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To comprehensively understand flavor compounds and aroma characteristics of foxtail millet wine, extraction conditions were optimized with 85 μm polyacrylate (PA), 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 75 μm carboxen (CAR)/PDMS and 50/30 μm divinylbenzene (DVB)/CAR/PDMS fibers. The flavor compounds in foxtail millet wine were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and the odor characteristics and intensity were analyzed by odor active values (OAVs). The samples of 8 mL were placed in headspace vials with 1.5 g NaCl, then the headspace vials were heated at 60℃ for 40 min. Using HS-SPME with different fibers, a total of 55 flavor compounds were identified from the samples, including alcohols, esters, benzene derivatives, hydrocarbons, acids, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, phenols and heterocycle compounds. The main flavor compounds were alcohols compounds. According to their OAVs, phenylethyl alcohol, styrene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene, benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde and 2-methoxy-phenol were established to be odor-active compounds. Phenylethyl alcohol and benzeneacetaldehyde were the most prominent odor-active compounds. PA and PDMS fibers had good extraction effect for polar and nonpolar compounds, respectively. CAR/PDMS and DVB/CAR/PDMS provided a similar compounds profile for moderate polar compounds. This research comprehensively determined flavor compounds of foxtail millet wine, and provided theoretical basis for product development and quality control.

Objective: To review the relative researches about mechanical stimulation of stem cells differentiation in stem cells microenvironment in vitro., Methods: The recent related literature about stem cells differentiation in vitro was reviewed and summarized., Results: The mechanical loads (including shear stress, mechanical strain, and stress), substrates stiffness, substrates nanotopography, and cell shape were the 4 important aspects of mechanical factors regulating stem cells differentiation. The mechanical stimulation can simulate the in vivo microenvironment, which can alter the size, shape, alignment, and differentiation state of stem cells, can change the expression of their differentiation markers, and can affect the lineage commitment of stem cells., Conclusion: Mechanical stimulation play an important role in regulating stem cells differentiation and cells morphology in addition to chemical and biological factors.

Objective: To review the research application and advance of synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) in tissue engineering., Methods: The recent related literature was reviewed, concerning isolation method, characteristics of SMSCs, and its application in tissue engineering., Results: SMSCs are multipotent cell population with characteristics of easy isolation and high proliferation, which have been applicated in the cartilage, tendon, ligament, and bone tissue engineering., Conclusion: SMSCs is a new member of mesenchymal stem cells family. It appears to be promising seed cells for tissue engineering, but further research is needed.