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Porous polycaprolactone (PCL) bone scaffolds were prepared by selective laser sintering and chitosan/hydroxyapatite(CS/HA) suspension was prepared by in situ synthesis. The CS/HA was attached to the surface of the PCL scaffold by vacuum immersion, low speed centrifugation and freezing gel, to improve the biocompatibility and cell proliferation activity of the PCL scaffolds. The phase and porous structure of the composite scaffolds were observed by X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compressive strength and Young's modulus of the scaffolds were measured, the water contact angles on the surface of the scaffolds were measured and the biological properties of the composite scaffolds were studied by in vitro cell experiments. The experimental results show that hydroxyapatite (HA) is prepared by in situ synthesis, and CS/HA gel adhered well to the surface of PCL bone scaffold. The hydrophilicity of the surface of the PCL scaffold is improved by CS/HA, and the biocompatibility and cell proliferation activity of them are greatly enhanced.

Both dissolved H2 in the Urumqi 04 spring water and the H2 in the soil of the Aksu fault belong to the A-type monitoring points of Xinjiang earthquake monitoring, prediction, and evaluation. This paper takes the two as research objects, and analyzes the dynamic variation characteristics of H2 concentration in different occurrence forms. The R-value scoring method and Molchan chart method were used to test the earthquake-reflecting efficiency of H2 concentration and to extract abnormal indexes. The mechanism of H2 reflecting earthquakes in different occurrence forms is discussed and analyzed. The conclusions are as follows: The concentration of dissolved H2 in the Urumqi 04 spring water is less affected by meteorological factors, while the concentration of H2 in the soil of the Aksu fault is influenced by both air pressure and air temperature, mainly by air temperature. The R-value scoring method and Molchan chart method showed that both monitoring points had good short-term prediction efficiency. The good short-term prediction performance of H2 measurement is due to the stable physical and chemical properties of H2 and its extremely fast migration speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the large-flow water transmission of the middle line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, some aqueducts experienced varying degrees of water level fluctuations, which had a certain impact on safety scheduling, especially the shorter the aqueduct body, the more obvious the phenomenon. In this paper, the RNG k-ε model and Tru-VOF method are used to establish several sets of full three-dimensional numerical models with different tank lengths for typical aqueducts, and explore the influence of tank length parameters on water level fluctuations. The results show that the Carmen vortex street formed at the exit of the tail pier downstream of the aqueduct is the source of fluctuations, and the vortex causes local water blockage, which in turn generates fluctuations to be transmitted upstream. With the increase in the length of the tank, the fluctuation transfer energy is gradually dissipated, the maximum flow velocity and the amplitude of water level fluctuation continue to decrease, and when the length exceeds 800 m, the water level fluctuation energy is basically dissipated. The results can provide a reference for the smooth scheduling and safe operation of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With purple potato whole powder and wheat germ powder as the main raw materials, supplemented by barley tender leave powder and xylitol, barley tender leaf and purple sweet potato compound meal replacement powder was developmented. The formula of the compound meal powder was optimized by single factor and orthogonal tests. The results showed that the effects of various factors on the sensory quality of meal substitute powder were in this order: the addition of purple potato whole powder xylitol barley tender leaf powder wheat germ powder. The optimum formula was as follows: purple potato whole powder 32.3%, wheat germ powder 38.7%, barley tender leaf powder 6.5%, and xylitol 22.6%. The water content, solubility, caking rate and viscosity of the above compound meal substitute power prepared were 5.5%, 20.4%, 19.8% and 387 mPa s, respectively. The product had appropriate taste, good color and state, and rich nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the expression of transforming growth factor-β induced gene (TGFBI) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) and its relationship with clinical significance, Oncomine, GEPIA, Linke-dOmics, Kaplan-Meier Plotter and Ualcan databases were used to analyze the expression of TGFBI in CESC, the relationship between TGFBI expression and clinical characteristics of CESC, its impact on the prognosis of patients with CESC, and the methylation of TGFBI in tumor tissue. Timer was used to analyze the relationship between TGFBI gene and tumor immune cells infiltration. The results have indicated that the expression level of TGFBI in CESC tissues was higher than that in normal cervical tissues; the methylation level of TGFBI in CESC tissue was lower than that in normal cervical tissues. There is a significant correlation between the expression of TGFBI and the clinicopathological parameters of CESC patients. The expression of TGFBI was singnificantly correlated with histological type, race, age, tumor purity, radiotherapy, T stage, N stage, M stage and the number of lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The overall survival and progression-free survival were significantly shorter in the TGFBI overexpression group than that in the low expression group (P<0.05). The study was conducted to elucidate that TGFBI is highly expressed in CESC and is associated with the occurrence and development of CESC, which greatly increases the possibility of TGFBI as a potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation of the chemical processing of the methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) 80 000 tons/year plant for a petrochemical company was studied by using the process system simulation platform. The mathematical model of the MTBE process was established. The distributed control systems configuration and the score configuration were developed. The simulation training system software of the MTBE process was established. Combination accidents were established by using the safety analysis and training support system. The workers learn the MTBE process and the accident treatment of the production process by using this simulation training system. The operation sequence and operating quality of the trainees were assessed by using this simulation training system. At present, the MTBE plant simulation training system has been assessed and accepted by the petrochemical company. The MTBE plant simulation training system can be used to train workers and study the MTBE chemical processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study, which examines the use of combined penalization for selection of variables in joint mean and variance models.

