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Enamel hypoplasia is a disease that results in enamel formation and mineralization abnormalities due to the effects of hereditary or environmental variables during tooth development. Affected teeth may appear to have an aberrant color and structural flaws. Patients often display clinical signs such as tooth defects, tooth sensitivity, and tooth discoloration. The disease can cause patients to feel physically and mentally uncomfortable and negatively impact their ability to chew, swallow, speak, and smile. In this review, the pathophysiology of enamel hypoplasia, which is caused by anomalies in gene regulation and changes in environmental variables, is summarized, along with a list of clinical diagnostic indicators based on the most commonly used disease classifications. The main points are as follows: ① enamel hypoplasia changes only the color and transparency of the affected teeth; ② lesions often occur symmetrically in groups; ③ the age at which systemic diseases or nutritional disorders occur during tooth development can be predicted based on the patient's impaired teeth; and ④ banded or pitted brown depression on the enamel surface can easily be confused with dental fluorosis. It also elaborates on the comprehensive application of tooth bleaching, desensitization, direct or indirect restoration and other treatment modalities according to unique chief complaints by different patients and suggests the use of multidisciplinary cooperative sequential treatment for critical infants and young children. The goal of this review is to provide professionals with the most recent information and advice about enamel hypoplasis. Current literature on this condition is primarily case reports. To further standardize the diagnostic and management approaches for this disease, additional high-quality clinical research and systematic reviews are required.

In order to expand the application of polysaccharide coatings in the preservation of aquatic products, sandwich-type composite coatings were prepared using konjac glucan (KGM) and sodium alginate (SA) as coating substrates and thymol (Thy) and ε-poly-L-lysine hydrochloride (ε-PL) as antimicrobial agents and their effects on protein oxidation in fresh salmon fillets were studied during storage at 4 ℃. The results showed that the solubility, sulfhydryl content and Ca2+-ATPase activity of myofibrillar protein in the composite coating treated fillets increased, and the carbonyl content and surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar protein (MP) decreased remarkably compared with those treated with sterile water after the same storage period. In addition, the tertiary and secondary structures of myofibrillar protein in the composite coating treated group was more complete. In the late storage period, the protein oxidation indexes of salmon fillets treated with KGM/SA + ε-PL/KGM + Thy composite coating were better than those of the samples treated with KGM/SA + ε-PL/KGM and KGM/SA + Thy/KGM composite coatings after the same storage period. Therefore, in the sandwich-type KGM/SA/KGM composite coating, ε-PL and Thy could act synergistically to delay protein oxidation and denaturation. The results of this study can provide technical guidance for the application of edible coatings in aquatic product preservation.

Objective: To explore the correlation between clinical classification and genotype and prognosis among Chinese children with Very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD)., Methods: A Chinese pedigree affected with VLCADD admitted at the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province in February 2019 was selected as the study subject. The characteristics of disease onset, diagnosis and treatment and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. Relevant literature was also systematically searched and reviewed., Results: The proband, a 1-year-old boy, had the clinical manifestations of frequently vomiting, hypoglycemia, abnormal liver function and myocardial enzymes. Tandem mass spectrometry screening showed significantly elevated C14, C14:1, C16:1, C16:2, C18 and C14/C8. Genetic testing revealed that he has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the ACADVL gene, namely c.664G>A (p.G222R) and c.1345G>A (p.E449K), which were respectively derived from his father and mother. The child was diagnosed with VLCADD cardiomyopathy type and deceased 2 weeks later. Literature review has identified 60 Chinese children with VLCADD. The clinical classifications were mainly cardiomyopathy type and liver disease type, which accounted for 73.3% (43/60). The combination of ACADVL gene variants were correlated with the clinical classifications of VLCAD. Children with one or two loss-of-function (LOF) mutations showed more severe clinical manifestation and a higher mortality. Cardiomyopathy type had the poorest prognosis, with a mortality rate of 76.9% (20/26). C14:1 may be used as an indicator for the diagnosis of VLCADD, but cannot be used for clinical subtyping and prognosis evaluation. The c.1349G>A (p.R450H) variant had the highest frequency among the Chinese patients, accounting for 10.8% (13/120)., Conclusion: The clinical classifications of VLCADD are strongly correlated with the prognosis, and LOF mutations are more common in those with severe clinical manifestations. c.1349G>A (p.R450H) may be the most common variant among the Chinese patients, and early screening and diagnosis can greatly improve the prognosis of patients.

