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國民基本教育之課程發展本於全人教育的精神，強調學生是自發主動的學習者，學校教育應循循善誘，激發學生的學習動機與熱情，引導學生妥善開展與自我、他人、社會及與自然的各種互動能力。本研究目的在建構學校結合教育目標下實施戶外教育課程的評估指標，為戶外教育課程在學校開展制定基礎樣式，以促進學校教育與戶外教育之融合發展。研究方法分為兩部分，先以文獻分析法與系統性文獻回顧法，針對近10年國內外學者對學校實施戶外教育課程相關學術成果進行分析，再以臺灣先前建構之實施戶外教育指標為基礎，透過深度訪談法取得學者專家的建議建構並修正指標。本研究初步收錄8,099篇文獻，依據納入與排除標準篩選後納入190篇期刊論文進行分析，依據系統性文獻回顧分析結果，結合國際與不同區域戶外教育發展特徵和課程評估之角度，整合具系統性之學校戶外教育課程評估架構層次，包括課程規劃與組織、課程設計與發展、課程實施與教學、課程成效與優化、課程安全風險管理機制等五大構面與15個向度。接著，深度訪談結果歸納出46個細目指標，並以三角 檢測與專家效度呈現研究信實度。本研究結論為戶外教育課程評估的學術與實務價值提供理論依據，對華人社會戶外教育課程的發展方向具重大的啟示意義。 Background and Research Objectives Taiwan’s national basic education curriculum was developed on the basis of the principles of whole-person education. According to these principles, students should be self-motivated and active learners and schools should foster students’ learning motivation and enthusiasm and help them cultivate their abilities to meaningfully interact with themselves, others, society, and nature. In this study, a framework was developed for evaluating outdoor education programs. The goal was to develop a basic model for the integration of outdoor education with school-based education. This study was conducted in two steps. First, the literature was reviewed to identify relevant international and Taiwanese articles published within the last decade. Second, on the basis of established indicators of the implementation of outdoor education programs in Taiwan, in-depth interviews were conducted with experts to gather feedback for developing and refining the indicators. Literature Review Bisson (1996) introduced a metaphorical model called the Outdoor Education Umbrella. In this model, the handle of the umbrella represents camping education, symbolizing its foundational role as a precursor to outdoor education. The canopy represents experiential education, symbolizing its universality across all outdoor experiential learning methods. As an overarching framework, experiential education is applied in all methods of outdoor experiential learning. The left side of the Outdoor Education Umbrella focuses on outdoor experiential learning methods for self-development (Outdoor Adventure Education, Challenge Education, and Adventure Education), whereas the right side focuses on methods for personal and environmental ethical development (Environmental Education, Earth Education, and Wilderness Education). Conventional education, characterized by a transfer of current knowledge and skills through formal schooling, often neglects the individual needs of learners. Therefore, Dewey (1938) advocated for a revolution in education, focusing on the concept of “learning by doing,” which emphasizes grounding education in learners’ present experiences. Waite et al. (2016) highlighted that outdoor education confers multifaceted benefits covering academic, personal, social, and psychological aspects; the researchers indicated that outdoor education enhances learning interest, motivation, and outcomes. Orda and Leather (2011) suggested that Dewey’s experiential learning, which focuses on “meaning” and “learning potential,” can deepen the meaning derivable through outdoor education. This study highlighted a close association between outdoor education and experiential learning. Unlike other educational approaches, outdoor education involves leveraging outdoor environments to foster human–nature interactions, thereby conferring psychological, physiological, social, and educational benefits; this is the most unique feature of outdoor education. The outdoor education model explored in the current study was developed on the basis of experiential learning. This model integrates elements of adventure and environmental awareness from Outdoor Adventure Education and Environmental Education, respectively. Methods This study was conducted in two steps. First, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify publications by Taiwanese and international scholars on the implementation of outdoor education curricula in schools over the last decade. Second, on the basis of established indicators of the implementation of outdoor education curricula in Taiwan, in-depth interviews were conducted with purposively selected experts. These interviews offered expert insights for the development and refinement of the indicators. Results and Discussion Initially, 8,099 articles were identified. From these, 190 articles were selected on the basis of predefined criteria. Then, a systematic review of the literature was performed. On the basis of the results, a comprehensive framework was developed for evaluating outdoor education programs in schools by combining the characteristics of outdoor education within international and regional contexts with the perspectives of program evaluation. This framework had 5 dimensions and 15 facets: program planning and organization, program design and development, program implementation and teaching, program effectiveness and optimization, and program safety and risk management mechanisms. A total of 46 indicators were selected by analyzing the interview data. The reliability of the results was ensured through triangulation and expert verification. The characteristics of international and regional outdoor education frameworks were aligned with school operations and curriculum systems; thus, key connotations and features of outdoor education in schools were identified. First, outdoor education is a vital component of school education. Second, it is a crucial method for fostering holistic development in students. Third, outdoor education reflects the integration of national and regional policies, cultural exchanges, and developmental trends. Fourth, it leverages social resources. Finally, safety and risk management mechanisms are consistently embedded throughout the curriculum of outdoor education. Furthermore, a systematic framework for teacher development is established. Conclusion, Contributions, and Implications To implement outdoor education programs across grades in an orderly manner, government authorities or school leadership must first recognize the benefits of outdoor education, which are well-supported. The second step is to formulate policies and regulations that enable schools to design outdoor education programs reflecting the traditional characteristics and geographic features of a given country, region, and individual school. Furthermore, a system for training outdoor education teachers must be established to support these programs. Concurrently, awareness of the safety risks associated with implementing outdoor education programs should be increased. The comprehensive and systematic indicators proposed in this study can serve as a foundation for reviewing and updating the evaluation criteria for outdoor education programs in alignment with national education policies and school needs. Furthermore, these indicators may guide the development of outdoor education programs in schools.

English plays an essential role as a lingua franca in an increasingly interconnected world. To acclimate to the diversity of English accents, English Language Teaching (ELT) must enable learners to adapt to cultures and accents beyond Standard American English. A total of 88 Applied English major students participated in this study where they were exposed to five English accents: Standard American English, English Received Pronunciation, Singaporean English, Taiwanese English, and Japanese English. The students interacted with speakers from Kachru’s three circles of English to gain cultural insights associated with these accents. Questionnaires were utilized to assess students’ perceptions of each accent in terms of correctness, acceptability, pleasantness, and familiarity before and after exposure and/or instructional interventions. Results from the 45 students in the exposure group showed no significant changes in attitude, leading to an additional 43 participants receiving explicit instruction. The findings revealed that these 43 students demonstrated significant improvements in their ratings of non-native English varieties across correctness, acceptability, pleasantness, and familiarity. Qualitative data in the 43 reflective journals further revealed enhanced awareness of English pluricentricity and an ideological shift from the sole dependency on American English. This shift also included greater tolerance and respect for non-native English accents as well as improved confidence of speaking English. The study offers clear implications for Taiwanese ELT, suggesting a more pragmatic trajectory through the implementation of a Global Englishesoriented approach.

The study is based on Eisner’s theory of null curriculum and presents the “non-experienced” and “non-learned” curriculum from the perspective of students, depicting the null curriculum in the context of Taiwanese society from junior high school students’ perspectives. In this regard, the study, interviews ninth-grade students and teachers from a junior high school in the northern region. The results show that the null curriculum from the students’ perspective arises from factors such as teachers’ instruction, exams, students’ family, and their willingness to study. These factors can be categorized into two types: “school and teacher constructed” and “students and family constructed” null curriculum. Based on the research findings, this study proposes two explanations: first, curriculum is dynamic, operational, and evolving; second, it emphasizes the critical influence of after-school curriculum, shadow education, and students’ learning time. It is noted that shadow education is a primary key factor that leads to the dynamic and dialectical characteristics of the curriculum. The conclusion reflects on the issues of teaching, teaching to the test, and curriculum implementation, focusing on students’ actual learning experiences. Through a limited student perspective, the study identifies possible reasons and explanations for the null curriculum experienced by junior high school students in Taiwan, aiming to enable school education to fulfill its inherent value.

Since 2008, the National Chengchi University Libraries have been actively collecting historical materials on the modern and contemporary history of Taiwan and China in line with the development of the university's research fields. In addition to collecting the physical originals of in-depth research resources, there is also digitization and database construction. On the premise that the originals will not be destroyed, digital value-added versions of the school's special collections will be constructed to provide more opportunities for academic researchers or the general public to use the content. In August 2019, the Sú Bîng Education Foundation donated Mr. Sú Bîng’s historical materials to the Libraries and signed a donation memorandum as a cooperation aimed at supporting teaching and research. The Special Collections Management Group implements the three-year “The Preservation Digitization Project of Sú Bîng's Archival Materials.” In addition to ensuring the preservation and status of historical materials, digital archive is also used to reduce the risk of data damage and improve the capacity of cultural protection and data use.

