α coefficients for each subscale of the AHBS are between 0.724 – 0.975, indicating a good reliability of the scale developed. ConclusionThe developed AHBS for hypertensive patients covers five dimensions of health responsibility, diet, physical exercise, labor and emotion, and illness management and is of good reliability and validity; the scale could be used to assess active health behaviors of hypertensive patients in China.

朋友如何發揮輔助彼此品德修養的功能？以友輔仁的確實機制為何？本文旨在探討 Aristotle觀點下羞恥的德育價值以及「在朋友面前感到羞恥」的積極意涵。首先指明羞恥是對不名譽的恐懼，若稱具有羞恥心的人則表示其已經內化一套社會的是非善惡觀。因此，羞恥是值得在德育上培養的可欲的道德情緒。就Aristotle發展論的德育觀而言，羞恥扮演個體道德發展上承先啟後的樞紐角色。本文嘗試闡明「以友輔仁」的具體機制之一便是藉由「在朋友面前感到羞恥」彰顯出來的，這是透過與德行之友的安穩交心對話，將先前經由習慣養成的德行付諸理性檢驗，此即「德行重估」，透過雙方實踐智慧的運用將習俗性羞恥轉變為真羞恥，若然，原先他人眼中的不光彩便轉換為個人眼中的不光彩，他律性的羞恥轉變為自律的羞恥。此課題的探討有望回應R. S. Peters提出的「道德教育的弔詭」，釋明從道德他律到自律的「過渡」如何可能。實務性價值在於闡明羞恥的德育價值，以及以友輔仁的運作機制。 This study focuses on addressing the following questions: How do friends help each other to improve character? What is the exact mechanism by which virtue is fostered through character friendship? From an Aristotelian perspective, this study investigates the moral value of shame. Shame is argued to be a desirable moral emotion worth developing. As a distinctive type of fear, shame reflects the fear of dishonor and disgrace caused mostly by one’s own voluntary actions as well as those of significant others. Aristotle analyzed shame in detail in terms of its eliciting causes, intentional objects, and personal feelings. Different from other emotions that are aroused directly by the confronting situation, shame is normally felt in front of other people. As the proverb goes, “Shame dwells in the eyes.” Specifically, the eyes literally refer to the witnessing by the surrounding people and figuratively signify the negative judgment made by other people on an individual’s actions. Thus, shame is not a moral virtue in itself. Precisely, shame is an intermediate emotional state between two extremes (i.e., bashfulness and shamelessness) and can be regarded, at best, as a quasi-virtue, in that it helps to constrain the actions of modest people. Therefore, shame is considered to be conditionally good, but not good without qualification. After clarifying the nature of shame, Aristotle emphasizes that the development of shame as a moral emotion is worthwhile among young people because shame symbolizes a watershed and a critical turning point in one’s virtue development. From an Aristotelian developmental perspective of the inculcation of virtues, a young child is incapable of listening to and understanding rational argument and teaching; therefore, virtue education must begin with cultivating their “noble joy” and “noble hatred” through proper habituation of both virtuous emotions and actions. In so doing, their inborn, primitive, basic pleasures, and pains are gradually transformed and broadened, and by being led to attend to certain morally significant information and read it properly, more sophisticated and appropriate joys and hatred come into being. Among the various emotions, shame is a noble hatred, especially for one’s voluntary disgraceful bad behavior. As soon as an individual develops shame, it indicates that they have successfully internalized a social measure of differentiating right from wrong. At this juncture, the conventional concept of good and evil is established in their mind. The standard of social honor and the moral emotion of shame can be perceived as being two sides of the same coin. According to Colby and Kohlberg’s characterization of Aristotle’s stage theory of virtue development, “shame ethics” goes above and beyond the previous “fear ethics,” in that as a distinctive species of the main genus of fear, shame is not a fear of personal corporal pain but a fear of disgrace resulting from the transgression of social order. Nevertheless, for Aristotle, the goal of virtue development is full virtue interwoven with practical wisdom. The issue of concern is how the habituated virtue could be converted into full virtue. This question reflects R. S. Peters’s well-known “the paradox of moral education” to the effect that the goal of moral education is to develop an individual conducting themself rationally, intelligently, and autonomously, but the brutal fact of human psychology is that a young child is impervious to this form of education and instead the child must be raised through habituation, namely by following conventional behavior and tradition. In brief, in Peters’s famous words, “they can and must enter the palace of Reason through the courtyard of Habit and Tradition.” Are reason and habit compatible? How can the goal of rational morality be accomplished through habituation? In addition to the interpretation by N. Sherman of the very nature of habituation as a type of “critical practice, which dispels the misgiving that habituation and reason are incompatible, this study argues that Aristotle’s detailed analysis of shame in general and his notion of “shame before character friendship” in particular explains how the “habituated virtue” can be converted into full virtue through the critical examination of character friends’ practical wisdom. Specifically, this study describes the significant and positive meaning of “feeling shame before character friendship.” “Shame before character friendship” is argued to play a pivotal role in converting conventional shame into real shame. Conventional shame refers to feelings about bad things or evils defined by social conventions; real shame refers to feelings about genuine faults recognized by one’s practical wisdom. The mechanism by which full virtue is fostered through character friendship involves people feeling free to talk to each other, exchange ideas, and critically scrutinize their respective habituated virtues. Specifically, character friendship is developed between two virtuous people who love each other and wish well for each other’s virtue development. They enjoy living together by spending time on performing virtuous actions and having rational dialogues. In this manner, the so-called “virtue reassessment” occurs. That is, two virtuous friends freely and critically scrutinize the reasonableness and rational ground of their habituated virtues and their associated conventional shame. Thus, shame stops a person from dwelling in the eyes of others but dwelling in their own eyes. That is, bad things and evils are now measured by one’s own standard of value rather than the previously internalized traditional social standard of honor. This discussion on Aristotle’s distinction of two types of shame and his elaboration on the special meaning of “shame before character friendship” can hopefully be a response to Peters’s “the paradox of moral education,” elaborating how the transition from moral heteronomy and habituated virtue to moral autonomy and full virtue is possible. That is, the long-standing paradox of moral education is resolvable from Aristotelian perspective. In addition, the discussion has practical educational implications for explaining the moral value of cultivating the moral emotion of shame and developing character friendship.