High-temperature alloy is widely used in various industrial fields due to its excellent performance. However, as a typical difficult-to-machining material, studying on its cutting performance, in particular of applying new cutting tool in high-temperature alloy cutting, appears vitally important. The new coating AlCrN carbide is suggested in this work. In order to analyze the wear mechanism and compare the performance of different materials, tools of coating AlCrN, no-coating YW1 and TiAlN coated carbide were used to execute a series of cutting tests on nickel base high-temperature alloy GH4169 with the use of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopy probes and other measures. The time-velocity (T-v) formula on the service life of the cutting tools was established. Taking tool endurance as the evaluation index, the wear form, wear mechanism and the cutting performance of the new AlCrN coated carbide tool applying in alloy GH4169 were analyzed. The results show that, for dry machining nickelbased high-temperature alloy, the performance of AlCrN coated carbide tool is obviously better than the current tool with TiAlN coating. The failure mode shows that there are some microchipping on the main cutting edge and the flank wear, while the wear of rake face is relatively low. As for the wear mechanisms, it could be considered as the result of a combined effect of diffusion, oxidation and adhesive wear under high temperature and high stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's a part of social fairness, justness, harmony and stability for the children of the floating population to receive education equally, which is a right stated in the international laws, the "Constitutional Law of China", as well as other relevant policies and codes. In the modern international community, equal right to education has become a basic human right confirmed by the international, which is not to be deprived and common to human beings as a whole. Equal right to education is, in the fields of culture and education, the extension and deepening of right of equality stated in the constitutional law, and it is one of the basic rights, which has been written clearly both in the "Education Law" and "Compulsory Education Law". However, at the present time, there still exist various problems in the education for the children of the floating population, such as unfair requirements for admission, less chance of sharing the public education resources, education segregation, weak insurance of the right, low quality education, etc. , which all make it difficult for them to enjoy equal right to education. In the aspect of admission requirements, the children of the floating population have to face unfair treatments, such as severe restriction in the time of residence, certification conditions, and discriminatory fees. Due to the contradiction between the overall supply of public education resources and the education demand of the children of the floating population, the structural contradiction between the concentrated residence and the distribution of urban education resources, and the responsibilities of public education transferred by the model of so-called "well-known schools + private schools", high quality education is inaccessible to the children of the floating population, children of In order to take the idealistic right to equal education for the floating population into reality, it is necessary to take the following measures: (1) to form the existing census registration system abolish the "Regulation of Census Regulation", and to carry a unified census registration system; (2) to reform the admission system, simplify the procedures for certification, abolish all the discriminatory fees, gradually set up a nationally unified electronic student status system, and gradually get rid of segregation in education; (3) to perfect the system for financial investment, reforming the system of financial allocation for education and establishing a system of allocation in accordance with the number of students; (4) to perfect the supporting system for private schools, establishing an insurance system for the funds for private schools and to a certain extent lower the standards for the private schools for the children of the floating population; (5) to establish a macro planning and administration system and (6) to establish a insurance and supervision system, making sure that the children of the floating population enjoy real equal right to education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant workers, as a special group appearing after China's reform and opening up, have made great contributions to urban construction and the country's economic development. But their rights are not well protected, and there have not been powerful measures taken to offer them medical aid, which is reallya[ift~and-dealhproblemlothem. The reason lies in the absence of legislations, funds, and inequality. Seen from the protection of the rights of the migrant workers, the right of equality, and perfection of the country's social security system, it is necessary to implement a medical aid system for migrant workers. It is feasible to establish such a system with the funds collected by the