本文整理三位文化人類學家對教育的觀點。C. Geertz認為教育即文化限 縮，J. Henry認為教育即文化綑綁，G. D. Spindler則認為教育即文化干預、 文化壓縮，三者皆強調文化依賴教育擔負傳遞的功能，卻同時框限教育的內涵與運作。延伸討論的結果指出，教育的框限並非絕對的，教育不會被全然的文化所決定，在特定文化範圍內仍允許學校實施的彈性與個人抉擇的自由，也容許相對程度的創造；從文化相對論推論出教育的相對論，教育皆有其文化框限，各有其優缺點；每種教育模式都只是適應文化環境的文化選擇，沒有優劣差別，亦無放諸四海皆準的教育。在結論中，引用Spindler創用之文化治療概念，期待教育工作者從文化觀點進行質疑與批判，不需盲從於特定時空的教育模式，勇於發掘文化框限的機制與效應，以獲得教育的相對主體性，促成文化與教育的覺醒來支持合理教育的運作。 This article synthesizes the viewpoints of three cultural anthropologists on education. C. Geertz regards education as cultural reduction, J. Henry views it as cultural binding or fettering, and G. D. Spindler sees it as cultural intervention and compression. They all emphasize the reliance of culture on education for its transmission, yet at the same time, note how cultural also confines the operation of education. The extended discussion suggests that the limitations of education are not absolute. Education is not entirely determined by culture; there is still room for flexibility in implementation within the broader cultural space and freedom for individual choice, as well as opportunities for relative creativity. Derived from cultural relativism, the perspective adopted in this paper argues that all forms of education have their own cultural limitations, each with its advantages and disadvantages, and that every educational model is merely a cultural choice, adapted to its environment, with no superior or inferior models. In conclusion, drawing on Spindler’s concept of ‘cultural therapy,’ the paper calls for educators to critically question educational models from a cultural perspective, and to avoid blind adherence to specific educational models found in a particular time or place. It encourages the exploration of the mechanisms and effects of cultural constraints, with the goal of achieving relative subjectivity in education, and thereby fostering a better understanding of the interplay between culture and education that supports the rational operation of education.

本研究藉由繪本融入性別平等教育課程，探究兒童在身體自主權認知的學習成效及其學習感受。本研究採前實驗研究等組前後測設計，以兩班國小一年級學童為教學對象，實施八週性平教育課程，一班為實驗組接受繪本融入教學，一班維持課本講授教學，以身體自主權認知量表評估課程學習成效，並輔以質性訪談瞭解學生對於課程實施意見。研究結果顯示，將繪本融入性平課程對於國小低年級學童的身體自主權認知有成效，學童比較喜愛繪本融入課程之教學方式。比較兩種教學成效，在身體自主權認知之「基礎觀念」未達顯著差異，但在「情境判斷」上，繪本融入教學比課本講授的學習效果好且達到統計顯著性，最終，根據研究結果提出運用繪本融入教學的建議。 This study explored children’s learning effects on physical autonomy cognition and their learning feelings by integrating picture books into gender equality education courses. This study adopted the pre-test and post-test design of the pre-experimental research. The participants randomly had selected two classes of first-grade elementary school students as the teaching objects, and had implemented an eight-week sex education course. One class was the experimental group that received picture books integrated into teaching, the other class maintained textbook teaching. Before teaching, the Physical Autonomy Cognition Scale was used for pre-testing, then after teaching, post-testing was carried out to compare the quantitative analysis data, and supplemented by qualitative interviews to understand students’ opinions on the implementation of the course. The results indicated that integrating picture books into the sexual education curriculum was effective for primary school children’s physical autonomy cognition, and school children were preferred to the teaching method of integrating picture books into the curriculum. In the comparison between the two effects of picture book teaching and textbook teaching, there was no significant difference in the “basic concept” of physical autonomy cognition, but in “situational judgment”, the learning effect of picture book teaching was better than that of textbook teaching, and it had reached statistical significance. Finally, the research results proposed suggestions for integrating picture books into teaching.

在衝突論的觀點中，學校教育有利於中上階層的子弟，學校場域也被視為社會再製的管道，然而，要如何有系統地論證這一種假設？本研究利用「國際學生能力評估計畫」作為分析資料，在多層次模型的基礎下，以學校層級的社經文化背景指數（MESCS）當作衡量教育機會均等的指標，並探討分流機制如何透過不同階層之家庭社經背景的相互作用引發臺灣教育中的成就落差問題。研究結果發現，九、十年級階段中，學校層級的家庭社經背景對於學業成就的影響有遞增的趨勢，這意味著分流系統將可能維繫並加劇教育不均等之現象。除此之外，本研究也針對MESCS的理論和功能進行分析與討論，冀望拓展該指標的應用效果。 This study analyzes the PISA data for Taiwan from 2006 to 2018. Using a multilevel model (MLM), the individual SES indicator is aggregated to form a contextual variable named MESCS (mean index of economic, social, and cultural status). In this study, MESCS is treated as an indicator of educational equity. We found that MESCS has a considerable influence on academic achievement, implying that students who attended schools with higher MESCS have better academic achievement. Further, the effect of MESCS is exacerbated by the educational tracking system, which has the effect of assigning students of similar family backgrounds and academic achievement to the same school. In addition, this study also analyzes and discusses the theoretical and functional aspects of the MESCS. We hope to expand the application of the indicator in future studies.

本研究植基於《十二年國民基本教育課程綱要總綱》（簡稱108課綱） 實施的脈絡中，訪談一所社區型高中學生，描述學校課程及升學考招制度運作下的學生觀點。研究發現，在規則化的學校運作機制下，學生的「當前作為」連結於「未來期望」，進而建構課程觀點並以行動策略因應未來升學需求。「自由」與「營養」是學生看待課程的重要價值，前者關乎有無選課的自由；後者則是能否提高在校成績並有助於未來升學。當學生意識到規範性的學校課程有利於升學時，選擇順從及主動尋找自由運用的時間來完成課程學習目標。植基於上述研究發現，本研究一則揭示108課綱實施下的學生觀點供課程改革作參考；二則透過學生課程觀回應課程論述落實到學校組織時的相關問題。 This study is rooted in the context of the 2019 Curriculum Guidelines for 12-Year Basic Education. Interviews were conducted with students in one community high school and students’ perspectives toward the curriculum context were analyzed. The results show that, students can actively construct curriculum perspectives in a regularized school life, and their current behavior is linked to future expectations. Students make use of different operating mechanisms to deeply link their time allocation to diverse entrance programs, including the Multi-Star Project, Individual Application, and the Advanced Subjects Test. The freedom of course selection and its benefits in improving grades are important values for students. They can follow the school curriculum norms and find free time to achieve learning goals. This study, based on the above research findings serves as a commentary on the implementation of the 2019 Curriculum Guidelines. It also responds to the topic of implementing curriculum discourse into school organizations using students' perspectives on the curriculum.

本研究旨在探討性別平等教育議題素養導向教學設計，研究文本為教育部「性別平等教育議題課程與教學輔導群」徵集的教案，自107至109學年度總共58件教案。透過內容分析法與文本分析法，研究發現：一、性別平等教育議題核心素養理解與接受度漸增，但融入領域仍未見開展；二、性別平等教育議題核心素養、學習主題與實質內涵選用呈現偏好；三、性別平等教育議題教學設計要項彼此呼應、連結與一致性有待加強。為落實性別平等教育議題融入素養導向教學，本研究結論為：一、深具性別意識且符應素養導向的教學設計方案，值得推廣；二、性別平等教育議題融入課程領域、方式及主題，需要全面巧推；三、性別平等教育議題素養導向教學設計的重構與深化，仍待努力。 The purpose of this study is to explore the core competence instructional design of gender equality education issues. The research text is a teaching plan collected by the “Gender Equality Education Issues Curriculum and Teaching Counseling Group of the Ministry of Education”. Through content analysis and text analysis, the research found that: 1. The understanding and acceptance of core competencies are increasing, but integration into the field has not yet been carried out; 2. The choice of core competencies, learning themes and substantive connotations of gender equality issues presents preferences; 3. The key elements of teaching design on the issue of gender equality should be strengthened. Therefore, in order to implement the integration of gender equality education into core competence instruction, this study calls for a lot of genderconscious and core competence instructional design schemes to be vigorously promoted; the integration of gender equality into curriculum field, methods and themes requires comprehensive and nudge; finally, the deepening of the core competence instructional design on the issue of gender equality still needs everyone to continue to work hard.