本研究從反省當前品格教育常見的「德行陶養」作法著手，指出「化整為零」作法的可能緣由，分就學理依據與實務可行性兩方面立論，繼而指出這種「化整為零」作法可能的弊病在於忽略品格的完整性與個殊性。受到新近興起的道德楷模教育的啟發，筆者認為遠端道 德楷模所體現的高度「道德認同」適可作為突破現行困境的解方。筆者於是轉而闡述A. Blasi的道德認同理論。道德認同指的是道德在個人自我認同中的重要程度，當道德構成本質性自我不可或缺的環節時，代表個體有高度的道德認同。此理論非但可以解釋長久以來備受討論 的「知而不行」與「明知故犯」等道德認知與行動落差的現象，並可從道德自我、整體品格的觀點來為個人發展迄今的品格樣態提供整全的視角─認識到「我是誰」，並凸顯每個人品格的殊異性。這種後設認知可謂提供了道德行動者一種自我知識。最終，道德認同發揮了「化零為整」的作用，可與「化整為零」的德行陶養工作相互補足。 Background Since character education re-emerged in the United States in the 1990s, it has been a crucial educational policy in many countries worldwide. Character education is generally described as an educational enterprise aimed at the inculcation of virtues, and Aristotelian ethics is generally acknowledged as the major philosophical foundation of character education. The burgeoning domain of positive psychology emphasizes broadening the types of virtues, and the Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues in the United Kingdom proposed four “building blocks of character,” namely, intellectual virtues, moral virtues, civic virtues, and performance virtues. However, I argue that this description follows the same line of thought, that is, that character is divided into various traits. Besides, it helps to explain why character education is usually characterized as aiming at the inculcation of virtues. Research Questions and Purpose This paper discusses two major questions: (1) Why does character education focus its attention on the inculcation of “virtues” rather than on the straightforward formation of “character”? (2) Furthermore, why is this common line of thought problematic? What is wrong with the commonplace description of character as the aggregate of character traits? In responding to these two questions, I attempt to show that, although the common practice of dividing character into traits, and thus good character into virtues, is theoretically and practically feasible, it presents the risk of not seeing the forest for the trees. Findings The aforementioned common practice of conceiving of character education as an educational enterprise aimed at the inculcation of virtues is explainable on two main grounds. First, the major theoretical foundation of character education, that is, Aristotelian ethics, focuses on the cultivation of various virtues. The shifting of the focus of discourse from character to virtue is understandable. Second, as noted by Cunningham, character is difficult, or even nearly impossible, to operationalize. A feasible alternative is to focus on the specific traits of character. An application of such an approach is trait theory within personality study. Furthermore, although positive psychology aims to establish a “new science of character” and thus investigate the formation of good character, its proponents state that character is manifold in that it is composed of various strengths and virtues. Therefore, dividing character into traits and conceptualizing the intent of character education as the inculcation of virtues are expected. However, a severe shortcoming of the common practice of dividing character into traits or virtues is that it neglects the integrity of character as a whole and the individual nature of each person’s character. By referring to the literature on moral exemplar education, I highlight the idea of moral identity. The moral identities of moral exemplars explain their subjectively experienced personal responsibility and subsequent moral commitment and moral action. Moreover, exemplars’ distinct moral personalities and character are clearly reflected in their moral identities. Therefore, moral identity must be further investigated. According to Blasi, moral (self) identity is one of the various dimensions of one’s self-identity and is paramount because it relates to one’s real self. More specifically, moral identity is related to the degree to which specific moral ideals and concerns are incorporated into the sense of self. First, moral identity symbolizes the extent to which morality is incorporated into one’s identity and therefore it is a matter of degrees and characteristic of individual differences. It symbolizes the degree to which moral concerns are appropriated and internalized. Moral identity is also related to what Kupperman calls the “strength of character.” When confronted by temptations or dangers, a person with strong strength of character is resolute in behaving consistently with their moral concerns. By contrast, a person with weak character is more likely to succumb to temptations or dangers. Second, moral identity is related not only to moral cognition but also moral motivation and moral action. The stronger an individual identifies with certain morals, the more eager they are to put those morals into practice because their moral agency compels them to assume personal responsibility for that with which they identify and accordingly imbues them with a strict obligation to act. The self is the main source of moral compulsion. Moral obligation and compulsion are internal feelings and thus not imposed externally. Finally, a person’s moral identity is distinct from those of others. Thus, although Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King Jr. are both moral exemplars, their character is distinct, as depicted by their differing moral identities. The individualization of character is therefore manifest. Moreover, moral identity encourages individuals to step back and consider which moral concerns are integral to their self-identity and thus inseparable from their real self. The aforementioned notion of moral identity provides an opportunity to examine the various traits composing character from a holistic viewpoint. Implications for Educational Practice The proposed idea of “assembling parts into a whole” is not meant to replace the notion of inculcating virtues, which is characteristic of character education. These two notions of character education are complementary. This study has several implications. First, the cultivation of individual virtues should be considered the starting point and primary mission of character education, and the secondary goals should be the integration of character and development of moral identity. Thus, the missing piece of the moral identity puzzle ─ namely, how the inculcation of virtues paves the way for moral identity development ─ should be considered in the study of character education. Second, moral identity is the key to explaining the research gap related to moral cognition and moral action. To convert the “should” (the head) into the “must” (the heart), one’s identification with moral concerns must be strengthened. In this regard, moral exemplars may inspire and touch the hearts of individuals. However, because of the induvial nature of moral personality and character, presenting as many moral models as possible and encouraging educated individuals to select their own moral exemplars may help them to successfully identify with various moral ideals.

In order to explore the microstructure and micromechanical properties of Cu - rich Ni - Cu - P coating synthesized through electroless plating, such coating was synthesized on the 45 steel substrate by electroless plating. The SEM, XRD, EDS, microhardness tester and nanoindenter were used to test the microstructure and micromechanical properties of the coating without heat treatment and after heat treatment. Results showed that a uniform Cu - rich Ni - Cu - P coating was obtained, which showed good adhesion with the 45 steel substrate. With the prolongation of plating time, the content of Cu in the coating decreased while the content of Ni and P increased. The coating without heat treatment was mainly composed of Cu - and Ni - based solid solutions. After a heat treatment at 200 ℃ or 300 ℃ for 2 h, the phase composition of the coating showed no obvious change. However, after a heat treatment at 400 ℃, NiP2 and Cu3P were precipitated from the coating. In the early stage of plating (10 min), the hardness of coating increased obviously with the prolonging of the plating time, but after that a sluggish increase appeared. In all, a heat treatment, especially at 400 ℃ for 2 h, could promote the precipitation of phosphide and thus increase the hardness of coating.

ObjectiveTo investigate relationships among turnover intention, occupational stress and trait coping style and to explore mediating role of trait coping style on the correlation between occupational stress and turnover intention among employees in centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs). MethodsA network-based survey was conducted during July – September 2020 among 2 201 professionals recruited with random cluster sampling at 21 CDCs at various administrative levels in Jiangsu province. A general questionnaire, Core Occupational Stress Scale (COSS), Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ), and a turnover intention scale developed by other researches were adopted in the survey. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 22.0. ResultsValid information were collected from 2 036 respondents. Among all the respondents, the median score (25th percentile, 75th percentile) was 42.0 (37.0, 48.0) for COSS, 6.0 (1.0, 13.0) for TCSQ, and 2.0 (1.3, 2.5) for turnover intention. The turnover intention score was correlated positively with COSS dimension scores of organization-reward (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.46) and demand-effort (r = 0.22) but inversely with the dimension scores of social support (r = – 0.38) and independence (r = – 0.08) and the score of TCSQ (r = – 0.442). The results of mediating effect analysis revealed mediating effect of trait coping style on the correlation of turnover intention with occupation stress′s dimension variables of social support (effect value = 0.0237, the value′s 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.0193 – 0.0287; effect percentage = 26.60%) , organization-reward (effect value = 0.0158, 95% CI: 0.0127 – 0.0189; effect percentage = 21.94%), and demand-effort (effect value = 0.0161, 95% CI: 0.0117 – 0.0207; effect percentage = 31.88%). ConclusionThe trait coping style could exert mediating effect on the correlations of turnover intention with occupation stress-related social support, organization-reward and demand-effort among professionals in disease control and prevention institutions. The improvement in trait coping style may reduce the professional′s turnover intention.