government, society, and employers. It has already proved possible in some cities in China. Considering that the present medical aid plans involve only a limited number of the population. which is not clear in obligation, not smooth in the system, and in had need of medical funds, and that there has been a serious problem of medical funds being misappropriated and unhealthy legislations concerning medical aid, it is necessary to put forward a plan for medical aid for the migrant workers in accordance with 1he national situation with the successful experience and practice o1 foreign countries. For the establishment of a medical aid system for migrant workers, it is practical to proceed in two steps. Presently, a transitional medical aid system could he established, and later on, with the development of the country's economy, an integrated medical security system for both urban and rural areas should be established gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual maturity of the buyer market in China and the fiercer competition of the market, premium sale has become an effective marketing strategy for business people. However, premium sale is just a two-edged sword: its negative consequences are conspicuous day by day, affecting consumers' choice of commodities, reducing competition efficiency of the market, and producing false market guidelines. At the same time, existing legislations in China cannot effectively regulate premium sales. Premium sales distort the commodity price competition system, leading to the gradual strengthening of operator's opportunistic tendency and finally destroying the value system. In order to vindicate consumers' rights and interests, to promote efficiency in marketing competition, and to strengthen the cooperative efficiency of the current law, we should adjust premium sales into the legal system. Through comparative researches on legislative examples in Germany, France, the United States, Japan and Taiwan, we can find that, due to their different conditions, Western countries have different legislative policy tropism, different legislative measures and legislative systems to regulate the premium action. China should impose general restrictions on premium sales and adopt composite legislative modes. We can exercise restraints in premium sales by the "essence standard" combined with "form standard". In order to establish laws on premium sales, China should revise Article 13 of the Law of the People's Republic of China Against Unfair Competition (Adopted at the Third Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on September 2, 1993, promulgated by Order No. 10 of the President of the People's Republic of China, and effective as of December 1, 1993). China should revise some of its administrative rules on premium sales in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of feature classification, feature definition and feature recognition was studied for punch products, and the technology methods of feature recognition, matching, dealing with feature and extracting the feature parameters from the geometry model of progressive die parts were put forward based on component object model (COM) technology. By means of COM programming, the bending and plane geometry feature recognition of blank layout for the car punch parts were completed in blank layout optimization. The research results show that the feature designing and recognition in punch product can be realized in SolidWorks API, and this key technology can offer an effective and simple means in development of knowledge based engineering system for progressive die. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the seawater stress corrosion resistance and corrosion mechanism of a new type of high manganese steel used in marine engineering，the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) sensitivity of high manganese steel and 9Ni steel in 3.5 %NaCl solution was tested by slow strain rate tension (SSRT).The microstructure，electrochemical behavior，SSRT performance，fracture morphology features and crack propagation law of the samples were compared and studied.Results showed that the elongation，reduction of fracture surface area and energy absorbed during fracture of the two steels in corrosive medium were all lower than those in air medium.The strain energy density ratio of high manganese steel deviated further from 1，and the comprehensive stress corrosion index (ISSRT) was also larger，showing higher SCC sensitivity.Moreover，the fracture morphology of all the samples in air exhibited the characteristics of dimple micropore ductile fracture.In solution，the SSRT fracture morphology of 9Ni steel presented typical ductile-brittle mixed fracture characteristics，while that of high manganese steel presented obvious transgranular quasi cleavage brittle fracture characteristics.Besides，the pretensile deformation sample of high manganese steel had higher corrosion current density and more negative corrosion potential.Mn had a strong grain boundary segregation effect，which was easy to cause transgranular SCC.In general，the SCC mechanism of high manganese steel could be attributed to the combined action of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and anodic dissolution (AD).

