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面對全球一體化與資訊科技迅速發展，不少中外學者都主張改變課程與教學範式，一些更提出要把「高階思維」結合到學校課程與教學中。在香港，提升學生思考能力亦是面向二十一世紀課程改革的重點。本研究將分享一項在香港兩所學校進行的高階思維教學研究結果。研究運用了Hall與Hord的「革新形貌」原理，探索教師如何在課堂中實踐高階思維教學，從而為思考教學的理念與實務，尋求發展的啟示。研究印證了一個具五個維度的高階思維教學理論架構，並展示了高階思維教學的不同革新形貌，包括較理想與較不理想的課堂實施，繼而發掘出「工具式」與「締造式」兩類高階思維課堂。最後，本研究提出了實施高階思維教學的相關建議。 Helping students to develop their higher-order thinking (HOT, in abbreviation) capability is a commonly stated goal in educational statements worldwide. This has also become a significant objective in the curriculum reforms in Hong Kong, which aims at better preparation of our students to meet the challenges of the new era. The paper discusses findings from a study which evaluates how two primary schools in Hong Kong implemented a HOT curriculum. To evaluate the degree of implementation of the HOT curriculum in the schools, the technique of Innovation Configuration Mapping (IC Mapping) was used. This technique, developed by Hall & Hord, is a means to assess the implementation of an innovation. By figuring out the IC Maps of the case schools, the ideal form of HOT implementation is further defined. It was found that some lessons were taught with more ideal forms of implementation while many others were taught with less desirable ones. Two major types of HOT lessons: “technical” one or “enacted” one, were identified. Furthermore, an analytical framework with five dimensions of HOT teaching was generated from the research findings. Recommendations for further advancement of HOT teaching are also provided.

近年來，「證據為本」的學校自我評鑑（自評）成為世界潮流。學校自評機制意謂學校可自行評鑑其教育質素，據之不斷自我改進，以期自我完善。香港教育當局近年也把過往由官方主導的視學方式改變為學校自評與外評機制，同時把學校教育目標轉化成為質素「表現指標」，用意是為學校提供一個公平基礎進行自評和與他校比較，激發學校持續進取和履行「問責」精神。研究者藉由參與觀察的研究方式，探究一次學校外評經驗，並透過觀察結果，分析此類學校評鑑措施與課程改革實施的關係，反思該政策能否促成優質教育目標的達成，最後提出建議。Evidence-based school self-evaluation has been a recent trend in school improvement movement. School self-evaluation (SSE) is a mechanism through which schools evaluate themselves with regard to the quality of education, improve themselves continuously and develop themselves into quality schools. The Education Bureau in Hong Kong has followed this trend and launched a school evaluation policy –– School Self Evaluation (SSE) and External School Review (ESR). The pair of evaluation measures was initiated to help schools to evaluate their own effectiveness, to ensure public accountability and to achieve self development. To support SSE and ESR, a framework of Performance Indicators (PI) was provided to help stakeholders to assess school performance. This paper reports a study of a ESR experience. By participant observation method, the study inquires into the underlying agenda of the policy. The paper wishes to critically analyze this current educational policy and inquire into the relation between SSE/ESR and the official intent to enforce and control curriculum change and discusses the impact of the policy on curriculum change and quality education.

Complementizers are generally known as function words that introduce a clausal complement, like that in English, for instance (Radford 1997). In many languages, complementizers are re-analyzed from verba dicendi, or verbs of ‘saying’ (Lord 1976; Frajzyngier 1991; Hopper and Traugott 1993; Lord 1993). This paper argues for the existence of a complementizer re-analyzed from a verb of ‘saying’ in Cantonese by providing a synchronic analysis for waa6. Waa6 has often been assumed to be a lexical verb in serial verb construction because of its following a ‘saying’ predicate or a cognitive predicate. However, this paper argues that waa6 is not always a verb, postulating that waa6 may have different meanings and subcategorizations in different situations, including waa61 meaning ‘say’ [__ (PP) CP] or {__PP NP}, the transitive verb waa62 meaning ‘blame/condemn’ [__NP CP], and the complementizer waa63 selecting a clause [__ IP]. This proposal is supported by different tests, such as aspect marking and argument selection, confirming that the complementizer waa63 formally exhibits different properties from that of the verbs waa61 and waa62.