近年新加坡與韓國高等教育在世界大學排名表現卓越，兩國紛紛邀請世界優秀大學至國內設校，並透過彈性的高等教育人事制度，有效吸引國際優秀人才。本研究以個案研究法進行研究，並以新加坡兩所大學、韓國五所大學進行多重個案研究，系統化比較分析新加坡及韓國高等教育人事制度，並以大學教師待遇與兼職制度為例進行分析。研究結果顯示，在大學教師薪資待遇及留才政策方面，新加坡大學之薪資待遇具高度彈性，韓國則依國家法令實施，此外，彈性之競爭性薪資待遇結構有效增進兩國高等教育機構留才與攬才之競爭力。在大學教師兼職制度方面，新加坡與韓國在兼職定義、法規規範等各方面皆有不同之作法，對於違規兼職的法律效果亦有不同。本研究綜合研究結果提出三點結論：一、新加坡與韓國高等教育機構在人事制度規範上具有相當之自主性；二、彈性的高等教育機構人事制度有助於大學留才與攬才；三、多元的津貼補助有助於提升高等教育機構競爭力。最後，本研究提出建議，供作臺灣在高等教育人事制度方面，留才、育才及攬才之可行制度與策略，以及制度改革之參據。 Research Motives and Purposes Singapore and South Korea, two of the four Asian tigers (in addition to Hong Kong and Taiwan), both have gross domestic products (GDPs) per capita higher than that of Taiwan. In world university rankings, the higher education institutions of South Korea and Singapore exhibit strong performance, reflecting their high competitiveness and ability to attract outstanding talent. The compensation package is the key to an organization’s recruitment and retention of talent, and is it also an essential motivating factor for employees to stay in the organization. Therefore, the compensation package provided by South Korean and Singaporean universities must be sufficiently attractive for attracting the aforementioned outstanding talent. Accordingly, this study investigated the influence of the personnel system regulations, the compensation package, and talent retention policies of South Korea and Singapore governments on their universities’ ability to attract and retain talent as well as on the competitiveness of the universities. Through a systematic comparison and analysis of the personnel systems of Singaporean and South Korean universities and by taking the compensation package and part-time employment systems of their university faculty as examples, this study provides references for Taiwanese higher education institutions that can be used to formulate feasible personnel systems and human resource strategies to promote the retention, cultivation, and recruitment of talent. Research Methods This study adopted the multiple-case design and recruited cases from South Korea and Singapore. Specifically, this study focused on the analysis of university faculty’s compensation package and part-time employment systems in South Korea and Singapore. The cases recruited in this study were from two universities in Singapore, including National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University and five universities in South Korea, including Pusan National University, Seoul National University, the University of Seoul, Korea University, and Sungkyunkwan University. The study also examined relevant regulations and documents of these univerisities for data triangulation. Research Results Regarding the university faculty’s compensation package in Singapore and South Korea, the results of this study demonstrate the following: 1. The university faculty’s compensation package in Singapore are highly flexible, whereas those of university faculty in South Korea are set in accordance with national laws and regulations. 2. A flexible and competitive compensation package can effectively promote the retention and recruitment of talent in higher-education institutions. Regarding regulations of the part-time employment of university faculty in Singapore and South Korea, the results demonstrate the following: 1. Higher education institutions have lenient definitions and regulations of the part-time employment of university faculty. 2. Higher education institutions are flexible about the competent authorities responsible for the approval of part-time work and about the relevant criteria. 3. The basic principle of part-time employment regulations in higher education institutions is to avoid conflicts of interest in all aspects, including the scope and criteria of part-time work institutions, the part-time work in for-profit or overseas institutions, and the termination of part-time work. 4. Higher education institutions adopt relatively lenient regulations regarding the scope of part-time employment in other institutions and the legal consequences of illegal part-time work. Conclusions and Suggestions By analyzing the faculty’s compensation package, talent retention policies, and the faculty’s part-time employment policies at two universities in Singapore and five universities in South Korea, this study comes to the following three conclusions: 1. Higher education institutions in Singapore and South Korea enjoy considerable autonomy regarding personnel system regulations. The Singapore government does not place excessive constraints or regulations on the personnel systems of higher education institutions; the universities are permitted to formulate such regulations on their own with a high degree of flexibility. Although South Korea has enacted a fundamental law to regulate relevant matters, the regulations established therein are lenient. In other words, national and public universities are permitted to formulate regulations flexibly within the constraints set by the law, thus enabling universities to maintain considerable autonomy. 2. Flexible personnel systems at higher education institutions promote the retention and recruitment of talent. The highly flexible and performance-oriented compensation package adopted by Singaporean universities effectively promote the retention and recruitment of outstanding faculty. South Korean higher education institutions employ competitive compensation package for part-time faculty, and their compensation package are determined by their performance and rankings. This enables the institutions to attract outstanding talent, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of higher education nationwide. 3. Diverse types of allowances and subsidies help attract and retain talent, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of higher-education institutions. The case study of the two aforementioned Singaporean universities revealed that both universities provide different types of subsidies and allowances for faculty from other countries. In addition to the basic salary, the aforementioned South Korean universities offer various types of nonfixed compensation for faculty. In particular, private universities are highly flexible in providing nonfixed compensation. Nonfixed allowances and subsidies help universities effectively retain talent. Based on the research results, this study proposes two suggestions for the reference of domestic law authorities in formulating regulations of the personnel systems of Taiwanese higher education institutions, as follows: 1. Encouraging faculty to take part-time jobs that are consistent with their regular work and the universities’ interests. The Singaporean government does not impose explicit and compulsory regulations on the part-time employed of faculty employed by higher education institutions, and Singaporean universities are permitted to manage such matters independently. Although South Korea regulates the part-time employment of university faculty, the government allows for moderate flexibility instead of prohibiting part-time employment altogether. South Korean universities are permitted to formulate flexible regulations of part-time employment. We suggest that Taiwan government learn from the practices of Singapore and South Korea governments, allowing for greater flexibility for faculty wanting to work part-time as long as their part-time jobs are consistent with their regular work and the universities’ interests. The power of regulating part-time employment among university faculty can be granted to universities, so that faculty may work part time in industries and create benefits from industry-academia cooperation. 2. Providing flexible and competitive compensation package for university faculty. The performance-oriented compensation package of Singaporean universities motivate university faculty to strive for better performance to obtain higher compensation package. South Korean universities offer nonfixed compensation to enhance the competitiveness of their employees, thus effectively attracting outstanding talent. We suggest that Taiwan government develop more flexible compensation package for university faculty to enable universities to offer more attractive compensation packages as a strategy to recruit outstanding talent, thereby enhancing the international competitiveness of Taiwanese universities.

