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Polysaccharides are one of the main constituents of Cordyceps cicadae (C. cicadae), and they show various biological activities. In the present study, C. cicadae fruiting bodies were used as raw materials to extract polysaccharides using an aqueous two-phase system, along with cellulase and pectinase, aiming to provide references for the further development, utilization, and in-depth research of C. cicadae polysaccharides. Effects of cellulase and pectinase addition amounts and (NH4)2SO4 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) mass fractions on the polysaccharide-extraction rates were analyzed by single-factor experiments. The conditions for C. cicadae polysaccharide extraction were optimized by response-surface methodology, and the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of the polysaccharides were evaluated in vitro. The optimal conditions for C. cicadae polysaccharide extraction were as follows: Cellulase addition amount 2.01%, pectinase addition amount 2.07%, (NH4)2SO4 mass fraction 17.72%, and PEG mass fraction 20.87%, the polysaccharide-extraction rate reached 25.34% under these conditions. When the C. cicadae polysaccharide concentration was 1.0~5.0 mg/mL, the maximum Fe2+-chelating and ABTS+ radical-clearance abilities were 16.33%±1.68% and 17.38%±3.07%, respectively. The determination of total reducing power showed that the maximum absorbance of C. cicadae polysaccharides was 0.53±0.005. The maximum inhibitory rates of C. cicadae polysaccharides for α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were 30.96%±4.53% and 49.40%±1.30% respectively, the maximum adsorption rates of C. cicadae polysaccharides for sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and cholesterol were 47.24%±1.89%, 44.88%±0.82%, and 70.19%±2.54% respectively. The results indicated that C. cicadae polysaccharides demonstrate effective antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic abilities in vitro. This study will provide a theoretical basis for developing C. cicadae polysaccharide-related products, especially for clinical applications.

Multimorbidity has become a prominent public health problem in older people in China as the country reached an aging society. Summarizing the studies in multimorbidity in elderly population and analyzing and discussing the coping strategies are of great significance for comprehensive management of this group of people. Herein, we reviewed the latest studies about multimorbidity in older people involving management practice, diagnosis and treatment model, medication strategy, and the building of medical and nursing team and health management system. Besides that, we summarized the following coping strategies: establishing a patient-centered multimorbidity management research program, promoting the application of geriatric multimorbidity assessment tools, conduct research on the common etiology and pathogenesis of comorbidity, developing standardized guidelines/consensuses on multimorbidity management, formulating treatment schemes using the TCM ideas of "treating diseases according to syndrome" and "holistic treatment", Internet technologies and smart wearable devices, and conducting early risk assessment and management of multimorbidity. In addition, we provided a comprehensive outlook on future research directions. All this is aimed at providing a reference for further in-depth research in this field.