In order to study the corrosion status and reasons of the sulfur - resistant tubings in Tahe oilfield and provide reasonable suggestions for tubing corrosion protection, the causes of corrosion failure of P110S tubing in a well were comprehensively analyzed by means of macro - morphological observation, physical and chemical property testing, metallographic structure analysis, scanning electron microscope observation and energy spectrum analysis based on field conditions. Results showed that the tubing’s chemical composition, mechanical properties and metallographic structure met API SPEC 5CT-2011 requirements, and a corrosion environment with high contents of CO2, Cl - and H2O was the main reason for the local corrosion of the inner wall of the tubing, which subsequently led to a serious thinning and fracture of the inner wall of the tubing. With the increase of the well depth, the service temperature of the tubing increased, and the corrosion degree of the tubing increased as well.

Epimetamorphic rocks and related weathered crusts are widely distributed in South Jiangxi province. Identifying the petrological and geochemical characteristics of epimetamorphic rocks has a significant effect on the metallogenetic potential analysis on ion-adsorption REEs deposits. At present, there is little research about the metamorphic rock ion-adsorbed rare earth deposits. Epimetamorphic rocks of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age are widely distributed in this region. Petrological and geochemical methods are used to classify these epimetamorphic rocks. Results show that the epimetamorphic rocks in this region have a large age span, ranging from Qingbaikou to Devonian. Minor epimetamorphic rocks also occur in Jurassic strata. Neoproterozoic epimetamorphic rocks are most widespread and mainly include blastopsammite, metamorphic tuff, slate, phyllite, and schist. Blastopsammite and metamorphic tuff have the highest REEs content with average contents of 302 μg/g and 246 μg/g, respectively, and show the LREE enrichment patterns with LREEs/HREEs of 2.68-5.43. Monazite and xenotime are the two most common rare earth minerals found in the epimetamorphic rocks so far. The metamorphic tuffs in the area have a large outcrop thickness, high REE content and well-weathered crusts, which are good metallogenic parent rocks for ion-adsorbed rare earth deposits. Phyllite, schist and granulite have lower REE contents (>224 μg/g, on average), but they are resistant to weathering and thus have a low potential in forming REE ore bodies. This study was a preliminary discussion of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits related to epimetamorphic parent rocks, which provides basic information and reference for further studies and prospecting.

Ion-adsorption type rare earth ore is unique and a valuable resource in China. Total rare earth oxides (SREO) and leaching quantities of rare earth oxides (SREO) are important indices of evaluation of the scope and value of rare earth resources. For forty years however, the exploration evaluation method for this kind of deposit has been delineated according to the total amount, and quantified by rare earth composition, at odds with the current mining technology and the current value of rare earth elements. In this paper, comparative studies in three methods for ore body delineation (TREO, SREO, and single element) are described, based on the practice of mineral exploration, results of systematic samples test and indices of ore body delineation by SREO and single element according to the rare earth prices of the last five years. The results showed that the areas and thickness of ore body and resources reserves delineated by SREO (≥0.03%) are significantly greater than ore body delineated by TREO (≥0.05%) in the same area. There are some areas or parts which are not mined by the total index, but by the leaching ore quantity index, while there are other areas or parts which are mined by the total index but not by the leaching quantity index. Ore body delineated by single rare earth element oxides, which can intuitively reflect the major component and distribution of a rare earth ore, is beneficial to embody the economic value of the single rare earth deposit. Compared to the methods of ore body delineation with TREO and SREO, the method for ore body delineated by single rare earth is more careful, reasonable, and worth further study. However, the misnomer that some element content is too low to separate from the ore body may also emerge, and lead to the loss of resources therefore, it is important to strengthen the comprehensive evaluation for ion-adsorption type rare earth ore body delineation.

In order to realize real-time, online monitoring of the component of steel and other metal smelting process, we designed a remote double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis system which can realize non-contact remote measurement and component analysis for long distance sample. The paper first tests the system on solid standard steel samples, which provides basis for online monitoring the component of molten steel. The experimental results show：laser focal spot is about 1mm in long distance; double-pulse ablation depth is deeper than single pulse’s; the optimum delay of double-pulse is non-consistent in different distances; the enhancement effect of double- pulse in 3.1 m is better than that in 2.1 m，and the maximum enhancement is 5.19 of Ti(Ⅰ) 319.99 nm; the calibration curve of R2 is about 0.99, RSD being less than 5%, RMSE being less than 0.021%, LOD being less than 500 ppm for most elements in 2.1 m, which is better than that in 3.1 m.

Objective: To evaluate clinical results of early total care (ETC) treatment for elderly patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures., Methods: Clinical data of 106 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture treated from January 2012 and February 2015 were retrospectively studied. According to whether receiving the early total care mode, the patients were divided into 2 groups, 34 cases were diagnosed and treated with early total care pattern (ETC group), including 14 males and 20 females with an average age of (74.88 ± 4.38) years old ranging from 70 to 86. According to Evans types, 4 cases were type I, 5 cases were type II, 13 cases were type III, 11 cases were type IV, 1 case was type V. Seventy-two patients were treated with conventional trauma method (conventional group), including 35 males and 37 females with an average age of (74.46 ± 3.63) years old ranging from 70 to 85. According to Evans type, 8 cases were type I ,13 cases were type II, 25 cases were type III, 25 cases were type IV, and 1 case was type V. All fractures were treated with proximal femoral nails anti-rotation (PFNA). Operative time, hospital stays, leaving bed time, complications, cases of death at 1 year after operation, postoperative Harris score at 12 months were observed and compared., Results: All patients were followed up, the time of ETC group ranged from 9 to 18 months with an average of 13.29 ± 1.51, and the time in conventional group ranged from 12 to 16 months with an average 12.93 ± 1.15, while there was no significant difference between two groups in time of following-up (t = 1.368, P = 0.174). There was no significant meaning in cases of death between ETC group (2 cases) and conventional group (8 cases). Three cases occurred complications in ETC group, and 20 cases in conventional group,there was obvious meaning between two groups (χ² = 0.739, P = 0.318). Operative time,hospital stays,leaving bed time in ETC group respectively was (2.03 ± 0.67) d, (15.41 ± 2.87) d and (3.62 ± 0.74) d; while in conventional group respectively was (4.17 ± 1.59) d, (20.11 ± 4.24) d and (5.35 ± 1.22) d; there were significant differences between two groups in operative time, hospital stays, leaving bed time. Postoperative Harris scores at 12 months in ETC group was (82.32 ± 4.56), and (79.24 ± 5.52) in conventional group, there was obvious meaning between two groups (t = 2.833, P = 0.006)., Conclusion: ETC pattern is a novel method for diagnosis and treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures in elderly, it could shorten operative time, hospital stays, leaving bed time, decrease complications and promote recovery of function.