本研究藉由文件分析法探討日本近來在推動能力主義之人事制度下，國立大學法人及相關機構將績效和薪資掛勾相關之改革策略與成效。本研究首先說明國內之人事和彈性薪資制度，其次探討日本國立大學法人，自2004年推動法人化制度後，每6年一期，2013年開始提出 人事薪資改革政策，2022年已進入第四期的人事改革階段。在論述其推動背景及歷程下，分析人事及薪資管理改革之重要內涵，包含整體「改革方向和重點」、「年薪制」、「績效薪資」和「交叉聘用制」之改革具體內容、改革成效和問題等，並和國內制度做比較探討。最後，提出研究結論包含：一、在改革定位上，此薪資制度改革為法人化整體系統化改革下的一環。二、改革乃為協助落實國立大學法人定位轉型而努力。三、績效評鑑與待遇的反應機制激發教師的積極性動機和努力成果。四、外部資金供作薪資和交叉聘用制的推動，確保「年輕教師就業」和「人才的多元性及流動性」。並於分析改革問題後，對國內提出人事及薪酬制度改革應在思考高等教育機構之定位下出發、推動績效主義的薪酬制度應有配套措施，及欲借鑑日本經驗需做進一步評估等相關建議。 Due to globalization, competition and exchanges between countries around the world have increased. The quality of higher education maintained a key role enhancing national competitiveness and accelerating social development. An robust system was an important foundation for governance, and without a strong institutional foundation, developing modern governance capabilities and establishing or supporting world-class universities and first-class disciplines for a long time were challenging. The governance of higher education institutions should a focus for empowering higher education institutions. Therefore, all countries were committed to reforming the governance of higher education institutions to ensure that higher education was of high quality. In Japan, because society has increasingly high expectations of universities, the requirements for universities have increased. To realize the basic mission of higher education institutions, national university corporations and institutions have strengthened education (teaching) and research capacity and implemented substantial governance reforms. Reaching consensus regarding the vision of each institution and the standards required for membership through dialogue was necessary; the importance of maintaining and enhancing the positive attitude of each faculty member should be emphasized. Therefore, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has systematically disclosed its intention to implement reforms in various documents and has continued to promote reforms in personnel and salary management. Regarding the personnel system and salaries in universities, the MEXT proposed “a new personnel system based on competency and performanceism [sic]” in the “Policies for the Structural Reform of Universities (National Universities)” in June 2001. Since then, the MEXT has focused on the personnel system as the main policy area to strengthen the enthusiasm and ability of the teaching staff, especially by implementing an attractive salary system, changing the age structure of teachers, and recruiting more young scholars, among others; these measures could help attract diverse and outstanding talents. The system was focused on improving the overall outcomes of Japanese university education and research. Subsequently, reforms in personnel and salary management in universities were intensely promoted in the “Basic Policy on Economic and Fiscal Management and Reform 2018,” “Future Investment Strategy 2018,” “Integrated Innovation Strategy,” and other decision-making documents released by the Cabinet Secretariat. In February 2019, the MEXT officially issued the “Guidelines for Reform Management of Personnel Affairs and Salaries for National University Corporations” to provide relevant guidelines for compensation management in national university corporations to improve their personnel management systems. Reforms in personnel and salary management include strengthening the evaluation system, reflecting the results of the regular appraisal of salaries, and improving the promotion and bonus systems for performance-based and differentiated treatment. The MEXT recommended that universities adjust the allocation ratio of “fixed salary” (basic salary) and “variable salary” (performance salary) in the salary structure, decrease the fixed salary, and increase the ratio of the variable salary per the new “annual salary system” measures. It made the performance evaluations twice a year were emphasized more strongly than before, and the evaluation results correspond to differences in the salaries of university teachers, thereby leading to a salary system that offers “different pay for different performance.” The MEXT has emphasized continuous reforms in personnel management to enable national university corporations to better satisfy societal expectations and fulfil their responsibilities and functions and to further strengthen their governance systems; the reforms included performance evaluations, the introduction of an annual salary system, cross appointments, a double-track contract system, and lifetime employment. According to a 2021 report by the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics of the Executive Yuan, more than 60% of full-time teachers in higher education institutions in Taiwan were older than 50, and only 8.5% of teachers were younger than 39. The identity of the full-time teachers in Taiwan University was unclear, the rights and interests of the project teachers were different, the evaluation result of the flexible salary system was unclear, and the system of industry-academia cooperation was not sufficiently flexible. These problems how to solve should be addressed. With the increase in global competition, talent recruitment and retention were no longer local issues, and competition for talented individuals from other countries was common in the world. In 2010, the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan announced “The Ministry of Education Recruits and Retains Special Talents from Colleges and Universities to Implement Flexible Salary Plans,” with the aim of improving the academic environment of colleges and universities and increasing the incentives for retaining and recruiting talents. In 2013, the Department of Higher Education attempted to relax the requirements of personnel management for higher education institutions through “Measures for Unwinding the Higher Education System,” including “releasing the teacher promotion system,” “relaxing the employment of university supervisors,” “relaxing the school affairs fund,” and “recruitment flexibility.” In the following year, the Department of Higher Education proposed the Taiwan Talent Promotion Program to emphasize the goals of “attracting international outstanding talents,” “building an international talent cooperation network,” and “strengthening international academic influence and visibility.” These reforms were different from the reform policies in Japan. This study explored the literature and documents on the strategies and effects of innovations aimed at promoting a meritocratic personnel and merit pay system in national university corporations in Japan. First, in this paper, the current personnel and merit pay system in Taiwan and the problems associated with it were described. The study analyzed the background and procedure of innovation in the personnel and pay system of national university corporations in Japan. The system of national university corporation has been implemented since 2004, with every six years considered a period. When entering the fourth period, a performance-linked pay system was emphasized. Next, in this paper, the goals and key points, situation, problems and resolutions, strategies, and effects of the innovations in the personnel system were discussed. The recent reforms in the personnel and pay systems were compared between Taiwan and Japan. The findings of this study could be summarized as follows: 1. Innovations in the personnel and merit pay system of national university corporations in Japan constituted a part of the reforms in the national university corporation. 2. Innovations in the personnel and merit pay system of the national university corporations have enabled them to transform their new positions and optimize their organizational structures. 3. The linkage between performance assessment and treatment has increased teachers’ dedication and their motivation to work hard. 4. The flow of external funds and the system of cross appointment has ensured the “employment of young teachers” and the “diversity and mobility of talents.” The suggestions of this study were as follows: 1. Innovations in the personnel and pay system in higher education institutions in Taiwan should be implemented based on the position of higher education institutions. 2. Related measures should be adopted after implementing a pay system based on performance. 3. It was needed to be estimated when taking Japan as an example.

99Tc is one of the main fission products in nuclear spent fuel in power reactor. Its half-life period is 2.13×105 years, which has long-term harm to the ecological environment, and it gets special attention in PUREX process. The chemical properties of rhenium are similar to technetium. Studying the electrochemical behavior of rhenium is of great reference value for understanding the chemical properties of technetium. The electrochemical behavior of perrhenate in sulfuric acid and nitric acid on platinum electrode is studied. The results of cyclic voltammogram and bulk electrolysis with coulometry show that the reduction of ReO-4 ions on the platinum electrode is a multistep electron transfer process, and ReO2 is deposited on Pt electrode. Then the redox reaction of ReO-4/ReO2 will be established. In nitric acid, when the concentration of nitric acid is 1.00 mol/L, the reduction process of ReO-4 is similar to that in sulfuric acid system. When the concentration of nitric acid is 2.00, 4.00 mol/L respectively, nitric is reduced to nitrite by electrochemical reduction, which oxidizes the low valence state rhenium in solution.

In response to emphasis for internationalization in higher education and cultivating workplace competencies, English has become an essential skill for college students nowadays. Although the university library provides abundant digital collection for English learning, not many college students use these resources frequently. Many students graduate with a lower level of English than what expected. This study takes students at Fu Jen Catholic University to explore their learning motivation for English, and the use of digital learning resources in library. The study adopted a questionnaire survey method to assess the responses of college students through 5-point Likert Scale. The items cover aspects of English learning experience, English learning motivation, English learning obstacles, the use of English digital learning resources in Fu Jen Catholic University Library, and expectations for the promotion of English digital learning resources. A total of 296 valid questionnaires were collected in the study. Based on the study results, suggestions were proposed for English teaching in higher education, students, libraries, and future research respectively.