Flagella are the main motility structure of Clostridioides difficile that affects the adhesion, colonization, and virulence of C. difficile in the human gastrointestinal tract. The FliL protein is a single transmembrane protein bound to the flagellar matrix. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the FliL encoding gene flagellar basal body-associated FliL family protein ( fliL ) on the phenotype of C. difficile . The fliL gene deletion mutant (Δ fliL ) and its corresponding complementary strains (: : fliL ) were constructed using allele-coupled exchange (ACE) and the standard molecular clone method. The differences in physiological properties such as growth profile, antibiotic sensitivity, pH resistance, motility, and spore production ability between the mutant and wild-type strains (CD630) were investigated. The Δ fliL mutant and the : : fliL complementary strain were successfully constructed. After comparing the phenotypes of strains CD630, Δ fliL , and : : fliL , the results showed that the growth rate and maximum biomass of Δ fliL mutant decreased than that of CD630. The Δ fliL mutant showed increased sensitivity to amoxicillin, ampicillin, and norfloxacin. Its sensitivity to kanamycin and tetracycline antibiotics decreased, and the antibiotic sensitivity partially returned to the level of CD630 strain in the : : fliL strain. Moreover, the motility was significantly reduced in the Δ fliL mutant. Interestingly, the motility of the : : fliL strain significantly increased even when compared to that of the CD630 strain. Furthermore, the pH tolerance of the Δ fliL mutant significantly increased or decreased at pH 5 or 9, respectively. Finally, the sporulation ability of Δ fliL mutant reduced considerably compared to the CD630 strain and recovered in the : : fliL strain. We conclude that the deletion of the fliL gene significantly reduced the swimming motility of C. difficile , suggesting that the fliL gene is essential for the motility of C. difficile . The fliL gene deletion significantly reduced spore production, cell growth rate, tolerance to different antibiotics, acidity, and alkalinity environments of C. difficile . These physiological characteristics are closely related to the survival advantage in the host intestine, which is correlated with its pathogenicity. Thus, we suggested that the function of the fliL gene is closely related to its motility, colonization, environmental tolerance, and spore production ability, which consequently affects the pathogenicity of C. difficile .

Objective: To research the regulation of transmembrane transport activity of paclitaxel influenced by fangchinoline in MDR1-MDCK II cells., Method: Paclitaxel, one of the substrate of P-gp, was selected as the model drug. Verapamil hydrochloride was adopted as the active control to investigate the bilateral transport activity of paclitaxel regulated by fangchinoline in MDR1-MDCK II cells. RP-HPLC was applied to determine the concentration of paclitaxel in the transporting medium, which was used to calculate apparent permeability coefficient of paclitaxel across MDR1-MDCK I1 monolayer cells., Result: The efflux rate of paclitaxel was faster than the absorption rates across the MDR1-MDCK II monolayer cells with highly expressed P-gp. The absorption rates of paclitaxel combinated with fangchinoline and verapamil hydrochloride respectively were remarkably increased and the efflux rate was decreased. The reversal effect of the fangchinoline was stronger than the verapamil hydrochloride with the same molar concention., Conclusion: Fangchinoline can apparently decrease the efflux of paclitaxel and inhibit the multidrug resistance of antitumor drug mediated by P-gp.

Cytarabine nanoparticle was prepared through emulsion polymerization method, and its releasing properties were studied. The results showed that releasing principle complied with biexponential equation and had characteristics of sustained releasing. The pharmacokinetics in rabbits complied with two-department model. Compared with cytarabine injection, cytarabine nanoparticle had prolonged t 1/2beta and MRT and reduced CL, which showed nanoparticle could significantly prolong the retention time of Ara-C and possess significant sustained releasing character.

Taking Tanshinon IIA as the target and using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography,we have developed a rapid and sensitive assay for lipophilic components of Danshen (LCD) in perfusate. The model of intestinal absorption was used to determine the concentration of Tanshinon IIA in rats as an in situ model. The change of concentration of Tanshinon IIA was separately calculated according to Michaelis-Menten and the Fick's equation to investigate the absorptive limit step of the LCD. It was concluded that the limit step to absorption of LCD was at the dissolution, by assessing the fitting index or correlative index. On the basis of the conclusion, the experiment was designed to prepare the inclusive complex of the LCD with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) and to study its absorptive mechanism. With the increase of dosage of complex, its absorption did not show saturated phenomenon in gastro-intestinal tract in rats and the constant Ka did not show significant difference, suggesting that the transport of mechanism in vivo is similar to passive transport.

The surgical treatment of craniofacial malformation is a sophisticated task which needs careful and detailed preoperative planning. However, based on the patient's 2-D CT and X-ray images, the surgeons always feel hard to produce a convincible and satisfying surgical scheme. In this article, a craniofacial surgery simulation system based upon 3-D reconstruction and volume calculation of two eye sockets is presented. By using this system, the surgeon can virtually repose bone fragment according to the D-value between the volumes of two eye sockets. The D-value serves as a guideline to direct the bone reposing. The simulated key steps of real surgical procedure are presented, which demonstrate the efficiency of the system. The contrast images between postoperative and preoperative surgery are also given.

Salicylic acid is a kind of active metabolite of aspirin in vivo. In this study, its concentration in plasma was detected by RP-HPLC after twenty four healthy male volunteers were given each a single dose of oral Afenca test and reference preparations. The experiment data were calculated with 3P97 program. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and two- and one-sided t tests. The relative bioavailability of salicylic acid was 105.36% +/- 14.15%; AUC0-T of salicylic acid of test and reference preparations were 103.10 +/- 11.92 micrograms.h/ml and 98.45 +/- 13.49 micrograms.h/ml respectively; Tmax were 1.5 +/- 0.5 h and 1.5 +/- 0.5 h; Cmax were 19.31 +/- 2.47 micrograms/ml and 18.95 +/- 2.49 micrograms/ml. Bioequivalent evaluation of two preparations by analyzing with two- and one-sided t tests showed that the two preparations were bioequivalent on the basis of salicylic acid (t1 > or = t1-0.05(22), t2 > or = t1-0.06(22)).