世界各國研究型大學為確保其國際競爭力，除了培養國內高等教育人才，也投入爭取他國之優秀人才（鄭英傑、張珍瑋，2021）。然而，單純的薪資並無法吸引高階的人才，給予這些人才的薪酬須採用更廣的角度來進行討論（Altbach et al., 2012）。英國高等教育發展歷史 悠久，自有吸引人才前去就職之誘因。本研究以多重個案研究，藉由研究不同類型的英國高等教育機構人事制度，並做個案之間的分析、比較後，試圖從中找出可供臺灣借鏡之處。研究發現：一、個案學校對其人事制度規範有掌控權；二、在不涉及損害學校利益的前提下， 個案學校對兼職採開放或鼓勵的態度；三、薪資架構具有彈性，且由勞資雙方協調談判而來；四、個案學校對其教師提供良好福利措施，除政府規定之基本福利、休假之外，新進教師有搬遷補助，倫敦地區的學校另提供倫敦加給（London allowance），協助教師舒緩龐大的生活壓力。透過本研究結果，期提供臺灣教育部門與人事機構調整高等教育機構人事制度之參據。 Research universities worldwide strive to recruit talent to remain competitive. Countries both cultivate talent through their higher education systems and recruit talent from abroad (Jheng & Chang, 2021). Salary is one of several factors that attract academics. Creating attractive employment packages is crucial for recruiting and retaining talent (Altbach et al., 2012). The UK higher education system has a long history and is considered to be exemplary. This study explored how the UK higher education system remains competitive in terms of attracting talent by investigating its personnel systems. Case studies were conducted on three institutions, namely the University of Cambridge, King’s College London of the University of London, and the University of Warwick, and their salary scales and regulations on their staff members’ work outside the university were compared. This study also explored the benefits of working at these institutions. The research findings indicate that the institutions have autonomy in determining their human resource policy. In contrast to Taiwanese universities, which have a one-size-fits-all pay structure, UK higher education institutions are not subject to government regulation. UK universities offer competitive packages to recruit talent. All three institutions in the case study also have some say over the work done by staff members outside the university. The UK has a single national pay structure that governs the salaries of university staff members. The pay structure, formally known as “the Higher Education Single Pay Spine,” is controlled by the University and College Union, which negotiates salaries, the pay structure, and employment conditions on behalf of UK higher education institutions. Although the vast majority of UK universities have adopted the Higher Education Single Pay Spine, the three institutions in this study have their own salary scales based on Higher Education Single Pay Spine. Staff members’ salaries are regulated internally, and they receive higher salaries than those stipulated by the Higher Education Single Pay Spine. The institutions also have flexible and negotiable pay frameworks. Institutions consider several factors to determine staff members’ salaries, but, in general, staff members are assigned a pay grade on the basis of their responsibilities, experience, position (e.g., Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Reader, and Professor are typical levels in the United Kingdom, whereas Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor are used in the US higher education system and some UK higher education institutions) and a corresponding spine value. The spine value corresponds to a predetermined salary in the pay structures and scales of each university, which are negotiated on the basis of the Higher Education Single Pay Spine. Flexibility means that staff members can negotiate their starting pay within a certain spine range. By being flexible, it does not necessarily mean that new staff members should work their way up the spine scale from the bottom. Besides, exceptional performance and academic contributions can also be rewarded through salary increases and one-off bonus payments. In addition, all three institutions are either open to or encourage their staff members to pursue consultancy or other external work if it does not affect their position in the university. The institutions have clear policies and procedures concerning external occupations such as private consultancy and contract research. All staff members must seek approval for external employment from their universities. Typically, the Heads of Faculties, Schools, Departments, or Divisions must approve their staff members’ external employment and ensure it does not affect their work in the university. Staff members must also maintain academic integrity as they pursue external employment. Some universities, such as the University of Cambridge, provide professional and legal support to help staff members with their external employment. This facilitates knowledge transfer, which benefits staff members, society, the economy, and the universities. Moreover, the institutions provide their staff members with benefits such as relocation support. Those in the Greater London area also provide an allowance and higher salaries to offset the high cost of living; this is referred to as a “London Allowance.” The study concludes by offering two recommendations to improve higher education in Taiwan in terms of recruiting talent. First, institutions should consider lifting the ban on private consultancy and other forms of external employment. These restrictions limit knowledge transfer and the influence of research. Taiwan should also support staff members’ use of commercial avenues to develop their ideas and expertise to benefit society. Second, institutions should develop flexible and competitive pay scales to attract talent. Taiwan has a one-size-fits-all pay structure for all staff members of publicly funded higher education institutions. This prevents institutions from recruiting talent from abroad. The competitive and negotiable pay scales in the UK higher education system and its other benefits are key factors that attract talent to the United Kingdom to make academic contributions; Taiwan can learn from this example.

Introduction: Over the past two decades, Esports has emerged as a prominent competitive field. With increasing levels of competition and the professionalization of events, the performance skills of Esports athletes have become a critical area of research. This study aimed to systematically review the academic literature on Esports athletes' performance skills from the past decade and validate these findings through interviews with experienced Esports practitioners. Methods: The first phase of this study involved a systematic literature review to collect and screen academic journals from the past decade related to Esports athletes' performance skills, from which key skills were identified. In the second phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten experienced domestic Esports practitioners. The interview data were analyzed and compared to the literature review findings using the established framework from the literature. Results: The systematic literature review yielded 46 relevant articles, from which 14 performance-related skills were identified. Classification of these skills based on the literature indicated that recent studies primarily focus on the psychological skills of Esports athletes, with a particular emphasis on self-regulation and inhibitory control skills, such as focus and stress adaptation. The interview results corroborated the skills identified in the literature review. Practitioners also highlighted the importance of hand-eye coordination/reaction time, cognitive flexibility/spatial cognition, stress adaptation, and teamwork as critical capabilities in Esports. Conclusion: The field of Esports performance skills represents a growing and interdisciplinary area of study, with many research questions yet to be explored. The findings from this systematic literature review and practitioner interviews provide a foundation for future research and practical applications by scholars and industry professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, international medical services have continued to flourish and reconfigure, leading to the current intense competition among medical institutions. Understanding loyalty in international patients and its related factors may be referenced and used to enhance loyalty among patients visiting a hospital, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of that medical institution. Purpose: This study was designed to explore the significant factors that influence the loyalty of international patients. Methods: The international medical services patient database of a northern medical center was used to extract information on patients who had received services from the international medical center between 2018 and 2022 (n = 3,325). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the increase in patient loyalty at each quartile, the estimated relative odds ratio (OR) of international patient loyalty, and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Potentially relevant factors controlled in the statistical model included: age, source of information from the unit, and total medical expenses. Results: This study found that the level of international medical service patient loyalty to the target hospital averaged approximately 15.1%. International medical service patient loyalty differed significantly by age group (45-64 years old), using non-internet sources for information, and spending at least 1 million NT dollars on medical expenses (p < .001). The information source used (OR: 1.72; p < .001; 95% CI [1.33, 2.23]) and total medical expenses (OR: 4.56; p < .001; 95% CI [3.49, 5.95]) were identified as significant predictors of loyalty. Conclusion/ Implications for Practice: It is hoped the results of this study provide a reference for institutions to promote international medical services, improve international competitiveness, and demonstrate the quality of medical care provided in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Learning” is a complex event.Individual's learning effect is affected by many factors.Moreover, different individuals have different learning habits.Therefore, it is challenging for students to plan their learning schedule reasonably according to their own characteristics.Although some general theoretical strategies for task management have been proposed, the differences among individuals are usually neglected.Furthermore, existing research cannot provide a calculation method to form a specific task mana-gement schedule.To this end, this paper tries to explore students'learning characteristics by deeply studying the relation between learning efficiency and time factor through data analysis.Based on this, it quantifies personalized learning efficiency.Furthermore, it exploits the bipartite graph method to construct the learning task assignment scenario, and designs adaptive utility function according to different learning goals.Then, a dynamic allocation algorithm TLTA based on transfer learning is proposed to formulate a reasonable schedule for students.Finally, a large number of experiments are carried out on real learning datasets, and the results validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed work.

The purpose of this study is to explore the history of the formation and development of teacher education in the early 19th century Massachusetts, United States. Through adapting historical research and documentary research, this study intends to understand the difficulties and controversies faced in teacher education reform in Massachusetts. The findings are as follows. First, the problems and deficiencies of teacher education before the beginning of the nineteenth century in Massachusetts were deeply affected by religious traditions, educational funding, and teacher recruitment mechanisms. Second, James G. Carter (1795-1849) proposed establishing a specific teacher training institution. Third, Charles Brooks (1795-1872) suggested imitating Prussian education experience and petitioned to establish Massachusetts state normal school. Fourth, Horace Mann (1796-1859) was the key figure in establishing the Massachusetts state normal school and resolving its related disputes. Fifth, the Massachusetts State Board of Education and the Massachusetts normal school were intervened by political factors and once encountered abolition crisis. Sixth, The Massachusetts state normal school operated by Cyrus Peirce (1790-1860) manifested the characteristic of the development of Massachusetts teacher training toward professionalization. This study proposes suggestions for future development of teacher training in Taiwan: First, reconciling the advantages of different teacher training channels and implementing a blueprint for teacher professional development. Second, focus academic research on teacher training and shaping a model institution for teacher training practice. Third, cultivate Taiwan teachers’ professional development based on domestic culture and environment, bearing global educational perspectives.

In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has enhanced the efficiency of medical services, accuracy of disease prediction, and innovation in the healthcare industry. Among the many advances, machine learning has become a focal point of development in various fields. Although its use in nursing research and clinical care has been limited, technological progress promises broader applications of machine learning in these areas in the future. In this paper, the authors discuss the application of machine learning in nursing research and care. First, the types and classifications of machine learning are introduced. Next, common neural machine learning models, including recurrent neural networks, transformers, and natural language processing, are described and analyzed. Subsequently, the principles and steps of machine learning are explored and compared to traditional statistical methods, highlighting the quality-monitoring strategies used by machine learning models and the potential limitations and challenges of using machine learning. Finally, interdisciplinary collaboration is encouraged to share knowledge between information technology and nursing disciplines, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various analytical models, continuously review the research process, and reflect on methodological limitations. Following this course, can help maximize the potential of artificial-intelligence-based technologies to drive innovation and progress in nursing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual autonomous fact-checking is a crucial response strategy to food safety misinformation. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the present study considered individual trust in and user experience of using a fact-checking platform and conducted a survey to explore the public’s behavioral intentions toward fact-checking. The results revealed that the hypothesis of trust as a mediator was partially supported. Perceived behavioral control was the most positive factor for promoting the public’s use of the fact-checking platform; furthermore, user experience, benevolence (trust), and competence (trust) could significantly and positively affect people’s fact-checking behavioral intentions. The results further indicated that the integrity (trust) revealed by the platform had significant and negative effects on individuals’ fact-checking behavioral intentions.