In the context of data explosion,traditional cloud computing is faced with the dilemma of insufficient local cloud resources and high expansion cost.However,the newly emerging hybrid cloud combining resource-rich public cloud and data-sensitive private cloud has become a research hotspot and application direction at present.As an attractive paradigm,workflow has been increasing in data scale and computing scale.Therefore,workflow scheduling is a key issue in the direction of hybrid cloud research.For this reason,this paper first makes an in-depth investigation and analysis of workflow scheduling technology in hybrid cloud environment,and then classifies and compares workflow scheduling in hybrid cloud environment:for deadline,for cost,for energy-efficient and for multi-objective constraints.On this basis,the future research directions of workflow scheduling in hybrid cloud environment are analyzed and summarized:workflow scheduling based on Serverless platform,workflow scheduling based on edge server network collaboration,cloud native workflow scheduling based on Argo integration,and workflow scheduling based on fog computing fusion.

The extraction of Np(Ⅳ) from nitric acid medium by using di(1-methyl-heptyl) methyl phosphonate diluted in kerosene was investigated. The influences were studied in this research including the contact time, the concentration of DMHMP, HNO3 as well as nitrate and the temperature. Slope analyses indicate that Np(Ⅳ) is coordinated mainly in the form of neutral molecules and the extractant complex is Np(NO3)4·2DMHMP. The value of enthalpy change for the reaction is negative which means that the extraction of Np(Ⅳ) is an exothermic process.

The shape design of arch dams requires consideration of multiple complex factors, such as the shape of the valley at the dam site, engineering geological conditions, regional seismic intensity, hub layout, and flood discharge methods. Therefore, the shape design of arch dams is a typical complex optimization problem. In this paper, a general parametric design method of arch dam shape is proposed, which can describe all kinds of arch dams such as parabola and hyperbola. By fixing the position of the arch end and adjusting the position, shape, and thickness of the arch crown beam to drive the shape change of the arch dam, automatic modeling and finite element stress deformation calculation of the arch dam are achieved. Taking the minimum volume of the arch dam as the optimization objective, intelligent optimization of the arch dam shape is carried out under constraints such as geometry, stress, and stability. Using this method to optimize the shape of a high arch dam, the optimization efficiency is high and the optimization effect is obvious. The stress of the optimized arch dam body and the equivalent stress of the foundation surface meet the requirements of the specifications, and the flexibility coefficient and stress level also meet the indicators recommended by experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain the best extraction process of smoked Amomum tsaoko(SDAT) oleoresin, the extraction solvent, extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and particle size were regarded as the influence factors. On the basis of single factor experiment, the eexperimental design of three factors and three levels was used by Box-Benhnken central composite method, according to the extraction rate of SDAT oleoresin as the response value, and the extraction conditions were further optimized by response surface methodology(RSM). The results showed that the optimum process conditions of SDAT oleoresin was as follows: Anhydrous methanol as solvent, extraction temperature was 75 ℃, solid-liquidratio was 1:20(g/mL), extraction time was 7 h and particle size was 80 mesh. The regression equation predicted that the theoretical extraction rate of SDAT could reach 9.57%, the average extraction rate of the three validation experiments was 9.48%, and the predicted value was close to the actual result. And 58 compounds were identified by GC-TOF-MS, including alcohols(31.59%), aldehydes(21.13%), alkenes(1.23%), ketones(1.56%), esters(2.38%) and phenols(0.79%), 1,8-eucalyptol(9.28%), α-terpineol(3.55%), gera-niol(8.4%), trans citral(5.78%), 2-methyl-3-ph-enylpropanal(6.33%), etc. Through the determination of the best process of SDAT oleoresin, the detected components are mainly concentrated in alcohols and aldehydes, which provides a theoretical basis for the nutritional components and biological activity of grass fruit oleoresin in the later stage.

自 1990 年以降，標準本位 (standard-based) 師資培育為世界師資培育發展趨勢。我國教育部 2016 年公布《中華民國教師專業標準指引》，落實標準本位師資培育，教師專業標準成為發揮引領師資職前教育以及在職教師專業發展的功能。本研究除透過文獻以探究美國、英國及我國教師專業標準內容之外，另外，實施 2 回合德懷術問卷，以了解專家學者、主管教育行政機關主管及中小學校長等 12 位專家學者，對我國教師專業標準適切性、落實情形，以及未來改善方向之看法。本研究結論如下： 一、我國 10 項教師專業標準，呈高度適切性。 二、我國教師專業標準落實情形，由高至低分別為專業實踐、專業知能、專業投入。 三、《中華民國教師專業標準指引》尚有滾動式修正的必要，未來可修正並持續實踐，以落實標準本位師資培育的政策。 四、建議未來教師專業標準修正可增加內涵有 : 具備素養導向教學能力；校訂課程發展與實踐能力；配合師資培育白皮書實施「教學軌」，以利教師展現協作與領導能力；以及增訂教師針對第二專長授課領域進行專業成長等標準。 Since 1990 standard-based teacher education has become the world's teacher education development trend. In 2016, the Ministry of Education of Taiwan announced the Guidelines for Teacher Professional Standards of the Republic of China to establish standard-based teacher education. Teacher professional standards have the functions of enhancing the quality of pre-service teacher education and the professional development for in-service teachers. The purposes of this study are to analyze the appropriateness and implementation of Taiwan’s teacher professional standards and explore the future revision direction of these standards. This study also examined the professional standards of teachers in the United States, the U.K., and Taiwan through a literature review and conducted two rounds of a Delphi technique questionnaire survey to gather the consensus of 12 experts, who include scholars, supervisors of educational administrations, and primary school principals. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows. 1. Ten teacher professional standards in Taiwan have high appropriateness. 2. The ranking of the implementation status of teachers' professional standards in Taiwan is professional practice, professional knowledge, and professional input. 3. Taiwan’s Guidelines for Teacher Professional Standards need to be revised regularly. In the future, schools can also revise and continue to practice and implement the policy of standard-based teacher education. 4. It is recommended that a revision of the professional standards in the future can add the following: Possess competence-oriented teaching ability, enhance the curriculum development and practical abilities of the school, establish a teaching track proposed in Teacher Education White Paper, demonstrate collaboration and leadership skills, and update the teachers’ professional growth regulations for second expertise.

ObjectivesIn order to reduce the weight while maintaining the performance of the antenna cover of a deeply submerged body, a parallel variable-fidelity lower confidence bound (PVF-LCB) approach is proposed to optimize the structure of the antenna cover.MethodsThe proposed algorithm adaptively allocates computational resources of different fidelities through a variable-fidelity LCB (VF-LCB) function, allowing it to select several candidate samples based on influence functions (IFs) constructed by the variable-fidelity Kriging model. Moreover, the proposed method is assisted with widely used constraint-handling methods to solve the structural optimization problem.ResultsThe proposed approach obtains an optimized antenna cover structure which satisfies all constraints. Compared with the well-known variable-fidelity optimization method, the optimized structure is about 50% lower in weight. Additionally, the proposed approach reduces the weight of the antenna cover by about 30% compared with the results of single-fidelity parallel optimization methods.ConclusionsThe proposed method can not only reduce the design cycle of engineering optimization, but improve the quality of the optimal solution, giving it certain development prospects and guiding significance for engineering applications.