A new in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on lateral-offset and peanut shape structure is proposed and demonstrated for the measure of curvature and liquid level. The sensor consists of lateral-offset structure and peanut shape structure. A section of single mode fiber (SMF) is spliced between them. A part of core mode in the single mode fiber is excited to cladding modes by lateral-offset. The cladding modes are re-coupled to the core mode by peanut-shape structure and get interference with the core mode. A high-quality interference spectrum with a fringe visibility of about 12 dB is observed. The effective refractive indices of cladding mode would change with the external environment parameters, which further bring about a shift of the interference fringes. The liquid level or curvature can be measured by record the shift of the valley, because the shift of the valley shows a linear dependence with the variation of the liquid level or curvature theoretically. In the water level experiment, the water level changes from 1.00 to 5.00 cm and the wavelength valley shows a red shift. The sensitivity of the MZI with a length of 6.10 cm is -0.68 nm·cm-1. In the curvature experiment, the curvature changes from 0.3 to 1.2 and the wavelength valley shows a blue shift. The sensitivity of the MZI with a length of 2.10 cm is 22.47 nm·m. The lateral-offset structure and peanut shape structure are spliced to fabricate the MZI. The sensitivity of the MZI is high, especially in the curvature measurement, it is higher than that of other fiber curvature sensors. Moreover the MZI presented in this paper has advantages of low cost and easy fabrication, which can be a potential application in the liquid level and curvature measurement.

Objective: To study the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) combined irradiation on the apoptosis of human lung cancer GLC-82 cells and to study its mechanism., Methods: The growth inhibition rate of GLC-82 cells acted by different concentrations DHA was detected using MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Clone forming test was used. With multi-target single-hit model, the radiosensitization effect was assessed by calculating sensitizing enhancement ratio (SER).The effect of DHA combined irradiation on the apoptosis of GLC-82 cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The protein expression of p53, p21, Bcl-2, and Bax were detected by Western blot., Results: Different concentrations DHA (4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 μg/mL) had cytotoxicity on GLC-82 cells. The IC50 for 24, 48, and 72 h was 38.25,20.58, and 10.36 μg/mL, respectively, in obvious dose- and time-dependent manner. The growth inhibition rate was more significantly increased than that of the blank control group (P < 0.01, P<0.05). DHA had sensitization enhancement effect on GLC-82 cells, with SER of 1.4. DHA combined irradiation could obviously change the structure of GLC-82 cells cell cycle and induce apoptosis (with the apoptosis rate of 21.5%), which was significantly different from that of the blank control group (P < 0.05). Western blot showed the expression of p53 and p21 protein could be increased by DHA combined irradiation, and the expression of Bcl-2 protein down-regulated (P <0.01, P <0. 05)., Conclusions: DHA had stronger cytotoxicity and radiosensitization on GLC-82 cells. Its mechanisms might lie in making the arrest of GLC-82 cells' growth at G0/G1 phase, decreasing the ratio of cells at S phase, restoring the function of p53, decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 protein, and inducing apoptosis in GLC-82 cells.