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Since the emergence of public art in Australian urban spaces, artists have established more extensive links with the public in the socio-cultural sphere. The forms and connotations of public art have also become more affluent. At present, public art has become an essential practical research course at various universities in Australia in a progressing state of pluralism and inclusion. This essay will analyse the origin, development and evolution of public art in Australia to reflect on the practice and research methods of public art education in the process of globalization and urbanization. It will take the first public art professional course at RMIT University in Australia, as an example, to discuss the teaching methods of public art professional courses and explore the roles of practice-led research in teaching and disciplinary development. At the same time, by analyzing the practical cases of art in the community, it will explore the relationship between participatory art and the community, and how public art practice can integrate social issues with personal experience to coordinate the complex relationship between different cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the impact of institutional quality and economic policies on the R&D investment of the enterprises, data of the Chinese listed real estate companies from 2011 to 2017 is collected. Using the fixed effects panel regression method, the following basic conclusions are obtained. Firstly, fiscal subsidies to the Chinese real estate enterprises facilitate the R&D investment of these enterprises. Secondly, the positive effects on R&D investment due to the fiscal subsidies are weakened by the implementation of the contractionary monetary policy. Thirdly, the improvement on the institutional quality leads to an increase in R&D investment of these enterprises. Based on the empirical results, it is suggested that the government should not only emphasize the optimization of the fiscal subsidy structure, but also focus on the improvement of government efficiency, so as to stimulate the innovation for Chinese real estate enterprises and further promote the stable and rapid growth of the real estate industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Hong Kong senior secondary science curriculum will be implemented in 2009. The curriculum change was induced by the change in the education system, but its meaning will go far beyond matching the curriculum with the new system. It intends to remove the limitation of the existing curriculum, and to enlighten it with essential elements of contemporary science education. It transcends subject boundary to establish a new integrated subject, and extends the scope of student assessment such that both teaching and assessment will become more diversified. This article analyses the characteristics of this curriculum reform and its forces behind, and comments on the advantages and challenges it create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present author has explored the inspiration of Wang Yangming and Martin Luther for modern people in their views on spirituality and spiritual practices. There are altogether three sections in this article: first is Wang Yangming's spiritual practice, second is Martin Luther's view of spirituality and spiritual practice, and third is reflection on spiritual practice in the light of Wang Yangming and Martin Luther. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the structures of several pension systems and the worsening trend in global aging of the population. It then reviews the pension strategies adopted by some other countries to cope with the problem of the financial crisis in a "Pay as you go" system. Lastly, it considers the issues surrounding the implementation of a universal retirement protection scheme in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, Boji of the state of Song was known for her adherence to ritual propriety--when her house caught fire, she preferred immolation to leaving her quarters without an escort. As Han scholars formulated their political discourse primarily on the bases of Confucian classics, it would be of interest to study the ways in which they perceived her demise. Their remarks pertained not only to the notions of a woman's virtue, but were also with reference to the canon. Their discussions were indicative of a strong influence from the Gongyang zhuan and the Guliang zhuan, and also the philosophy of the yin-yang school, particularly that of Dong Zhongshu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nodular hidadenoma is known as an eccrine sweat gland origin that arises in the skin and occurs as a solitary tumor in most cases. Although it is not uncommon, it is rarely occurs in the hand. We report a case of nodular hidadenoma of the fourth finger with a brief review of the literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the stress of role change in fresh nursing graduates working in a hospital in Macau. Methods: A survey was conducted by using convenience sampling amongst 74 graduates of Years 2002 and 2003 in a nursing college with Role Stress and Role Ambiguity in New Nursing Graduates and Scale of Occupational Stress. Result: Mean of new nurses in role ambiguity is 2.67, role stress 2.52, occupational stress 2.64, all of which display insignificant and below average stress level in new nurses' role ambiguity, role stress and occupational stress. However, subjects' own choice of wards is not significantly related to the stress level mentioned above whilst those working in OPD, ER, Surgical, Critical Care or Specialist Departments undergo greater stress, because of role ambiguity, than those in departments of General Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics. Most of the subjects tend to choose positive means to reduce stress. Conclusion: The Study shows that fresh graduates have undergone certain stress related to role change. It is suggested that management should take into consideration building up a comprehensive recruitment lead-in programme, favorable clinical supervision and instruction system, effective stress monitoring and teaching of coping skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the stress of role change in fresh nursing graduates working in a hospital in Macau. Methods: A survey was conducted by using convenience sampling amongst 74 graduates of Years 2002 and 2003 in a nursing college with Role Stress and Role Ambiguity in New Nursing Graduates and Scale of Occupational Stress. Result: Mean of new nurses in role ambiguity is 2.67, role stress 2.52, occupational stress 2.64, all of which display insignificant and below average stress level in new nurses' role ambiguity, role stress and occupational stress. However, subjects' own choice of wards is not significantly related to the stress level mentioned above whilst those working in OPD, ER, Surgical, Critical Care or Specialist Departments undergo greater stress, because of role ambiguity, than those in departments of General Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics. Most of the subjects tend to choose positive means to reduce stress. Conclusion: The Study shows that fresh graduates have undergone certain stress related to role change. It is suggested that management should take into consideration building up a comprehensive recruitment lead-in programme, favorable clinical supervision and instruction system, effective stress monitoring and teaching of coping skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study is to explore the existing condition of nursing workforce in Macau, nurses' views toward workforce and service satisfaction. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive design using a self- reported questionnaire was adopted. Nurses were recruited from two local hospitals as well as all health centers of Macau. Results: 709 nurses (89.5%) reported that there was a shortage of nurses and expressed a lack of 20.0% nursing workforce. Suggestions to solve the nursing shortage problems were to increase nurses' salary and welfare (95.0%), to develop a reasonable standard for nursing salary scale in Macau (84.6%), to improve the nursing management system so as to enhance the nursing staffs morale (82.7%), and to increase local nursing training quotas (79.2%). Nurses tended to satisfy with services they provided (78.3%). The study also showed that there is an imbalance of nursing workforce due to internal nursing migration from private to public hospital with some suggestions made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study is to explore the existing condition of nursing workforce in Macau, nurses' views toward workforce and service satisfaction. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive design using a self- reported questionnaire was adopted. Nurses were recruited from two local hospitals as well as all health centers of Macau. Results: 709 nurses (89.5%) reported that there was a shortage of nurses and expressed a lack of 20.0% nursing workforce. Suggestions to solve the nursing shortage problems were to increase nurses' salary and welfare (95.0%), to develop a reasonable standard for nursing salary scale in Macau (84.6%), to improve the nursing management system so as to enhance the nursing staffs morale (82.7%), and to increase local nursing training quotas (79.2%). Nurses tended to satisfy with services they provided (78.3%). The study also showed that there is an imbalance of nursing workforce due to internal nursing migration from private to public hospital with some suggestions made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the attitude of families of advanced cancer patients in Macau towards prognosis disclosure, and to investigate the acceptable method of disclosing prognosis. Method: A convenient sampling method was adopted, and 50 advanced cancer patients' relatives were interviewed with structural questionnaires. Result: 1) 28 families of cancer patients agreed that the prognosis should be disclosed, and over 44% of the families disagreed with that, and some even would not think of an appropriate time to notify the patients. Factor influencing their decisions to disclose the prognosis is mainly about their concern of raising stress on the patients' psychological and emotional aspects (90.9%). 2) Most families (62%) took an attitude of telling the news progressively. By looking at their attitudes, two aspects could be summarized, including telling indirectly and progressively, and to tell the truth under psychological counseling. 3) 66% interviewees were expecting the most appropriate notification by reliable doctors who are able to explain more clearly the health condition of patients. 4) From individual characteristics and the attitude towards prognosis disclosure, there are significant differences between the relationship of patients, families and their attitudes (P=0.02), and the relationship between family decision makers and their attitudes (P=0.03). Patients' spouses and their family decision makers inclined to notify the prognosis. Conclusion: Prognosis disclosure to patients is being accepted progressively by families. The result indicates that the approach used for revealing the prognosis is important, too. Having a complete plan and notifying in a holistic and caring way can strengthen the intention and confidence of the families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the needs of the patients in the observation room of the emergency department in a Macau hospital. Method: A descriptive approach was adopted, questionnaires are used to interview the patients in the observation room of emergency department of a Macau hospital. Results: 170 patients completed the questionnaires and the ‘Medical caring needs’ and ‘Patients' conditions’ were their priority. In the patient-self-reports, having ‘cleaned and tidy beds’ and ‘comfortable temperature and quiet environment’ were the prior needs. Moreover, there was significant differences between the sex and health care needs of the patients (P=0.05), and between ‘triage decisions’ and ‘Patients' conditions’ (P=0.02). Conclusion: The findings may provide further understanding of the patients' needs in the emergency department observation room for the medical staff working in the emergency and it could enhance the service quality for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Reading to learn" is one of the four key tasks advocated by the Hong Kong education reformers in recent years. Yet the relationship between reading programs and content area reading is largely unexplored. Drawing from the three main paradigms of content area reading (i.e., reading and study skills paradigm, cognitive and learning paradigm, and social constructivist paradigm), this article discusses the results of a study on the effects of content area reading activities in the development of historical understanding and thinking among Chinese history and World history students in twelve Hong Kong secondary schools. Based on focus group interviews with students and textual analysis of their reading reports, two main questions are pursued. First, how can reading activities achieve the goals of history education laid down in the official curriculum? Second, how do the social contexts shape the reading habits of history students? The article hopes to shed light on how history fictions and non-fictions can be used to broaden the realm of historical inquiry and independent thinking among teachers and students, particularly the close relationship between the process of critical reading and the construction of historical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to summarize the 10-year development of the associate degree in Hong Kong, and to explore its future role under the new senior secondary academic structure. Taking into account the growing demand for tertiary education in recent years, we argue that the associate degree functions as an alternative learning path for graduates of the new senior secondary education. It fosters greater competitiveness and equips students to meet the challenges of rapid social, economic, and technological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]