本研究旨在探究美國公共教育運動關鍵領導人物H. Mann的公共教育思想及其實踐作為。本研究採用歷史研究法與文件檔案分析法，以Mann的12次年度教育報告書為主要文本，嘗試從社會文化、經濟條件、學校教育內容、師資培育制度等面向探索Mann的公共教育思想內涵。本研究發現，十九世紀初美國人民因宗教、政治制度與經濟的影響，公共教育難以普及。Mann認為教育為人民的基本權利，可改善個人與社會經濟發展，為調節社經條件差異、消弭階級對立、達到社會平衡的重要機制。為實現公共教育普及之目的，Mann提出改善兒童學校出席率、延長公共學校學習時數、喚醒大眾公共教育意識、提升公共學校師資素質、有效整合公共教育資源、強化知識與道德教育等論述。最後，本研究根據Mann公共教育普及理念與其相關改革實踐，進行分析與討論。 This article aims to explore the thoughts and practices of Horace Mann, a key figure in the American common school movement. Historical research and document analysis methods were adopted in analyzing Mann’s Annual Educational Reports, as the main text, in order to explore Mann’s thoughts on the common school education from the perspectives of social culture, economic conditions, school education, and teacher training. This study found that the popularization of common school education in the United States in the early 19th century was influenced by religion, the political system, and the economy. Mann believed that education is a fundamental right of all people, with the potential to improve both personal and social economic development, thereby serving as an important mechanism in regulating socioeconomic inequalities, eliminating class conflicts, and achieving social balance. In order to achieve the goal of popular education, Mann advocated improving school attendance, extending school hours, improving the quality of common school teachers, awakening public awareness of education, effectively integrating common school education resources, and reinforcing intellectual and moral education. Finally, based on the research findings, this article conducts a comprehensive analysis and discussion of Mann’s thoughts on popularizing common school education and related reform practices.

Early diagnosis and early treatment of rare diseases can prevent severe disabilities and reduce social and medical costs. However, patients face a significant hardship due to the slow and challenging process for obtaining National Health Insurance (NHI) coverage for orphan drugs, as it delays access to lifesaving medications and creates financial burdens. This article outlines the process for listing in the NHI Pharmaceutical Benefits and presents two cases that illustrate the issues with the existing procedures. It concludes by proposing seven reform suggestions for the National Health Insurance Administration to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The recoverability of athletes at different performance levels may be dissimilar. This study aimed to compare differences in fatigue level and recovery ability between champions and those who did not make it to the top three in the taekwondo category of the National High School Games. Methods: Nine champions were assigned to the excellent group (EXG) and 15 athletes who did not make it to the top three were assigned to the general group (GEG). Before and after the match, countermovement jump (CMJ) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction were evaluated. The selected parameters were jump height, 50ms, 100ms and maximal rate of force development (50ms, 100ms and maximal RFD). The differences in fatigue and recoverability between groups were examined with paired sample t-tests; independent sample t-tests were used to compare differences in percentage change in fatigue and recoverability between groups. Results: The 50ms RFD, 100ms RFD, and maximal RFD after the first match of the GEG were significantly lower than their levels before the first match (p < .05), while the group did not show significant fatigue (p >.05). The jump height of both the GEG and the EXG was significantly lower than that at pre-match (p < .05). The GEG showed significantly higher percentage reductions in 50ms RFD and 100ms RFD than the EXG (p < .05). However, the percentage change in recoverability did not differ significantly between the groups (p >.05). Conclusions: The 50ms RFD, 100ms RFD, and max RFD of the GEG were significantly reduced after the first match, indicating the group's evident fatigue level. Percentage reductions in 50ms RFD and 100ms RFD after the first match were significantly higher in the GEG than in the EXG. Both groups' CMJ height before the second match did not return to the same level as that before the first match. This study suggests that 50ms RFD and 100ms RFD can be used as an evaluation index for taekwondo athletes to determine their degree of fatigue and whether they have a competitive advantage. CMJ height may be an indicator of recoverability of taekwondo athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to design the Modern Citizen Core Literacy Test with well reliability and validity for middle school students. To develop the test, the core competency index as well as the assessment framework of the International Civic and Citizenship Education Survey were used as references. The Modern Citizen Core Literacy Test is developed to reflect the life experiences of middle school students. To establish content validity of the test, a panel of experts from middle schools were invited to review the first version of the test. After a pilot study, the test was administered to a total of 1,479 students from 22 middle schools in Taiwan; they were recruited with stratified purposive sampling. Multi-dimensional Partial Credit Model was used to assess the model-data fit. Five-core literacy were identified: moral literacy, democracy literacy, scientific literacy, media literacy and aesthetic literacy. Moreover, the test showed sufficient internal consistency with person separation reliability ranging from .593 to .882. The Split-half reliability is .883. In addition, the present study adopted item response theory based validation procedure. The results revealed that five dimensions of the Modern Citizen Core Literacy Test exhibited an acceptable model-data fit. Criterion-related validity, interpretability evidence, generalizability evidence, and substantive evidence were all supported, indicating that the test has good reliability and validity.

臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例自1992 年7 月31 日制定公布，同年9 月18 日施行以來，先後歷經16 次修正。鑑於目前出現大陸資金未經主管機關許可來臺從事投資，影響我國資本市場秩序，本次修法將調高陸資未經 許可來臺投資之罰鍰上限，並將陸資投資事業規避主管機關檢查納入裁罰對象，以遏止陸資違法投資或違規之行為，另考量實務上不乏小額投資違規態樣，宜由主管機關依違法情節輕重及比例原則進行裁處。此次修正條文第93 條之1，將陸資未經許可來臺投資之罰鍰，由現行12 萬元至60 萬元，修正為12 萬元至2,500 萬元，主管機關可依違法情節輕重及比例原則，處以罰鍰。另依據行政罰法第18 條，若違法來臺陸資所得之利益，超過法定罰鍰最高額2,500 萬元，相關機關可再加以裁罰，不受法定罰鍰最高金額之限制。另外，此次修法也新增限期改正，否則可要求其撤 資，並得連續處罰至改正為止，相信可適用於大部分的案件，未來特殊案件也可思考如何予以強化。 The Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area was established on July 31, 1992 and enforced on September 18th of the same year with 16 amendments. Recently Taiwan’s financial market was in chaos due to unauthorized investments from China. To prevent such unlawful investments and transactions, this amendment will raise and maximize the fine for unauthorized investments from China, as well as set up an executive department responsible for putting the unlawful investors from China under investigation and making them liable. Considering the many actual cases involving illegal investments in small monetary value, it is most appropriate for the authority to determine the punishment based on the illegal action’s level of significance. This amendment of Article 93-1 shall change the scale of fines for unauthorized investments from China from the initial range of NT$ 120,000 to NT$600,000 to become NT$ 120,000 to NT$ 25,000,000. The authorities who are found to be linked to said illegal investments will also be punished according to the degree of severity and proportion of the violations with a fine. In addition, based on Article 18 of the Administrative Penalty Law, whereas the benefits of the unlawful investment in Taiwan exceed the maximum legal penalty of NT$ 25 million, the relevant organizations may impose additional punishments that are not limited by the stated maximum value of penalty. Moreover, the amendment also adds a time limit restriction for correction and if not satisfied, the investor will be demanded to withdraw their shares and be punished continuously until corrective action is done. This is believed to be appropriate for most cases. The article will be further amended in the future upon the occurrence of special cases.

Hospital emergency department (ED) crowding has led to an increase in patient waiting times; solving this problem requires a better understanding of the patient behavior. In this work, we adopt decision tree analysis which facilitate the interpretation and understanding of ED visits at Mackay Memorial Hospital, a representative ED in our country. Accordingly, a hybrid data mining approach is proposed to predict patients’ length of stay (LOS) and explain their associated characteristics under various LOSs, especially for frequent and non-urgent groups with shorter stays in the ED. With two datasets from the first half-years of 2009 and 2010 containing 40,849 and 43,708 records respectively, we verify the stability and robustness of the proposed approach. We confirm the qualified rules based on patient characteristics and treatment information extracted by the decision tree induction method for the patient population that primarily causes ED overcrowding—patients with non-urgent conditions and short ED stays—in terms of accuracy, medical clinical value and relatedness. We identify that patients with short LOSs demonstrated similar characteristics in visiting ED. We also identify that attributes such as treatment frequencies of laboratory testing, age, and mode of arrival are good indicators for predicting patients’ LOSs. The results clarify ED crowding in Taiwan and can guide investigations of ED overcrowding from the perspective of generalizing characteristics of visits. The results serve as a reference model for related ED research in a similar context for clinical decision support.