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of asymmetrical osteotomy in treating elderly degenerative lumbar kyphoscoliosis., Methods: From January 2010 to June 2012,17 elder patients with degenerative lumbar kyphoscoliosis were treated with asymmetrical osteotomy,their data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 6 males and 11 females with an average age of 61 years old (57 to 72). Total length spinal X-ray was performed for all patients before operation,and sagittal and coronal balance were analyzed. The follow-up time was 1 year at least. VAS score, thoracolumbar Cobb angle and pelvic parameters were analyzed., Results: All patients were operated successfully. The average operation time was 210 min (180 to 260) and intraoperative blood loss was 1,100 ml (750 to 2 200). At 1 year after operation, VAS score decreased from preoperative 7.0 +/- 1.5 to 1.1 +/- 0.6; lumbar lordosis (LL) corrected from (1.9 +/- 9.6) degrees to (35.2 +/- 6.7) degrees; thoracic kyphosis (TK) increased from (26.3 +/- 9.7) degrees to (32.5 +/- 11.2) degrees; lumbar scoliosis decreased from (25.1 +/- 11.0) degrees to (7.9 +/- 3.6) degrees; pelvic tilt (PT) restored from (33.0 +/- 10.1) degrees to (25.3 +/- 8.9) degrees; sacral slope (SS) increased from (13.9 +/- 9.7) degrees to (27.2 +/- 11.0) degrees; sagittal balance improved from (10.3 +/- 8.1) cm to (3.1 +/- 4.2) cm,and coronal balance improved from (3.5 +/- 2.1) cm to (1.3 +/- 1.1) cm. There was statistically significant difference above data between preoperation and postoperation., Conclusion: Asymmetrical osteotomy can not only correct scoliosis deformity, but also restore lumbar lordosis, and may safely and effectively solve the problem of elderly degenerative lumbar kyphoscoliosis.

In the present paper both the partial least squares (PLS) method and the calibration curve (CC) method are used to quantitatively analyze the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy data obtained from the standard alloy steel samples. Both the major and trace elements were quantitatively analyzed. By comparing the results of two different calibration methods some useful results were obtained: for major elements, the PLS method is better than the CC method in quantitative analysis; more importantly, for the trace elements, the CC method can not give the quantitative results due to the extremely weak characteristic spectral lines, but the PLS method still has a good ability of quantitative analysis. And the regression coefficient of PLS method is compared with the original spectral data with background interference to explain the advantage of the PLS method in the LIBS quantitative analysis. Results proved that the PLS method used in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is suitable for quantitative analysis of trace elements such as C in the metallurgical industry.

Objective: To explore the surgical methods for advanced laryngeal cancer and long term effects of laryngectomy., Methods: Two hundred and thirty-eight cases of laryngeal cancer at different stages, including 103 cases with supraglottic cancer, 118 cases with glottic cancer, 3 cases with subglottic cancer, and 14 cases with recurrent cancer, underwent different kinds of operation from 2000 to 2010. The TNM classifications were as follows: T3 168 cases, T4 70 cases. Stage III 145 cases, Stage IV 93 cases. N0 134 cases,N1 64 cases,N2 38 cases, and N3 2 cases. The effects of operation, especially with the preservation of laryngeal function, was analyzed. The disease-free survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier methods., Results: Partial laryngectomy was performed on 142 of the 238 cases (59.7%). Total laryngectomy was performed on 96 cases. In 142 patients who received partial laryngectomy with preservation of laryngeal function, the trachea cannula was extracted in 90 patients, with the decannulation rate as 63.4%. The nasal feeding tube was removed and peroral feeding was recovered in all patients. The patients undergoing partial laryngectomy succeeded in phonation. The 3 years and 5 years disease-free survival rates in all patients were 81.4% and 59.5%. The 3 years and 5 years disease-free survival rate of partial laryngectomy were 82.9% and 64.3%. The 3 years and 5 years disease-free survival rates in total laryngectomy were 79.2% and 52.4%. There was no significantly different between the two groups (χ(2) = 2.478, P = 0.115)., Conclusion: For the advanced laryngeal cancer, it is possible to preserve the laryngeal function without compromising the remote survival rate by detailed pre-operational estimation, properly selected operation and skilled surgical practice.

Objective: To study the relationship between the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene and hereditary susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)., Methods: Peripheral blood DNA from 315 patients diagnosed with NAFLD (including the spectrum of simple steatosis (SS) and non-alcoholic steatosis (NASH)) and 336 control subjects was used to determine the PNPLA3 genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. The relationship of SNPs and NAFLD-related markers of liver function were assessed by correlation analysis., Results: The SNP rs738409 was identified in more of the NAFLD patients (allele variant frequencies: NAFLD, 65.40%; NASH: 71.87%; SS, 56.47%) than in the controls (33.18%). Case-control analysis revealed that carriers of the 148GG genotype were at 3.81-fold (95% CI: 3.03 ~ 4.79) higher risk of developing NAFLD and at 1.97-fold (95% CI: 1.41 ~ 2.75) higher risk of progressing from SS to NASH, compared with non-carriers. rs738409 was also found to be associated with serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and y-glutamyltransferase (y-GT) (both P less than 0.05). Carriers of the 148GG genotype had significantly higher body mass index, ALT, and fasting insulin than carriers of the 148CC genotype (all P less than 0.05), and significantly higher level of serum HDL than carriers of either the 148CC genotype or the 148GC genotype (both P less than 0.05)., Conclusion: Polymorphisms in the PNPLA3 gene may play an important role in mediating susceptibility to developing NAFLD in the Chinese population. The rs738409 polymorphism, in particular, is related to development and progression of NAFLD and may play a role in the contribution of PNPLA3 to NAFLD pathogenesis.