The fluctuation of rolling speed and the torsion variation of the main drive shaft are inevitable in the rolling process,which leads to the rolling skid between the roll and the strip. The skid will significantly influence the surface quality of the strip. The dynamic rolling skid model was established for the drive system of Sendzimir twenty-high roll mill. The characters of torsion vibration were analyzed based on the different rolling speeds and friction coefficients. The simulated results were agreement with the experiment results,which not only validates the effectiveness of the established model,but also provides a new model for analyzing the fluctuation of the torque.

In the grinding process of roll grinder,chatter marks are easily to be found on the surface of the roller,which is harmful to the production efficiency and quality. There may be lots of reasons to chatter marks,among which grinding wheel dynamic imbalance was chosen to structure the roll grinder dynamic model based on doubly regenerative time delay grinding model. Runge-kutta algorithm was used to solve the model and the dynamic characteristics of grinding wheel dynamic system were derived. Various simulation results of different degrees of grinding wheel dynamic imbalance are calculated,which coincides with the experimental data,and then the roll grinder dynamic model was demonstrated to be proper and valid.

The communication system between the islands has the problems of high cost and the transmitted signal may require relay amplification. In order to solve this issue, a novel Free Space Optical (FSO) communication system using Manchester encoded and decoded signals is designed. It can support 10 Gbit/s optical signal transmission over 100 km submarine cable (using G. 654 standard single-mode fiber) cascaded with 1 km FSO wireless link. We evaluate the performance by measuring the time-domain waveform, optical spectrum, eye diagrams and Bit Error Rate (BER) in simulation with Manchester coded signals, under sunny, rainy and foggy day. The measured results show that the receiver sensitivity can reach -18.92 dBm at the back-to-back system. Under the 100 km submarine cable and 1 km FSO wireless link, the receiver sensitivity can reach -17.72, -16.66 and -11.16 dBm in the sunny, rainy and foggy day, respectively. The simulation results prove that the FSO communication system using Manchester code may have potential application in the field of islands information transmission in the future.

The purpose of this study was to prepare a kind of Zearalenone fast quantitative test strip based on time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic assay.Europium nanoparticles were used as fluorescent probes to label anti-zearalenone monoclonal antibodies,and a quantitative immunochromatography method was established based on competitive inhibition principle.The results showed that the sensitivity of Zearalenone fluorescent detection strip was 0.1 ng/mL,the linear range was 0.1～5.0 ng/mL,the standard recovery rate of negative samples of corn and wheat was between 93.45% and 112.2%,and the coefficient of variation of 5 repeats for the same sample was less than 15%.The results show that the Zearalenone fluorescent test strip has the technical characteristics of high sensitivity,short reaction time and accurate quantification,which is suitable for the rapid quantitative detection of Zearalenone in grain and its products.

The blowing of oxygen at supersonic velocity through nozzles is a fundamental method and key technology for basic oxygen furnace process used in the steelmaking process. During the process, the high-speed oxygen jets penetrate the liquid slag leading to the formation of the impaction cavity on the surface of the molten bath. Further, the dynamic energy and mass transfer would occur at the three-phase (oxygen–liquid slag–molten steel) region. As a result, the impurity elements are removed, the temperature of molten bath is controlled, and the solid slag is melted faster. Moreover, many complex wave structures are formed in the traditional Laval nozzle depending on its gas flow field, resulting in suppression of the initial stirring ability of the oxygen jet. However, the new Laval nozzle designed by the characteristic-line method can solve this problem. Additionally, Mach number, dynamic pressure, and entrainment phenomenon of both traditional and new Laval nozzle structures were tested using various oxygen flow rates at the high-temperature ambition environment. The results prove that the new Laval nozzle structure prolongs the velocity core length of oxygen jet, increases the molten bath stirring effect, and improves the mass transfer process.

A fumigation with dosage of 20 g/m3 sulfuryl fluoride was carried out in a warehouse stored 8 000 t of wheat and equipped with recirculation system, in which the temperature was 27～30 ℃ for head space,26～28 ℃ for top layer of the bulk, 16～19 ℃ for middle and bottom layers of central bulk and 26～29 ℃for surrounded bulk grain in the warehouse. The fumigant was applied in five points on the bulk surface and through the ventilation ducts under bottom of the bulk by a pipe connection while the recirculation running.The concentrations of sulfuryl fluoride in bulk surface, 1.5 m and 4.5 m depth under grain surface were all monitored during the process. The killing effect on Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) was also examined for the adults, pupae, larvae, and eggs of lab cultured strain and adults of field strain. The peak concentration was monitored on surface of the bulk and in the depth of 4.5 m of that, the concentration was lower in the depth of 1.5 m of the bulk, just after fumigant applied and while recirculation running. During exposure of 3 to 12 h, the sulfuryl fluoride concentration was above 20 g/m3 and distributed uniformly.The concentration of sulfuryl fluoride in the grain pile was generally higher, and the concentration decreased obviously with the time after 12 h. Sulfuryl fluoride concentration descended more quickly after 24 h when recirculation stopped and descended rate of sulfuryl fluoride concentration in higher temperature part of grain located in surround bulk was bigger than that in lower temperature part located in central bulk. When the concentration of sulfuryl fluoride in the grain pile decreased to 2 g/m3 (about 13 d), the decay rate decreased, and the time from 2 g/m3 to 0 g/m3 was about 10 days. During the fumigation that sulfuryl fluoride concentration changed in range of 27～24 g/m3, adults and larvae can be killed completely in 3 h exposure. Pupae can be given 100% mortality in 6 h when exposure under 27～22 g/m3 of the fumigation. The full mortality for eggs needed 24 h in 27～19 g/m3 of sulfuryl fluoride concentration. The tolerance of four life stages of C. ferrugineus to sulfuryl fluoride was eggs＞pupae＞adults≈larvae. In the grain bulk where temperature was 26～29 ℃ for top layer and surround bulk and 16～19 ℃ for middle and bottom grain of central bulk, all life stages of C.ferrugineus can be fumigated successfully by sulfuryl fluoride that concentration varied from about 24 g/m3 to 0 g/m3 during 23 d of the exposure time.

Objective To compare the teaching quality between traditional and SOP (standard operation procedure)-based orthopedic teaching rounds. Methods Postgraduates and clinical postdoctors who were enrolled into orthopedic standardized training in 2017 and 2018 grade were included in this study. Thirty postgraduates and 20 clinical post doctors were in each group, with traditional or SOP-based teaching rounds were used respectively. The two groups were evaluated subjectively and objectively. Results The subjective and Objective evaluation scores of SOP-based teaching rounds were significantly higher than those of the traditional teaching group (P＜0.01,P＜0.05). Conclusions SOP-based method significantly improves the quality of teaching rounds.

隨著資料庫系統建置技術和檢索功能的多元發展，使用者對於古籍資料庫系統功能的關注更甚於以往。因此，本研究主要探討使用者對於古籍資料庫系統功能的需求，首先進行古籍系統介面功能分析，比較臺灣重要之古籍典藏機構目前古籍資料庫系統功能概況，接續透過問卷調查，瞭解使用者對於古籍資料庫系統功能之使用經驗與期許。研究結果顯示，現有古籍資料庫功能雖可滿足使用者基本檢索需求，但對於支援數位人文研究的內容分析功能較為不足，多數使用者仍停留在檢索與瀏覽等基本功能的使用，對於新興功能認同度較低。研究建議未來古籍資料庫系統宜重視全文與詮釋資料完備程度、朝向強化基礎功能友善設計、提升內容分析功能，以及建立主題型和整合型資料庫等方向，繼續努力。

Objective To explore the relationships between the estrogen and astrocyte cell proliferation as well as invasion. Methods Astrocyte cell line U-87 was cultured in vitro and treated with 0, 10－12, 10－10, 10－8 and 10－6 mol/L estrogen. The gene and protein expressions were analyzed by qPCR, Western blot, ELISA; and the cell proliferation and invasion was analyzed by CCK-8 kits and transwell experiments. Results Estrogen significantly inhibited IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6 expression and promoted the expression of NGF and PGE2 (P＜0.05). Furthermore, estrogen inhibited aquaporin 2(AQP2) expression (P＜0.05). The proliferation and invasion experiments showed that estrogen promoted the U-87 cell proliferation and invasion (P＜0.05). Conclusions Estrogen down-regulates the expression of inflammatory factors, inhibites the expression of AQP2, promotes the proliferation and invasion of U-87 cells.