The Vietnamese envoys’ records during their diplomatic journeys to Beijing, especially poems and prose, have attracted increasing academic attention, from both international and local scholars. Some studies have comprehensively examined the Vietnamese envoys’ routes when visiting China, literary works, diplomatic strategies, and Confucian beliefs, such as the Taiwanese scholar Chen Yiyuan’s (陳益源) journal paper, which specifically problematizes the absence of filial expression related to the envoys’ journey in Xiaogan (孝感), Hubei Province. The systematic works of Liam C. Kelley and Peng Qian (彭茜) chiefly delineate the harmonious and normal communication based upon the long-developed cultural congruity between Vietnam and China. Their studies and other relevant research show the sophisticated impact of Chinese Confucianism on the Vietnamese envoys. However, there is so far insufficient investigation into the official representatives’ transformation and violation of Confucian manners and thoughts at specific historical moments. Hence, this paper intends to specify the practices of Confucian discourses in the final negotiation between the states of the Nguyễn and the Qing in 1883, both of which encountered the military threat from France and other Western countries. Our findings suggest that although those last envoys, including Phạm Thận Duật and Nguyễn Thuật, utilised a Sinocentric and Confucian manner to bargain with the Chinese for military aid, overall the Nguyễn adopted a Machiavellian approach instead. This means there was a division between political utility and ritual ethics, and the Vietnamese envoys, as pragmatic politicians, prioritized national security while discussing military aid in terms of Confucian rhetoric and values.

本研究運用行動研究建構性別素養指標，作為規劃性別融入醫學教育之課程指引、教學目標與學習評量工具。根據研究結果，性別素養指標分為核心與進階能力兩大學習階段，指標架構包含主要面向、衍伸主題及能力指標。兩大階段的主要面向分別是：性與性別、性別與人際關係、性別健康與醫療、性別權力與權益；診斷與治療、精神醫學與性別。而性別素養是兼具性別知識、態度與行動之統合能力。本研究認為藉由性別素養指標將性別鑲嵌入醫學教育中，其意義與價值在於透過系統性的性別素養學習，讓明日醫師對於不同性別者有一定的認識，讓不同性別者在近用醫療資源時，皆能獲得平等的就醫權益與服務，承傳起大學促進教育性別主流化與公平正義之社會責任。 Using an action research approach, this study aimed to develop gender competence indicators (GCIs) to construct a framework for mainstreaming gender into medical education. Based on research results, GCIs were divided into two major learning phases: a core competence phase and an advanced competence phase. The indicator framework was comprised of major domains, extended topics, and competence indicators. The major domains of the two learning phases consisted of: sex and gender, gender and interpersonal relationships, gender health and medicine, and gender power and rights; and diagnosis and treatment, and psychiatry and gender. Gender competence encompassed gender-related knowledge, attitudes, techniques, and action abilities. By integrating gender competence into medical education, GCIs will enable tomorrow’s doctors to systematically acquire adequate gender competence. As a result, people of different genders will enjoy equal rights and receive the same levels of service when accessing medical resources. Moreover, GCIs will enable universities to fulfill their social responsibilities with regard to gender mainstreaming, fairness, and justice.

近年來有愈來愈多的研究顯示，失智症家庭照顧者從照顧歷程中也能獲得正向意義與個人成長，雖然多數的研究表示照顧者仍飽受體力、心理與財務的困擾。本研究探討失智症家庭照顧者如何及以什麼樣的模式可由負向轉為正向的照顧經驗。本研究首先探討失智症家庭照顧者的負向經驗，再進一步探索有助於失智症家庭照顧者由負向轉為正向經驗的重要驅動力。本研究以深度訪談的方式，共計訪談 18 位失智症家庭照顧者，受訪者分別招募自中部及南部的兩個照顧者協會與一個醫學中心。訪談過程全程錄音，並繕打成逐字稿。本研究採用主題分析法，根據深度訪談中與重要驅動力有關的主題與次要主題內容加以分析。本研究發現，「樂觀的個性」、「互動關係」、「靈性」及「因應能力及技巧」均為失智症家庭照顧者轉化成正向經驗模式重要的驅動力因素。為數甚多的失智症家庭照顧者經常感受負面經驗，透過本研究的發現，希望能提供失智症家庭照顧者找到正向照顧經驗的方法與模式。本研究結果亦提供政府長期照顧政策決策者、學者、醫療從業人員及實務工作者，因應失智症家庭照顧面對的挑戰與需求時能有更深入的認識與瞭解。 In contrast to the general assumptions that people with dementia are a physical, psychological, and financial burden, recent studies have demonstrated that family caregivers can benefit and experience personal growth when caring for a family member with dementia. This study investigates the transformation of family caregivers when caring for a family member with dementia. This study first examined the negative experiences of family caregivers of people with dementia and then explored the triggers that helped change their experiences from negative to positive during caregiving. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 participants. The participants were recruited from two local care associations and one medical centre in central and southern Taiwan. Each interview was audio-recorded and data were transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis was performed to analyze the themes and subthemes related to the triggers. The findings revealed that optimistic characteristics, mutuality, spirituality, and coping abilities and skills are important triggers for developing a positive caregiving experience model. This study is intended to help family caregivers, who may often feel pessimistic, to have positive daily caregiving experiences. Moreover, the study provides government long-term care policymakers, scholars, and healthcare professionals and practitioners with a more comprehensive understanding of the caregiving challenges and needs of family caregivers.

本研究旨於為期超過一個學年的縱貫性追蹤研究，藉由一發展性研究計畫探討兩位個案教師發展數學臆測探究教學歷程。研究蒐集兩位個案教師課室觀察、反思、晤談與學生焦點團體訪談等資料，藉由持續比較分析方法與對於質性資料進行開放性譯碼及主軸譯碼，分析兩個案教師數學臆測探究教學實務之發展脈絡。研究發現，個案教師T1 數學臆測探究教學建立於具有良好社會性數學習常規之學生探究社群，在促進學生學習理解的前提下以策略性佈題協助學生在特殊化、系統化及一般化的脈絡中建構數學知識。另外，個案教師T2 以紀錄、樣式推論、論證三階段建構數學臆測探究教學模式，並在具有良好討論的課室情境裡，協助學生在小組探究中透過特殊化、系統化、一般化、反駁等策略培養數學思考能力。最後，本研究整合兩位個案教師數學測探究教學實務，提出以教學實務研究為基礎之數學臆測探究教學模式。 This paper reports on a longitudinal panel study from a developmental research project aimed at investigating two junior high school mathematics teachers’ teaching practice in developing conjecturing-inquiry teaching over an entire academic year. This study collected qualitative data through classroom observation, in-depth interviews, teachers’ reflections, and students’ focus group interviews. In addition, the data were analyzed by means of open coding, axial coding, and the constant comparative method of analysis. The results revealed that case teacher T1 based his conjecturing-inquiry teaching on the well-established socio-mathematical norms within students’ inquiry community. Furthermore, with the improvement of students’ conceptualization in mind, the teacher used a strategic problem-posing approach to help students construct mathematical knowledge in specialized, systemized and generalized contexts. On the other hand, case teacher T2 built a conjecturing-inquiry teaching model consisting of three phases: keeping records, inferring patterns, and argumentation. In addition, the teacher also maintained a favorable classroom environment for discussion and helped students to develop their mathematical thinking skills in small group inquiry activities, by using strategies such as specialization, systematization, generalization and refutation. Finally, this study integrated the teaching practice of the two case teachers, and put forward a research-based mathematical conjecturing-inquiry teaching model.

本橫斷調查研究目的在探討青少年於自覺健康、身體意象與幸福感的差異性及中介效果。本研究以分層叢集抽樣方式選取高雄市國中、高中及大學一年級共計1,129位學生為研究對象，以三種自編量表蒐集青少年自覺健康、身體意象與幸福感的現況。首先，以探索性及驗證性因素分析及內部一致性信度檢驗量表之信度與效度，再以描述性統計、獨立性t檢定、單因子變異數分析，比較不同背景的青少年在自覺健康、身體意象及幸福感的差異情形，最後，使 用結構方程模式檢驗青少年自覺健康、身體意象、幸福感間相關性與預測力。本研究發現，七年級學生的自覺健康與身體意象總分顯著高於高一及大一學生，男學生自覺健康與身體意象總分顯著高於女學生，而女學生的幸福感顯著高於男學生，青少年的身體意象對於自覺健康及幸福感具有顯著完全中介效果。本研究建議融入健康教育理論與實務於各級學校和各學科領域課程與教學及各類型活動中，以引導青少年樹立正確身體意象觀念及提升幸福感。 This survey investigated the relationships between the health awareness, body image, and well-being of Taiwanese adolescents. The mediation effects of students’ health awareness on the relationship between their body image and well-being were explored. A total of 1,129 adolescents were selected through stratified random sampling from seven junior high schools (seventh-grade students), six senior high schools (tenth-grade students), and five universities in Kaohsiung (freshmen). Three well-structured scales—health awareness, body image, and well-being scales—were conducted to measure adolescents’ health awareness, body image, and well-being. Subsequently, data from the measurements were compared by conducting individual t-tests, one-way analyses of variance, and structural equation modeling. The results revealed that the seventh-grade students possessed significantly higher scores on the health awareness and body image parameters compared with the tenth-grade students and freshmen. The adolescent boys possessed significantly higher total scores on the health awareness and body image parameters compared with the adolescent girls. The well-being total score of the adolescent girls was significantly higher than that of the adolescent boys. In addition, this study provides evidence to support the fact that adolescents’ body image is a mediating factor between health awareness and well-being. This study adds empirical evidence and provides insights into how grade and gender differences can be integrated in planning and implementing effective pedagogical strategies for increasing adolescent’ health awareness, body image, and well-being in Taiwan.