Both reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) play crucial roles in the life cycle of HIV-1, which are also key targets in the area of anti-HIV drug research. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are involved in the most employed drugs used to treat AIDS patients and HIV-infected people, while one of the integrase inhibitors has already been approved by US FDA to appear on the market. Great achievement has been made in the research on both, separately. Recently, much more attention of medicinal chemistry researchers has been attracted to the strategies of multi-target drugs. Compounds with excellent potency against both HIV RT and IN, evidently defined as dual inhibitors targeting both enzymes, have been obtained through considerable significant exploration, which can be classified into two categories according to different strategies. Combinatorial chemistry approach together with high throughput screening methods and multi-target-based virtual screening strategy have been useful tools for identifying selective anti-HIV compounds for long times; Rational drug design based on pharmacophore combination has also led to remarkable results. In this paper, latest progress of both categories in the discovery and structural modification will be covered, with a view to contribute to the career of anti-HIV research.

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) play an important roles in the prevention and treatment of AIDS. NNRTIs can specifically target at HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and have the advantages of high potency and low toxicity, which make them a research focus for a long time. In the guidance of structural optimization strategies (bioisosterism, molecular hybridization and scaffold hopping) in medicinal chemistry, structural modification to lead compounds can be carried out to design new compounds with different levels, which will improve the efficiency of drug discovery and decrease the cost of drug development. It is an effective way to find new NNRTIs. In this review, we will expatiate on the application of different levels of structural optimization strategies in the NNRTIs structural modification with concrete examples.

Objective: To analyze the expression of angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor and apoptosis in myocardium in rats of endotoxemia., Methods: Model of endotoxemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 mg/kg in male Wistar rats and saline was injected into control group. The rats were killed at 2 h or 6 h after saline (control) or LPS . Expression of the correlation factors related to apoptosis of Bcl-2, Bax, AT1 and AT2 receptor in myocardial tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry (IHC), and changes of myocardial cells apoptosis was detected by the method of TUNEL. The gene expression of AT1 and AT2 receptor was examined by RT-PCR. The pathological changes of myocardial tissue were observed by electron microscope., Results: Compared with control group , the expression of AT1 and AT2 receptor were significantly decreased, especially in 6 h group; and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were decreased, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax had the downtrend as well as the apoptosis of myocardial cells., Conclusion: Interfered by LPS, the down regulation of AT1 and AT2 receptor expression has the negative relation with apoptosis of myocardial cells, this result indicated that down regulation of AT1 and AT2 receptor expression maybe related to cardiac functional impairment, which maybe help us to find a new protective path to prevent myocardial damage induced by systemic inflammatory.

To realize auto-selection of analytical lines for quantitative analysis of materials with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, two parameters, i. e. the relative detected-to-theory intensity ratio (RDTIR) and wavelength difference of detected and theory (WDDT) were defined. The spectral lines seriously disturbed by self-absorption and spectral interference were excluded automatically by setting reasonable thresholds of RDTIR and WDDT. By analyzing the experimental data of high-alloy steel (GBW01605), the analytical lines of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) were selected, and the results were in line with the principle of lines selection.

Objective: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are elevated in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between the pre-procedural BNP level and the incidence of recurrence AF after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA)., Methods: Plasma BNP level was measured before CPVA in 69 consecutive symptomatic paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients without heart failure symptom. Atrial thrombus was detected by transesophageal echocardiography in 15 patients and CPVA was not performed in these patients. CPVA was successful in the remaining 54 patients and followed up for 3 months. All patients were asked to keep a log of the duration and frequency of their symptoms and underwent 24 h ECG monitoring at least once per month after the ablation., Results: At the end of follow up, 39 patients were free of AF recurrence (successful group) and 15 patients experienced AF recurrence (failure group). BNP concentration was below the heart failure range (< 500 ng/L) in 69.6% patients, but exceeded the normal range (0 - 144 ng/L) in 59.4% patients. Median baseline BNP level was significantly higher in failure group than in successful group (371.6 ng/L vs. 97.4 ng/L, P = 0.001). Left atrial (LA) dimension was also larger in failure group than in successful group [(53.3 ± 15.1) mm vs. (45.2 ± 11.2) mm, P = 0.036]. Moreover, BNP level was positively correlated with LA dimension (r = 0.574, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The pre-procedural BNP level and LA dimension are predictive of successful CPVA for PAF patients.