本研究主旨為分析臺、中、日、韓四國之國中小英語政策，解析臺灣2030年雙語國家政策之可行性。透過文獻整理，爬梳四國之國中小英語課程之起始年齡、授課時數、教學方法、單字量、本國籍英語教師與外籍師資、教科書與未來英語教育政策等八大面向，經由比較四國英語政策之相似處與相異處，提供意見供相關政策參酌。研究發現，除了日本於2020年起從國小五年級開始上英語課，臺、中、韓三國之英語政策皆將英語課的起始年齡調整為國小三年級，英語課的教學法皆改為使用以溝通為導向之教學法為教學的核心理念。本研究針對臺灣現行國小英語政策提出五點建議：一、臺灣在國小階段的單字量可再斟酌增加；二、臺灣在國中階段的英語課總時數可調整；三、運用AI人工智慧科技於英語教學中；四、建立更健全的英語師資培訓系統；五、需建立謹慎的外籍師資遴選制度與配套措施。 This study examined the English education policies for elementary and junior high schools in Taiwan, China, Japan, and South Korea to evaluate the feasibility of practicing the “Bilingual Nation by 2030” policy in Taiwan, and the English education policies in these countries were compared. This study focuses on the following eight aspects: the starting age of English education, total English lesson hours, English teaching methodology, assigned English vocabulary, English teacher training, native-English-speaking teacher recruitment, textbooks and teaching materials, and future policy. This study provides two major observations: First, three of the aforementioned countries begin English lessons in Grade 3. However, Japan begins in Grade 5. Second, all of the countries currently employ a communicative approach as their English teaching method. This study further provides five suggestions for future policy: First, more advanced English vocabulary should be taught at the elementary school level. Second, the number of English lesson hours for students should be increased. Third, English teachers in Taiwan should utilize artificial intelligence in their teaching of English. Fourth, training courses for English teachers should be improved. Finally, the processes of recruiting and supporting English teachers from foreign countries should be planned appropriately.

Mechanical properties of 2124 aluminum alloy thick plate in short-transverse direction were investigated when ageing at 170-180℃ for different time by room temperature tensile test.The microstructure morphology of alloy after different ageing processes was studied by TEM and SEM.The results show that the suitable ageing process of 2124 aluminum alloy plates is 175℃ for 10h.Yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 372,422MPa and 2.9%, respectively.The main precipit-ation is S' phase, and also a small quantity of GPB zone and coarse T phase exist at this moment.Ageing temperature is the main factor affecting the density and size of the alloy precipitation.The higher the ageing temperature is, the quicker the rising of strength, the shorter time to reach the maximum strength.The increasing strength difference between the matrix and grain boundary is the main cause for the decrease of the elongation.

Reflection in the image not only significantly reduces the image quality, but also seriously affects the subsequent computer vision tasks. So proposed a single image reflection removal cascaded algorithm using non local correlation and contrast constraint. This algorithm utilizes a dual-branch approach for LSTM-based information propagation across cascades. It employs reflection and background features to complement each other and iteratively refine prediction accuracy, ensuring mutual enhancement of the two branches' prediction results. To facilitate training for multiple cascade steps, a positivenegative contrastive regularization loss is introduced. This loss treats background images and original images' features as positive and negative samples, respectively. This ensures that the target image is brought closer to the background image while moving away from the original image in the representation space, narrowing the prediction range and effectively alleviating the ill-posed problem. Additionally, an efficient, low-computational-cost non-local correlation prediction module is proposed, capable of capturing contextual information for all pixels along cross paths. Through further cascade operations, each pixel captures long-distance dependencies across the entire image, enabling the use of surrounding point information to predict background information obscured by strong reflections. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to current algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves superior results and exhibits robust performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the causal relationship between tea drinking and cholelithiasis by two-way Mendelian randomization. Methods The instrumental variables for tea drinking were determined from 447 485 participants in the UK Biobank genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with tea drinking were used for two-sample Mendelian randomized analysis to evaluate the causal relationship between tea drinking and cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis data were obtained from GWAS data of 35 712 cholelithiasis patients and 273 442 controls publicly available from the Finnegan Alliance. In this study, inverse variance weighted (IVW) was used as the main method to estimate causality, and sensitivity analysis was carried out to ensure the robustness of the results. Finally, reverse Mendelian randomization analysis was used to verify whether there was a reverse correlation. Results There was a causal re-lationship between tea drinking and cholelithiasis. In the IVW method, each additional standard deviation (2.85 cups/day) of tea consumption reduced the risk of cholelithiasis by 26.1% (OR =0.739, 95% CI: 0.536-0.990). Similar results were obtained in weighted mode (OR=0.652, 95% CI: 0.458-0.928), but there was no evidence to prove reverse correlation (IVW: P > 0.05). Conclusion The genetic evidence provided by two-way Mendelian randomized analysis shows that the increase of tea drinking reduces the risk of cholelithiasis, but there is no evidence of reverse association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-operative intensive care experience of a school-aged child who received living-donor bilateral lobar lung transplantation due to acute respiratory distress syndrome and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is discussed in this paper. The patient received lungs donated by her parents in a "livingdonor bilateral lobar lung transplantation" due to severe lung function impairment. The patient felt anxious due to her long-term hospitalization for preoperative evaluation, various invasive treatments, and postoperative rehabilitation. During the care period from October 25th, 2022, to December 29th, 2022, the author collected data via direct care, interviews, medical record reviews, and interactions with the patient and her family. An assessment of the patient's physical, mental, and social integrity was made, and the collected data were organized and analyzed to identify health issues such as lack of activity endurance, imbalanced nutrition below bodily requirements, and anxiety. After the lung transplantation operation, the interdisciplinary team worked collaboratively to develop a care plan to improve cardiopulmonary endurance and enhance the quality of care for the patient through early care and rehabilitation via proactive care. This care plan included encouraging the patient and her parents to express their fears and feelings and using flashcards to teach them about dietary management and the proper performance of lung rehabilitation. These measures encouraged the parents to engage in care, properly prepare for discharge care, and receive care education. As this is the first case of livingdonor lobar lung transplantation in Taiwan, this valuable nursing experience is expected to provide future care teams with a reference on the related nursing process and care experience for similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) was a new pathologic type and uncommon in clinics. The aim of this study is to observe the relationship between clinical pathologic characteristics, imagination, biological behavior and prognosis in NSCLC-NED. Methods The clinical data of 47 patients with NSCLC-NED admitted from January 2009 to November 2017 in the Fifth Medical Center of General Hospital of People's Liberation Army were collected. The demographic data and imaging characteristics were summarized. Pathological features, treatment and prognosis, analysis of the correlation between different factors and prognosis. Results Of the 47 patients with NSCLC-NED, the median age was 61 years (45 years-78 years), 38 males and 9 females; 37 were poorly differentiated cancer with NED, and 10 were middle differentiated cancer with NED; 2 cases of driving gene positive (1 case of EGFR sensitive mutation, 1 case of ALK fusion), objective response rate (ORR) of first-line chemotherapy was 34.5%, and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4 months; the median overall survival (OS) was 11 months, and only 2 cases (4.2%, 2/47) of OS were over 2 years. Conclusion NSCLC-NED is different from simple NSCLC or pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Males, ≤70 years old, severely smoking, and patients with lower tumor differentiation often have NED, and most of them are stage IV. This type of patient-driven gene positive proportion is lower than the general adenocarcinoma population, less sensitive to chemotherapy, and the overall survival is shorter, indicating a poor prognosis.

