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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic characteristics of measles and rubella in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2013 to 2022， and to provide data support for the elimination of measles and rubella.MethodsEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect IgM antibodies in serum samples. The sequence of 630 nucleotides at the C-terminal of N gene of measles virus was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the phylogenic tree was constructed.ResultsA total of 1 529 suspected cases of measles were detected from 2013 to 2022， among which the positive rate of measles IgM antibody was 33.55% （513/1 529）. The highest positive rate （20.73%） was from March to May ， and the positive rate of rubella IgM antibody was 6.80% （104/1 529）. The positive rate of both IgM was higher in males than that in females （P

Objective To evaluate the severity and features of pelvic coronal plane tilt in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who had lumbar curvature during the gait cycle. Methods AIS patients with lumbar curvature and patients with microcurvature (Cobb Angle less than 10 degrees) treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2020 to February 2023 were retrospectively included. According to PUMC conservative classification system and Spinal Full-length Standing X-ray, AIS patients with lumbar curvature were enrolled. The bilateral iliac crest was used as the bony marker of the pelvic coronal surface, and the bilateral iliac crest height and its changes were measured during the standing position and walking cycle, so as to evaluate the degree of pelvic coronal tilt in AIS patients with lumbar curvature. Results A total of 209 AIS patients with lumbar curvature and 36 patients with microcurvature who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. The proportion of AIS patients with lumbar curvature who had a 'congruent' relationship between the higher iliac crest and the convex side of the spine in standing position (iliac crest lower on the convex side than on the concave side) was significantly higher in AIS patients with lumbar curvature than patients with microcurvature(58.9% vs. 30.6%, P=0.002). AIS patients with lumbar curvature had statistically different bilateral iliac crest height change values throughout the gait cycle (including minimum, maximum, swing phase minimum, and swing phase maximum) (all P < 0.001), and the iliac crest height change values on the convex side were significantly higher than those on the concave side (all P < 0.05), whereas the patients with microcurvature did not have any statistically significant bilateral iliac crest height change values throughout the gait cycle (all P > 0.05). Conclusion The height of the iliac crest on the convex side of the lumbar spine is lower than that on the concave side in the standing position of AIS patients with lumbar curvature, and the value of the change of the iliac crest on the convex side of the pelvis is greater than that on the concave side in walking to maintain the balance of the body, which may provide a new direction for the intervention in the clinical rehabilitation treatment of AIS patients with lumbar curvature.

Objective To analyze the correlation between juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (JIS) patients with lumbar and thoracic scoliosis and the degree of pelvis obliquity in standing position and during walking. Methods The patients with JIS(Cobb≥10°) admitted into Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2020 to December 2022 and non-JIS patients(Cobb < 10°) during the same period were retrospectively included. According to the results of anteroposterior X-ray of the whole spine in the standing position, JIS patients were divided into a group with lumbar/thoracolumbar scoliosis (group A) and a group without lumbar/thoracolumbar scoliosis (group B). The change value of the bilateral iliac crest height, used as osseous landmarks, was measured in standing position and during walking. Bilateral iliac crest heights and their change values were measured in standing position and during the walking cycle to analyze the degree of pelvic coronal tilt in patients with different types of JIS. Results A total of 73 JIS patients (54 patients in group A, and 19 patients in group B) and 34 non-JIS patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. In group A, 61.1%(33/54) of patients showed a 'reasonable' relationship between the higher side of the iliac ridge and the convex side of the spine (the iliac ridge of the convex side of the lumbar spine/thoracolumbar spine was lower than that of the concave side), and 38.2%(13/34) of non-JIS patients showed a 'reasonable' relationship between the higher side of the iliac ridge and the convex side of the spine (the iliac ridge of the convex side of the lumbar spine/thoracolumbar spine was at the same height as that of the concave side). The difference was statistically significant(P=0.036). The proportion of 'reasonable' relationship in group B was not significantly different from that in non-JIS patients(26.3% vs. 38.2%, P=0.380). In group A, there were statistically significant differences in iliac crest height changes on both sides during the whole gait cycle (including minimum, maximum, minimum and maximum of the supporting phase) (all P < 0.05), and the iliac crest height changes on the convex side of lumbar spine were significantly higher than those on the concave side (all P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in bilateral iliac crest height between non-JIS patients and JIS patients in group B during the whole gait cycle(all P > 0.05). Conclusion In JIS patients with lumbar or thoracolumbar scoliosis, the iliac crest height of the lumbar scoliosis was lower than that of the concave side in standing position, and therefore, the tilt degree of pelvis obliquity should be increased to maintain bilateral balance during walking.

ObjectiveTo analyze the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin （H） gene of measles virus （MeV） in Shanghai， 2001‒2018.MethodsNasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from suspected measles cases reported in Shanghai from 2001 to 2018， and the isolation of measles virus was conducted with Vero/hSLAM cell line. RT-PCR amplification and sequencing were conducted after RNA extraction to analyze the genetic characteristics of the complete H gene.ResultsIn total， 5 665 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected by suspected measles case surveillance from 2001 to 2018， and 1 394 measles virus strains were isolated. The homology of nucleotide acid and amino acid among 349 representative measles virus isolates was 87.4%‒100.0% and 85.1%‒100.0%， respectively. The homology of nucleotide acid and amino acid between representative measles virus isolates and China vaccine strain （S191） was 85.7%‒100.0% and 84.1%‒100.0%， respectively. All the sub-genotype H1a MeV isolates had an amino acid substitution （Ser240Asn）， which removed a predicted N-linked glycosylation site.ConclusionMost of the MeV isolates are sub-genotype H1a analyzed based on H gene， which are identical to those of the N gene. The predicted amino acid sequences of the H protein are relatively conserved at most of the functionally significant amino acid positions.

The enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a polysaccharide composed of polysaccharide repeats that are located in the outer membrane of almost all Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and has diverse biological functions. ECA is synthesized by the synergistic action of multiple genes that are present in clusters on the genome of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, forming the ECA antigen gene cluster, an important virulence factor that plays a role in host invasion and survival of Enterobacteriaceae in vivo. ECA also plays an important role in the maintenance of the bacterial outer membrane permeability barrier, flagella gene expression, swarming motility, and bile salts resistance. In addition, ECALPS, anchored in the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, is an important surface antigen for bacteria, stimulating high levels of antibody production in the host and could be a target for vaccine research. This review summarizes ECA purification, genes involved in ECA biosynthesis, its immunological characteristics, biological functions and clinical applications.

Cancer is one of the most important diseases threatening human health. Frequently-used traditional cancer treatment methods, like radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, have serious toxic side effects and limitations. The widely-used drug delivery carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles, etc.) have also possessed many issues such as drug leakage and incomplete loading in the late clinical stage. Currently, using tumor-targeting vectors to deliver anti-tumor drugs or small molecules is one of the promising strategies for mediating safe and effective tumor therapy. In recent years, bacterial-derived non-replicating minicells, which are nanoscale non-nucleated cells produced during abnormal bacterial division, have got more and more attention. With a diameter of 200-400 nm, minicells have a large drug loading capacity. Meanwhile, the surface of minicells are able to be modified to load the assembly of antibodies/ligands that bind to tumor cell surface specific antigens or receptors, which can significantly improve tumor targeting of minicells. This tumor-targeting nanomaterials of minicells not only are used to deliver anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drugs, functional nucleic acids or plasmids encoding functional small molecules to mammalian cells, but also greatly increase drug loading and reduce drug penetration. Thus, the use of minicells combining with chemical therapy could help reduce the toxicity and maximize the effectiveness of the drug in the body. This paper summarizes the research and development of production purification, drug loading, tumor cells targeting, and internalization process of minicells, as well as its use in the delivery of anti-tumor drugs, to provide some information for the development and utilization of minicell carriers.

Objective: To evaluate the renal function of 298 liver cirrhosis cases among the patient population of Beijing Ditan Hospital., Methods: The medical database of Beijing Ditan Hospital was retrospectively searched for patients with liver cirrhosis (compensated and decompensated). Patients were excluded from the study according to the presence of concomitant serious diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and malignancies.The consistency of renal insufficiency was evaluated by the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or serum creatinine (SCr) level, which were applied to the simplified modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation.The renal function was compared between groups stratified according to compensated/decompensated status, sex, and age.The factors affecting renal insufficiency were screened.Measurement data were compared using the t-test and count data were compared using the chi-square test.Multiple sets of data were compared using analysis of variance.Correlations were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the confounding variables were controlled with the Mantel-Haenszel method., Results: A total of 298 hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis were included in the study, among which 41 had compensated cirrhosis and 257 had decompensated cirrhosis.Twenty patients (6.7%) with renal insufficiency were identified by SCr measurement and 62 patients (20.8%) were identified by eGFR, and the number identified was significantly different between the two groups (x2=42.00, P less than 0.05).Fifty-six (21.8%) patients had decompensated cirrhosis and 6 (14.6%) patients had decompensated cirrhosis with renal dysfunction; the eGFR levels for these two groups were (117.75 +/- 32.60) ml/min/(1.73 m2)-1 and (112.72 +/- 24.01) ml/min/(1.73 m2) respectively and the difference was not statistically significant (P more than 0.05).The incidence of renal dysfunction among female patients was 22.7% (17/75), and the incidence among male patients was 20.2% (45/223); the eGFR levels for these two groups were (110.07 +/- 26.60) ml/min/(1.73 m2)1 and (112.49 +/- 33.05) ml/min/(l.73 m2) respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P more than 0.05).The rate of renal dysfunction among patients aged 20 to 40 years-old, more than 40 to 60 years-old, and more than 60 years years-old was 5.7% (4/70), 22.5% (40/178), and 36.0%(18/50) respectively; the eGFR values for these two groups were (123.43 +/- 24.42) ml min/(l.73 m2), (111.18+/- 33.57) ml/min/(1.73 m2), and (98.20 +/- 27.04) ml/min/(1.73 m2), and the differences were not statistically significant (P less than 0.05).After stratification of the study population by age, the patient sex and the cirrhosis stage were not significantly different (P more than 0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age as a risk factor of hepatitis B-related cirrhosis and renal dysfunction (P less than 0.05)., Conclusion: The simplified MDRD equation can help clinicians determine whether patients have kidney injury.Development of renal dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis is not associated with patient sex and cirrhosis stage, but is precisely correlated with patient age.