Agriculture in Taiwan is facing problems such as population aging and labor shortage. Therefore, effectively managing the crops in the planting process is often impossible, easily exposing them to disease threats and leading to heavy losses. This study builds a crop disease detection system and applies it to apple scab, tomato early blight, late blight, and leaf mold. The system first collects apple and tomato crop photos and crop disease data from the Plantvillage dataset on the Kaggle platform. Secondly, according to the crop dataset, the crop type recognition and leaf detection model is trained to identify crop types and detect plant leaves. Finally, the detected leaves are inputted into the disease recognition model for disease detection, and the plants infected with the disease are found. The crop detection system intends to help farmers improve the efficiency of monitoring crop disease through aerial cameras so that farmers can treat plants early and avoid agricultural impacts caused by crop disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As populations age, average life expectancy increases and the complexity of diseases rises, leading to nursing care and healthcare systems facing severe challenges related to inadequate resources. Artificial intelligence (AI), including elements such as investigation, integration, learning, prediction, and decision-making, holds significant potential for application in clinical care not only to enhance care quality but also to help guide the future direction of healthcare. AI applications are already being increasingly utilized to improve the quality of clinical care and to streamline workflows. However, because nursing education has lagged behind in terms of adopting AI, greater attention must be given to training up nursing students with AI-related knowledge and application skills. AI technologies should be integrated into nursing curricula and clinical internships to adapt to the rapidly changing high-tech healthcare environment, enabling the more-effective use of AI technology in providing high-quality and safe nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study used artificial intelligence and strategic management to predict sports industry development in Taiwan. Through public government information, we aimed to determine the dynamics of the sports industry and analyze the current situation of domestic sports industries and sports industry sectors. We also explored national sports policies and development issues to construct a Taiwan Sports Industry Gross Domestic Product Forecasting Model that aligns with the requirements of government agencies and the sports industry. Methods: This study explored time series data for 12 sports industries and 40 sports industry sectors from 2009 to 2018. We used artificial neural networks to predict future gross domestic product (GDP). We also used the moving average method to calculate the trend direction and used strategic management and brand positioning analysis to analyze industry positioning and trend development. Results: Only one sports industry, Sports Venue or Facility Construction, had an optimistic forecast for growth, while the GDP of the remaining 11 sports industries was predicted to decline. The average GDP forecasting accuracy for the sports industry was 94% in 2017 and 97.2% in 2018. Among the 40 sports industry sectors, eight had growth forecasts, while the GDP of the other 32 sectors was predicted to decline. The average GDP forecasting accuracy for sports industry sectors was 99.5% in 2017 and 99.4% in 2018. In the strategic matrix analysis, all 12 sports industries showed a growth trend. All sports industries showed a consistent upward trend in the GDP time series, indicating overall continuous growth in the sports industry. Similarly, among the 40 sports industry sectors, the Star and Cash Cow sectors showed growth trends and trend lines in the strategic positioning matrix and GDP time series. In contrast, the Question Marks and Dogs sectors showed declining trends and trend lines. Conclusion: This study makes six specific recommendations: (1) Seek solutions for the sports industry through prediction and estimation, (2) use strategic management to chart the course for developing the sports industry, (3) explore and propose future trends in the sports industry, (4) explore and propose future trends in the various sports industry sectors, (5) define the scope of the sports industry and address significant data management and its implications, and (6) foster research and development in technology management and its academic applications. These recommendations aim to provide valuable insights and guidance for the advancement and strategic planning of the sports industry, considering future trends and technological advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is critical for industrial and economic advancement, as well as a driving force for sustainable development. In turn, reducing energy consumption for sustainability and both tracking and managing energy efficiently have become critical challenges. In this research, we analyzed electricity consumption from the perspective of load profiling, which charts variations in electrical load during a specified period in order to track energy consumption of an annealing furnace in a co-operating steel forging plant. We made a preliminary proposal to use a symbolic time-series data mining framework for electricity consumption analysis. First, we adopted a piecewise aggregate approximation (PAA) approach to perform dimension reduction. Then, we refined the distance measure of the symbolic aggregate approximation (SAX) algorithm. SAX is a symbolic representation of time-series for dimensionality reduction and indexing with a lower-bounding distance measure. Our experimental results showed that the dimension reduction method known as PAA can better detect the state of the annealing furnace compared to the fixed feature point (FFP) method. In addition, the refined lower-bounding distance measure proved to be better than the traditional measure for calculating the similarity between energy load profiles. The results can help the plant conduct further normal and abnormal electricity pattern detection.

初任教師在離開師培機構、進入教育現場之後，往往容易深陷初任教職的泥淖，產生所謂現實的震撼。他們在投入教學的過程中，透過不斷的調整與轉化，慢慢摸索與試圖建立屬於自己的學科教學知識，這樣的歷程值得深究。為探討國中公民科初任教師學科教學知識之發展歷程，本研究採用質性研究取向，以深度訪談為主要蒐集資料方法，輔以觀察及文件分析，探討兩位公民科教師的學科教學知識，希冀藉由本研究之結論與建議，對相關研究者或教學者有所啟發，亦期能作為師培單位之參考。 After graduating from teacher preparation institutions, beginning teachers often get stuck in their school job, and experience reality shock. Through several adjustments and changes in their teaching processes, beginning teachers gradually explore and establish their own pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). With two beginning junior high school teachers as the subjects, the purpose of this research is to explore how they develop their PCK in the area of civic education. Adopting a qualitative approach, the data sources in this study included classroom observation, interviews and documents. It is hoped that the findings and suggestions of this study will be of interest to other teachers and researchers, and also provide valuable information for teacher education institutions.

本研究旨在探究兩位國小教師在進行數學補救教學培育課程前、後，自我覺知數學教學知識的改變及其在實踐數學補救教學時，所呈現的數學教學知識整合樣貌。首先，研究者提供「國小教師數學教學知識知覺量表」與問卷給予兩位教師評估自身之數學教學知 識現況；其次，再以他們進行「整數四則混合計算」與「周長與面積」等兩個單元之數學補救教學錄影資料，分析其數學教學知識的整合情形；最後，根據兩位教師在數學補救教學培育課程前、後所填寫之量表與問卷，分析他們自我覺知數學教學知識的改變， 以及數學補救教學培育課程對其數學教學知識的影響。研究結果顯示：1. 兩位教師在培育課程前，對自身數學教學知識之知覺存在差異；2. 兩位教師經過數學補救教學培育課程後，自覺數學教學知識各面向皆有成長；3. 兩位教師在實踐數學補救教學中，其展現 的數學教學知識整合亦具有一致性；4. 兩位教師經過數學補救教學培育課程後，更保守地評估自己的數學補救教學知識，其對於數學教學知識的自覺呈現一致性。 Focusing on two participating elementary school teachers, this study investigated the selfawareness of their changes in mathematical pedagogical content knowledge after attending mathematics remedial instruction courses. This study also examined the overall performances of their mathematical pedagogical content knowledge when they engaged in mathematics remedial instruction practices. First, the researchers presented the teachers with a questionnaire on “Selfperception of Mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Elementary School Teachers” in order to assess their mathematical pedagogical content knowledge prior to the study. Second, based on videotape recordings during their classroom teaching of two math remedial units on “the four fundamental operations of integers” and “perimeter and area”, the researchers analyzed the extent as to how well the teachers were able to successfully integrate different components of mathematical pedagogical content knowledge into their teaching practices. Finally, the teachers’ awareness of their changes in mathematical pedagogical content knowledge was analyzed from the results of the questionnaires they took before and after attending the mathematics remedial instruction courses. Impacts of the mathematics remedial instruction courses on the teachers’ mathematical pedagogical content knowledge were also explored. The results indicate that differences do exist between the two teachers’ self-perceptions of mathematical pedagogical content knowledge before attending the mathematics remedial instruction courses. In addition, after attending mathematics remedial instruction courses, both participating teachers improved their mathematical pedagogical content knowledge. Moreover, it is noted that the two teachers demonstrated quite similar overall performances in combining the various components of mathematical pedagogical content knowledge during their mathematics remedial instruction practices. After attending the mathematics remedial instruction courses, both teachers tended to assess their pedagogical knowledge in mathematics remedial instruction more cautiously and also showed similar and consistent self-awareness of their changes in mathematical pedagogical content knowledge.

一對一數位學習觀念已逐漸被社會所接受，但對實際教學現場的影響仍十分有限；這是 因為將數位學習落實於教室，進而形成「數位學校」仍遭遇許多困難。研究團隊歷經十多年 發展，自 2009 年，以長期採納實踐的模式為主，探索並驗證學生、教師與家長投入數位學習 的意願與改變，逐步發展支援親師生的數位學習模式與平台，目標分別為：學生利用各式的 數位資源主動投入自主學習或同儕互動；教師發展與落實數位教學的能力與課程；家長善用 數位設備與資源來幫助學生。目前導入至數位學校已 6 年，發展全國第一所由家長為自己孩 子採購電腦的 BYOD 模式，並達成學生學科成就明顯提升、教師學與教的典範轉移與家長態 度從忐忑到信任等成果。後續將基於此成果與模式持續推廣與擴散。 Although the notion of one-to-one learning technology is a recent development, its impact on schools has thus far been limited. To develop a feasible model for digital schools based on one-to-one learning technology, the present study employed an adoption-based research methodology to investigate how students, teachers, and parents have engaged with digital learning platforms since 2009. Through the process of understanding their willingness to use digital learning platforms as well as reasons for changing for better learning and teaching, the researchers gradually developed digital learning models and corresponding platforms. The study objectives are described as follows: (1) to facilitate students’ active participation in self-directed learning and collaborative learning by using various digital resources; (2) to assist teachers in developing their capabilities for adopting digital teaching in classrooms; and (3) to assist parents in helping their children through appropriate use of digital devices. Based on these objectives, the present study established the first digital school in Taiwan using a bring-your-own-device model, where parents prepare personal tablet computers for their children. The results show that learning outcomes significantly improved among the students. In addition, the teachers transformed the paradigm of learning and teaching in classrooms, and the parents developed trust in digital learning. Based on these outcomes, the model designed in this study could be used in schools in the future.