Background and objective Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was about 5%-7% and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) was the standard treatment in NSCLC. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of crizotinib in patients with advanced ALK gene-positive or recurrent NSCLC. Methods Three methods were used to screen patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC harboring ALK gene fusion/translocation. The patients with ALK positive tested by flourescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was given orally crizotinib, 250 mg, bid. The objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS) and safety were evaluated. Results A total of 226 patients were screened, 39 of whom had ALK fusion or translocation, and 37 were enrolled in the study. 35 patients were evaluated for objective response, ORR was 70.3%, and disease control rate (DCR) was 94.6%, and median PFS was 11.8 mon. The main adverse reactions were elevated transaminase (Grade 1, 91.7%), elevated transaminases (Grade 2, 23.4%), nausea (Grade 1, 75.6%), anemia (Grade 1-2, 62.3%), visual impairment (Grade 1, 21.8%), weight loss (Grade 1, 31.4%), pneumonia (Grade 2, 3.5%). Conclusion Crizotinib can be used for the treatment of advanced NSCLC with ALK fusion/translocation. It is highly effective and well tolerated.

Understanding laser ablation behaviors of different target materials is essential for optimum laser parameters, external reference materials selection, as well as for data quality assurance. In this study, ablation behaviors of a 193nm ArF excimer laser for silicate glasses, common minerals, and powder pellets were investigated. Ablation rates influenced by laser parameters (including spot size, energy density, and laser frequency) were evaluated. Topographic images of craters generated during ablation illustrate that glasses and most minerals have controllable ablation behaviors, except for quartz. The worse ablation behavior of quartz may be ascribed to the micro-fluid inclusions, which could result in the overheating effect in laser pits. In general, powder pellets have worse ablation behaviors, but the increase of tableting pressure or reducing the particle grain size could improve the ablation behaviors. Ablation rates gradually decrease if the ablation depth is larger than 1.5 times of the spot size. The maximum ablation depth can reach twice the spot size when the energy density is 3.0 J/cm2 for the RESOlution M-50 laser system). Ablation rates increase with the increase of laser energy density, but ablation rates are not affected by the laser frequency (2-20 Hz). Ablation rates are specific to the individual substrates. In conclusion, the ablation rate data of 43 substrates, in which ablation rates of powder pellets are larger than glasses and minerals, whereas those of carbonates and sulfides are larger than silicate minerals, and those of NIST glasses are larger than geological glasses.

Acute ischemic stroke which has the high mobidity, disability rate and mortality is one of the most serious diseases threatening mankind. Endovascular therapy is difinite. Slection of patient, therapeutic time window and device is closely associated with the prognosis. This paper reviews the issues mentioned above. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.09.013

In order to investigate the structure and property relationships of intrinsic self-healing polyurethane and balance the seemly contradictory forces between its self-healing efficiency and mechanical strength, the reversible disulfide bonds were introduced into polyester-polyurethane by taking hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimers as the cross-linker and 4,4-diamino diphenyl disulfide as the chain-extender. The results show that the optimal self-healing elastomer exhibits a tensile strength of 7.7MPa and a maximum self-healing efficiency of 97.4% at 60℃after 24 hours, whereas the common elastomer synthesized without disulfide bonds (via H-bonding interactions) only exhibits a tensile strength of 9.3MPa and a maximum self-healing efficiency of 58.0% under the same condition, indicating that the existence of disulfide bonds helps to increase the self-healing efficiency by 67.9%. The prepared elastomer is found to have multi time self-healing capabilities and the second time self-healing efficiency is 62.3%.

A static-analysis-based event input generation approach for Android applications was proposed.Based on the inter-component call graph and the system dependence graph of single component,the event inputs that security-related callbacks depend on were extracted.Furthermore,an event input algorithm was designed to automatically generate event inputs according to Android application runtime.The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve higher coverage of permission methods and basic components,which can cover more security-related execution paths and help to collect more security-related runtime behaviors during the process of dynamic analysis.

Microstructure evolution during hot deformation of a new Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was investigated by Gleeble-1500D thermal-mechanical simulator at 300-450℃ and strain rate of 0.001-10s-1.The microstructure features at different hot deformation conditions were analyzed with optical microscope (OM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).The results show that the dislocation density decreases and the subgrain sizes increase with the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of the strain rate;the main softening mechanism of the alloy is dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization.Only dynamic recovery occurs when the temperature is 300-400℃.Dynamic recrystallization occurs when the strain rate is 0.001-10s-1 at 450℃.The nucleation mechanism is grain boundary bowing,subgrain growing and subgrain incorporation during dynamic recrystallization.

As a result of low birth rate and population decline, mixed-age teaching is critical for accommodating the needs of classes with fewer students and for effectively integrating and utilizing school resources to provide students with adaptive learning opportunities. Through literature analysis, classroom observations, and interviews, the underlying reasons for mixed age teaching, methods of implementation and support measures employed by schools are explored. The findings of this study are as follows: 1) The justifications for mixed-age teaching are based on educational philosophy and practical considerations; 2) mixed-age teaching is implemented through four approaches; namely, inquiry-based instruction, team teaching, cooperative learning, and differentiated instruction; and 3) measures for supporting mixed-age teaching can be analyzed and discussed from three aspects: teachers’ professional development, curriculum planning, and school administration support. Overall, implementing mixed-age teaching requires further support on aspects of pre-service teacher education, professional development, curriculum planning, teaching implementation, and administrative measures. Studies on mixed-age teaching in elementary and junior high schools in Taiwan are preliminary. The results of the studies may assist the educational research community in understanding and implementing mixed-age teaching.

Objective To summarize the best evidence for lung cancer screening and follow-up management of pulmonary nodules, and to provide reference for clinical practice. Methods Extensive literature search on lung cancer screening and follow-up management of pulmonary nodules was conducted in CNKI, WANFANG, VIP, PubMed, EMbase and Web of Science. The information extraction, quality evaluation and summary of evidence were carried out, and the retrieval period was up to December 1, 2022. Results A total of 33 articles were included in this study, including 5 guidelines, 2 expert consensuses, 2 expert recommendations, 14 systematic reviews and 10 cohort studies. Finally, 6 recommendations on lung cancer screening were concluded, including screening process, recommended screening age, recommended high-risk groups, recommended screening means, recommended screening frequency, and smoking cessation intervention among smokers. And 2 recommendations on pulmonary nodule management were concluded. Conclusion This study summarizes evidence of lung cancer screening and pulmonary nodules management, which can provide reference for health care personnel to conduct early screening and follow-up management of lung cancer in high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]