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Objective To compare and analyze the recommendations for the timing and frequency of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) in clinical practice guidelines to help clinicians select the best recommendations and provide suggestions for the development of recommendations in the future. Methods Clinical practice guidelines related to hypertension published in the last five years were systematically searched and screened, and the recommendations for the timing and frequency of HBPM were extracted for statistical analysis. Results A total of 21 guidelines developed by institutions in 16 countries or regions were included, containing recommendations related to the timing and/or frequency of HBPM. For the HBPM timing, all guidelines recommend that blood pressure measurements be taken twice a day, in the morning and evening. In the morning blood pressure should be measured before taking antihypertensive medication (94.4%, 17/18), before breakfast (72.2%, 13/18) and after urination (55.6%, 10/18), while in the evening it should be taken before dinner (50.0%, 8/16), before bedtime (37.5%, 6/16) or 2 hours after dinner (6.3%, 1/16).For HBPM frequency, 9 (40.9%, 9/22) guidelines recommend at least 3 consecutive days of measurement in the week before the visit, and others suggest that measurements should be taken consecutively for at least 4 d (18.2%, 4/22), 5 d (13.6%, 3/22) or 7 d (27.3%, 6/22) days. Conclusions The guidelines of different countries and regions have great differences in recommendations on the timing and frequency of HBPM. It is recommended that future guideline developers develop the best recommendations after a thorough search, evaluation, and synthesis of the evidence, with full consideration of the balance of pros and cons, feasibility, patient preferences and values, as well as the context in which the guidelines are implemented.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between ideal cardiovascular behaviors/factors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease., Methods: In our study, 54 303 workers who had participated in the 2006-2007 Kailuan health examination with complete data and without history of drinking, myocardial infarction, stroke or cancer, were recruited. All workers were under observation and their prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease recorded. According to the American Heart Association definition of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors, multiple logistic regression method was used to calculate the OR and 95% CI for baseline behaviors and factors., Results: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease according to 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-7 ideal cardiovascular health behaviors/factors were 62.6% , 48.9% , 33.3% , 16.1% and 7.5% , respectively. Results from the logistic model showed that after adjustment for age, gender, income, education level and other confounders, the ideal cardiovascular health behaviors/factors were associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the ORs (95% CI) were reduced gradually with the increase of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors/factors, which were 1,0.61(0.56-0.66), 0.37(0.34-0.40), 0.17(0.15-0.18) and 0.08 (0.07-0.09), respectively, in the 2, 3, 4, 5-7 ideal behaviors/factors groups., Conclusion: Ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors were associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Objective: To investigate the impact of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors on resting heart rate (RHR)., Methods: A cross-sectional study method was used in our study.83 824 workers who had participated in the 2006-2007 Kailuan health examination were included, individuals with arrhythmia, hemoglobin ≤ 90g/L, taking drugs which might affect RHR, history of cerebral infarction or myocardial infarction or cancer were excluded.Related information was obtained from the unified questionnaire, blood biochemistry was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors on the RHR., Results: (1) The RHR was (76.4 ± 10.3), (75.2 ± 10.3), (74.3 ± 9.9), (73.6 ± 10.0), (72.6 ± 9.9), (72.1 ± 9.7) and (71.8 ± 9.2) beats/min in workers whose number of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors was 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and ≥ 6 respectively (P < 0.01). (2) Multivariate logistic regression showed that, after adjusted by gender, age, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, tea drinking, alcohol drinking, the risk of RHR ≥ 80 beats/min gradually reduces along with the increasing of number of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and ≥ 6) compared with those who did not have ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors, the value of OR (95%CI) was 0.79 (0.71-0.87), 0.68 (0.62-0.75), 0.61 (0.55-0.67), 0.52 (0.47-0.58), 0.50 (0.44-0.56), 0.49 (0.40-0.60) respectively., Conclusion: Ideal cardiovascular health behavior and factors is related to lower RHR in individuals without cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: To explore the relationship between 'ideal' cardiovascular behaviors and factors and the incidence of hypertension., Methods: A prospective cohort study including 52 133 workers who had participated in the 2006-2007 Kailuan health examination without history of cerebral infraction, myocardial infarction or hypertension but with complete data, was carried out. All workers were followed on their occurrence of hypertension. According to the AHA definition of 'ideal' cardiovascular health behaviors and factors, the cumulative incidence rates of hypertension in different groups were calculated under the life table method, and compared by Log-rank test, Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard rations and 95% confidence intervals for baseline behaviors and factors., Results: The cumulative incidence rates of hypertension according 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-7 ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors were 65.72%, 59.14%, 54.59%, 50.24% and 34.22%, respectively in the 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-7 groups. Data from the Cox proportional hazards model showed that after adjusting for age, education level and family history of hypertension, the ones who had 2, 3, 4, 5-7 ideal cardiovascular behaviors/factors were 0.75, 0.69, 0.63, 0.36 times more than those who had 0-1 ideal behaviors., Conclusion: The incidence of hypertension and risk reduced along with the increase of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors.

Objective: To observe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among people with diabetes., Methods: 9 275 diabetic patients (FPG was ≥7.0 mmol/L or FPG < 7.0 mmol/L but diagnosed as diabetes or having history of diabetes, or were under hypoglycemic agents treatment) of 101 510 employees of Kailuan group who took physical check-up between 2006 and 2007, were recruited to take part in this study. Using the latest defined diagnostic criteria on MS from the 2010 hypertension guidelines, prevalence of MS among the population was analyzed, according to age and gender. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test the relevant factors of MS., Results: There were 6 105 cases with MS among the population with the prevalence as 65.8% (female:70.0%, male:64.9%). Stratified by age and gender, the prevalence rates of MS among young-age group, middle-age group and elderly group were 59.7%, 66.0% and 68.8%, respectively. The prevalence in males among the three groups was 61.4%, 64.9% and 67.0% , respectively. The prevalence rates in females among the three groups were 50.3%, 70.7% and 78.8%, respectively. Stratified by age and gender, the prevalence of waist abnormal in female was the highest (100.0%) in the youth group that with MS. However, the prevalence of dyslipidemia appeared the highest (86.3%) in males. In the elderly group with MS, the prevalence of abnormal blood pressure was the highest in both males and females, up to 96.0%. Results from multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that cigarette smoking would increase the risk of developing MS in the youth group (OR = 1.89, 95%CI:1.09-3.28) and the risk of developing MS of man was lower than women in the middle-aged group (OR = 0.77, 95% CI:0.67-0.89; OR = 0.48, 95% CI:0.35-0.66)., Conclusion: In the diabetic population, MS prevalence in female appeared to be higher than in males. The prevalence of MS tended to increase with age. Cigarette smoking could increase the risk of MS in the youth group.