本文主要是探究中國大陸中小學教師「國培計畫」的起源與發展，分析「國培計畫」的內涵、配套措施與實施成效，並歸納以上研究結果，提出對我國教師在職進修的啟示。本研究方法採取質性研究法，研究策略是採取文獻探討、田野調查、檔案分析與半結構式訪談，並於2012 年實地前往中國大陸陝西師範、西南大學教師教育研究室、教師進修中心、中小學等，並與大學教授與研究生、官員、中小學教師等進行訪談，本研究運用資料來源的多元性與資料種類多元性以進行三角檢正，並互惠互重以維護研究倫理。該計畫是由中央政府進行整體統籌，透過師資培育大學提供培育人才，並由地方政府連絡當地教師，規劃教師參訓時間，同時配合實習生頂替教師的方式協助安排調代課事宜，讓教師可以放心參訓。研究中提出中國大陸未來進行國培計畫的規劃應該再加強分層分類且適性化的培訓內容與目標，並於教師進修規劃應納入教師主動選擇與意願，增進教師參與動力與自主選擇權，並使培訓機構及學員間成為一個連續且相互交流的動態歷程。最後，培訓結果的評鑑應有系統的管理機制與反饋，使培訓效果更能掌握。儘管政治體制不同，但我國的教師培訓制度在實施精神與方式有其相似之處，值得做為我國未來規劃教師培訓之參考。 The study mainly explored the origins and development of the “National Teacher Inservice Training Program” for the primary and secondary school teachers in China, and analyzed the connotation, supporting measures and implementation outcomes of the national training plan. Finally, the writers summarized the above findings, pointing out their implications to teacher in-service training for the primary and secondary school teachers of Taiwan. Using qualitative research method, the research strategies adopted in this study included literature review, field investigation, document analysis, and semistructured interviews. Field studies to visit Shaanxi Normal University, Southwest of China University of Teacher Education Research Laboratory, teacher education centers, and primary and secondary schools were conducted in 2012, involving interviews with university professors and graduate students, officials, and primary and secondary school teachers. Diversified information sources and data were included to help the triangulation process. Moreover, the authors always kept in mind the mutual benefit and mutual respect in order to maintain the research ethics. The program was conducted by the central government while trainees were acquired through universities of education. On the other hand, local governments were in charge of contacting the teachers and managing the time of training as well as the interns to substitute the classes so that teachers could attend the training willingly with no doubts. The study suggested that the “National Teacher In-service Training Program” of primary and secondary schools in China can be improved along the gollowing lines. First, there should be a hierarchical classification and adaptive training in terms of contents and objectives. In addition, in order to enhance teachers’ motivation and subjectivity, their feedback and choices should be taken into consideration, regarding the training institutions and trainees as a continuous and dynamic process of mutual exchange. Finally, it is necessary to set up a systematical mechanism and management methods responsible for the evaluation of the training program in order to ensure its effectiveness. Although the regime of China is different from that of Taiwan, the spirits and modes of the teacher training system in these two countries are similar, and therefore the national teacher in-service training program in China is worthy to be the reference for Taiwan in the future.

Background: Motivation is an important factor in disease management for diabetic patients. However, motivational strengthening interventions have been inadequately effective in effecting behavior change in this group. Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the effect of a motivational interview intervention on self-efficacy, self-care behavior, and blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The target population comprised patients with type 2 diabetes in two medical wards of a regional hospital in the southern Taiwan. The 112 participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 56) and control group (n = 56). Over a three month period, the experimental group received 6 motivational interview sessions of 50 minutes each in addition to usual diabetes care, while the control group received usual diabetes care on the ward. Both groups completed the demographic questionnaire, Chinese version of Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, Diabetes Self-Care Behavior Scale, glycosylated hemoglobin level pre-test, and 3 months post-test survey. The results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 for Windows. Results: A total of 55 patients in the experimental group and 52 patients in the control group completed the study. After analysis, significant inter-group differences in self-efficacy and self-care behavior were found between the experimental group and the control group at pre-test and three-month post-test (p < .001). For the experimental group, the three-month post-test score and glycated hemoglobin value were higher than at pre-test. The three-month posttest value was significantly lower (p < .001) than the pre-test value, and the change effect in the experimental group was better than that in the control group. There was a significant difference in the stages of change between pre-test and posttest (χ² = 43.89, p < .001), and the change effect in the experimental group was better than that in the control group. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: The proposed motivational interview intervention can help patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to medical wards improve their self-efficacy, self-care behavior, and glycated hemoglobin values. In the future, nursing education should improve the teaching of motivational interview skills to allow nurses to conduct effective interviews quickly during treatment, increase their patients' motivation to self-control blood sugar, and enable patients to learn blood sugar control skills before discharge to achieve effective blood sugar control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of long-term care litigation cases has increased over the recent years due to an increasing number of people using long-term care services. This study adopted retrospective analysis and collected a total of 164 long-term care dispute litigation cases from 2002 to 2021, derived from the database of Judicial Yuan in Taiwan. Descriptive statistics was used to analysis data which includes numbers and percentage of each variable. Inferential analysis adopted Pearson's chi-squared test to compare whether two different classification variables are related. The results show that the ligation cases of home-based and communitybased services have been increasing since 2017; the largest number of defendants are the employers of long-term care institution (98.17%), followed by long-term care personnel and nurses. The win rate of care recipients is 33.54%. Residential institutions are often accused of malpractice. The number of comorbidities and the basis of right of claims are statistically significant with the percentage of wins in lawsuit. This study would offer suggestions that the long-term care institutions and personnel would gain a deeper understanding of the empirical situation of care disputes, so as to improve the safety of the care service and the quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refomation of German long-term care in 2008 has made the care needs assessment procedure become much more complicated and incomprehensible. Moreover, the lack of legal stability and interpretation of law become serious issues. Therefore, on June 2023, German legislators once again initiated a reformation of long-term care, which includes (i) systematization of care needs assessment procedure; (ii) the electrical transmission becomes a delivery method for recommendation of care needs assessment method/result from 1 December 2023; (iii) Federal Medical Services became in charge of amending and publishing assessment guidelines and (iv) conducting projects and studies in order to enhance the assessment procedure for next reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary school students in Taiwan have experienced a decline in mathematics performance since 2012. A significant decrease was first observed in 2015, and by 2018, student performance had reached a record low. However, international mathematics assessments conducted in 2019 and 2022 have showed a recovery, with the performance of high school students in Taiwan reaching a level equivalent to, or close to, that of Singapore, the top-performing country. The purpose of this research is to analyze this U-turn in mathematics performance and to propose a number of policy-related explanations. Findings show that changes in student characteristics across survey years do not account for the decline, but in one case, do partially account for the rebound. Notably, the decline occurred after 2014 when the senior high school entrance examination was modified from a norm-referenced, to a criterion-referenced, examination in which test scores in each tested subject were reduced to merely seven ranks. The higher-performing student cohorts that contributed to an upward trend after the decline overcame possibly negative influences of the new grading system, and were subject to more coherent curricular guidelines in learning mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mystery fiction is a popular pleasure reading genre in Taiwan. This article describes a grounded theory study that explored the reading pleasures and selection behavior of mystery fans. Based on the in-depth interview with 21 engaged mystery readers, this study identified seven types of reading pleasures, i.e., a sense of achievement from puzzle solving, feelings of amazement from the revelation of truths, satisfaction of curiosity for the unknown, a sense of compensation from seeing justice, senses of empathy and sympathy from identifying with the story characters, and the reflection of the social issues and values raised in the stories. The charms of mystery fiction may be systematically described by following four of Hudson’s (1910) conceptualization of fiction elements: i.e. the plot, characters, time and place, and the author’s view of life prevailed in the stories. In regards to readers’ selection behavior, this study identified four selection approaches commonly used by the experienced readers to discover works that possibly meet their expectations, i.e., the subgenre-oriented, author-oriented, series-oriented, and story-oriented approaches. In addition, six factors may influence readers’ selection of works, i.e., availability of expert comments, trust and confidence in the publishers, book award information, adaptation into movies or television, quality of translation, and first impression of the physical books.

This study aims to explore the students’ viewpoints on the functions of vocational schools, as well as the connection between their vocational identity and their opinions on the functions of schools. After understanding the students’ views of the practical support their schools have provided, the curricula and learning goals of vocational schools were reexamined. Ten in-service vocational school students, between the ages of 18-22, were invited to participate in this study. Each student was interviewed individually by the researchers for approximately 60 minutes and they were asked to use mind maps to express their viewpoints. The results showed that students regarded the vocational school as a means to obtain diplomas and professional licenses, a place to get to know friends, and a place to escape from the pressures of reality. Students with higher vocational commitment tended to care about their careers more deeply. In order to obtain a degree or professional licenses, a higher salary, and greater self-affirmation, these students actively engaged in learning. Students with lower vocational commitment tended to be in the stage of career exploration as they kept searching for career goals. They were confused by their current jobs and with the school curriculum; however, when an identified career role model or a hopeful vision was demonstrated to them, some students with lower vocational commitment would be stimulated to gain a positive career motivation and expressed the flexibility to have a career/life change.

Peer review is a self-regulation mechanism for scientific inquiry. Institutionalized and incorporated into the structure and operation of science, it has received considerable support in the academic setting. The legitimacy of peer review is based on trust and integrity. In various ways, it allocates scarce resources such as journal space, research funding, faculty recruitment, recognition, and rewards for academic achievements. But there are growing indications that peer review has yet to fulfill its potential functions, leading to negative assessments as to whether it is effective, efficient, or reliable. Many studies have found links between potential sources of bias and judgments in peer review and expressed reservations over the fairness of the process. It is, therefore, important that the peer review process should be subjected to serious scrutiny and regular evaluation that would lead to better quality and greater fairness. This study presents a systematic review of the empirical literature on peer review of journal manuscripts, grant applications, and faculty appointments and promotions. Historical and contextual information is provided as a basis for interpreting this review. Finally, the authors discuss international recommendations for good practice in peer review and the potential and problems of peer review and bibliometrics. (Article content in Chinese with English extended abstract)

隨著科技、網路的進步，以及資訊的高速生產與散布，各類降低交易成本的平台及新應用不斷推陳出新，其多具有雙邊／多邊市場的特性，各國競爭法主管機關遂日趨重視既有的分析工具能否與如何因應雙邊／多邊市場所帶來的競爭法議題。我國公平交易委員會亦開始在結合案與處分案中嘗試使用雙邊／多邊市場理論。本文先分析雙邊／多邊市場的市場特性與雙邊／多邊平台的相應競爭策略，次則探討雙邊／多邊市場對競爭主管機關帶來的挑戰與相關競爭政策爭議。最後經評析公平交易委員會歷年來涉及雙邊／多邊市場的相關決定與處分案例後，本文建議未來公平交易委員會在執法上，宜繼續關注特定雙邊／多邊平台因所處雙邊／多邊市場特性，而採取的排他性行為對市場創新的可能不利影響，以及大型企業集團多角化結合設立之雙邊／多邊平台的市場力量，與以整體營業額分析本身即跨領域經營諸多不同事業之雙邊／多邊平台業者的市場占有率，可能衍生之盲點等特殊問題，同時應審慎評估套用10%市場占有率門檻評估雙邊／多邊平台，所為之獨家交易、搭售或其他交易限制，是否會過度干預雙邊／多邊市場的創新行為與市場競爭機制。 Burgeoning two-sided/multi-sided platforms have brought about new antitrust issues concerning whether the traditional analytical tools for antitrust review shall be directly applied to two-sided/multi-sided markets. This article explores the characteristics of two-sided/multi-sided markets, the competitive strategies of twosided/ multi-sided platforms, and the challenge to and issues of antitrust enforcement and competition policy arising from two-sided/multi-sided markets. Then in light of decisions of Taiwan Fair Trade Commission (“Taiwan FTC”) concerning two-sided/multi-sided markets, the author suggests Taiwan FTC pay more attention to foreclosure activities adopted by two-sided/multi-sided platforms and their possible adverse effect to innovation. In addition, Taiwan FTC should also be wary of the market power possibly enjoyed by the two-sided/multi-sided platforms jointly established by several large-sized and leading enterprises by means of conglomerate mergers and its ripple effect. Moreover, the market share of one twosided/ multi-sided platforms owned by a conglomerate operating diverse business should not be calculated based upon the total revenue of that conglomerate. Finally, to avoid over intervention in innovation and competition of two-sided/multi-sided markets, Taiwan FTC should rethink if it is appropriate to use 10% market share as a threshold to evaluate exclusive contracts, tying, or other restrictive activities conducted by two-sided/multi-sided platforms.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the history of character and moral education (CME) during the past 65 years in Taiwan to form a complete image of CME and provide suggestions for the formulation and implementation of the 12-Year Basic Education Curriculum Guidelines. Concretely, the researchers reviewed the documents and literature of CME and divided the history from 1949 to 2014 into three phases - the Martial Law Phase, the Post-Martial Law Phase, and the 9-Year Curriculum Phase. During the Martial Law Phase, although CME was taught as a stand-alone subject, it played a role in transmitting political ideology. During the Post-Martial Law Phase, the goal was to implement a student-centered curriculum, but the period was too short to achieve total transformation. During the 9-Year Curriculum Phase, CME was omitted from the Curriculum Guidelines and replaced by the ‘Character and Moral Education Improving Project’ proclaimed by the Ministry of Education. As a result, CME was passively infused into the curriculum during this phase. Finally, the researchers proposed several suggestions as follows: The centrality of CME should be emphasized in the National Curriculum Guidelines to correspond to the public’s expectations and current international trends. Concrete contents of CME should be actively incorporated into the Curriculum Guidelines of each learning area in order to ensure effective integration and applicable transformation. Also, CME should be fully implemented in the 12-Year Basic Education Plan and include values of social justice and multiple developmental strategies.

The trend toward electronic government has espoused a large quantity of electronic records, which challenge the existing records management models in the modern countries. This paper describes and compares the development and transition toward electronic records management in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia to show how the three advanced countries evolved the government records management practices. The analysis emphasized on the holistic policy initiative perspective and compared the directives and regulations, research and development programs and plans, the emerging structures of governance, staffing and professional training, and risk management provisions. The comparison may shed lights on the government electronic management in the other countries. (Article content in Chinese with English extended abstract)

本研究針對525 位學校教育人員、學生家長與民間團體代表進行全國性問卷調查，以瞭解其對於我國品德教育實施現況與問題及面臨十二年國教課程改革之看法。結果顯示：一、品德教育在各教育階段採多元但隨機方式實施，其中個人品德修養與團體規範的教育成效尚佳，但較缺乏公民意識與道德思辨能力之養成；二、品德教育實施之主要困難來自媒體與家庭負面影響，以及師生未予以積極重視；三、受試者對於應著重的品德核心價值與道德議題有所共識；四、單獨設科為多數教育人員與家長期望之品德課程模式；五、十二年國教品德教育須強化的配套措施含師資、教材、網路資源、行政支援與親職教育等。最後，根據分析結果，本研究提出相關的討論與初探性的建議。 A national survey of 525 educators, parents, and civic groups was conducted to determine their perception of the status quo of character and moral education in Grades 1 to 12 as well as their suggestions for the curriculum reform of 12-year basic education. The results indicate that (1) the implementation of character and moral education is diverse and nonsystematic, (2) negative influences of media and family and the ignorance of teachers and students are among the major difficulties in implementing moral and character education, (3) a consensus on the core values and moral issues that should be addressed in 12-year basic education has been attained, (4) most educators and parents prefer that character and moral education be taught as a timetabled subject, and (5) accompanying measures related to the implementation of 12-year basic education include teacher education, instructional materials, Internet resources, administrative support, and parent education. Finally, the results are discussed, and preliminary recommendations for character and moral education in 12-year basic education are proposed.

為提高大學生的學習效果，大學教師的教學型態已從「傳統講述」轉變為「問題導向、團體討論、行動實作、即時應用與批判思考為主軸」的教學。問題導向學習源於醫學教育，係以學生為中心，盼透過實際問題，幫助學生以小組合作方式解決難題；而行動學習則是強調做中學與主動建構的體驗課程，除善用團隊的批判思考與反省激盪外，也期望能解決真實問題。因此，結合問題導向與行動學習特色的新課程教學模式，頗值得大學院校推動「翻轉課程教學型態」時參考。本篇首先探討問題導向與行動學習的基本概念，其次探究問題導向行動學習的運作方式與應用，期望提出結論與建議供大學院校推動課程教與學的革新時參考。 “Flipped Classroom” was currently an important issue in higher education of Taiwan. In order to improve undergraduates’ transfer of learning, professors changed teaching style from traditional lecture into problem-based, group discussion, practice doing, immediate use and critical thinking. Problem-based learning originated in the medical education. This kind of learning helped students build a team in order to solve the actual problems. Action learning emphasized the importance of “learning by doing” and “active construction”. They solved the real problems through critical thinking and reflection of team members. Therefore, the integration of problem-based learning and action learning was the new teaching trend. This paper explored the integration of problem-based learning and action learning in higher education. First of all, the fundamental concepts of problem-based learning and action learning were described. Secondly, the process of problem-based action learning were elaborated. The study also found out how to practice the problem-based action learning. Finally, feasible suggestions giving insight into teachers in higher education were proposed.

In line with the Taiwan government's 2030 bilingual national policy, nursing education must emphasize the importance of enhancing English proficiency, developing international competitiveness, and fostering global literacy. English is used as the medium of instruction (EMI) in nursing education with the main goal of conveying professional knowledge and skills through effective communication and linguistic awareness. The achievement of this goal may be enhanced by the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and software to assist teachers and students improve their linguistic awareness. EMI curricula provide to students of different nationalities opportunities to learn and appreciate multicultural perspectives, allowing them to practice respect for different cultural perspectives, cooperate in international learning environments, and build global competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]