Co3O4 nanorods were fabricated by the low-temperature hydrothermal method. The Co3O4 nanorods were formed through adding a small amount of surfactants (Polyvinylpyrrolidone, referred to as PVP) and reacting at 95 degrees C. Controlling the reaction time of preparation and pH of the solution can affect the properties of Co3O4 nanorods. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved the as-prepared samples were Co3O4 nanorods in cubic phase. Hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiment results showed that the size and pore structure of Co3O4 nanorods could be affected by different reaction time and pH, and led to the difference in specific surface area. The catalytic properties of Co3O4 nanorods were examined by degradation of gaseous toluene. The results showed that conversion of toluene was affected under low temperature by Co3O4 nanorods, which were prepared by different reaction time and pH. When the temperature was below 260 degrees C, the catalyst prepared in alkaline condition had the highest activity. However, when the temperature was higher than 260 degrees C, the conversion of toluene was hot significantly different.

The Si-doped TiO2 nanotubes photocatalysts was synthesized by anodic oxidation method, which used Na2SiF6/HF as an electrolyte, and was characterized by means of SEM, XRD, DRS and EDX. TiO2 nanotubes composed of anatase phase and rutile phase, and Si was highly dispersed on the wall of TiO2 nanotubes. The photocatalytic activity of the Si-doped TiO2 nanotubes was investigated for photocatalytic degradation of gaseous toluene. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of Si-doped TiO2 nanotubes, which prepared by 0.03 mol x L x (-1) Na2SiF6/HF and calcined at 400 degrees C for 1 h, was the highest. The conversion of toluene was 60% over the prepared Si doped TiO2 nanotubes under UV light, which was one times higher than that of pure TiO2 nanotubes.

Objective: To detect lymphangiogenesis by labeling the lymphatic endothelial marker, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), and study the prognostic relevance of lymphangiogenesis in laryngeal squamous carcinoma., Methods: Clinical files and specimens of 78 patients with histologically diagnosed laryngeal carcinoma were stained with LYVE-1 as a specific lymphatic endothelial marker. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was measured, and the correlation between LVD and clinicopathological features of the tumor cases was analyzed., Results: The mean LVD in laryngeal carcinoma (13.24 ± 5.09) was significantly higher than that in adult laryngeal papilloma (5.54 ± 3.15) and squamous dysplasia (6.76 ± 4.45, P < 0.05). The LVD of poorly differentiated tumors (15.74 ± 5.24) was significantly higher than that in the moderately differentiated tumors (13.84 ± 6.20), and the LVD in the moderately differentiated tumors was significantly higher than that in the well-differentiated tumors (11.68 ± 6.34). The LVD in stage 0 to stage II group (10.66 ± 5.70) was significantly lower than that in the stage III to IV group (17.01 ± 6.35). The lymph node metastasis group (17.25 ± 7.37) was significantly higher than non-lymph node metastasis group (8.60 ± 5.23, P < 0.05). There was no significant association between LVD and age, sex, primary site and distant metastasis. The overall survival in the patients with a LVD higher than the mean value was 33.5 month, and that of cases with a LVD lower than the mean value was 81.6 month (P < 0.05). The multivariate survival analysis showed that the clinical stage and LVD were independent prognostic factors of laryngeal cancer., Conclusions: The LYVE-1 staining histochemistry demonstrates that the lymphangiogenesis occurrs mainly at the edge of the tumors, and lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in the carcinogenesis, cancer progression and lymph node metastasis in laryngeal cancer. LVD may be an independent indicator of poor prognosis of laryngeal cancer.

By inscribing a long-period fiber grating (LPG) on a polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF), a fiber Sagnac loop sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature has been proposed and demonstrated. The LPG was fabricated on the PMF by using a CO2 laser, and then inserted into a fiber loop formed by using a normal single-mode fiber coupler. One of the transmission minimum of the Sagnac loop sensor was measured, whose wavelength varied with temperature and the intensity changed with refractive index. Temperature sensitivity of -0.654 nm x degrees C(-1) and refractive sensitivity of 49.9 dB x RIU(-1) have been achieved. The sensor system shows advantages of small size and low cost, and owns a good application prospect.

The concentration of Mn and Si in different kinds of steels was determined by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The multivariate quadratic nonlinear function was adopted for calibration. Samples including common alloy steels, stainless steels and carbon tool steels were analyzed. The matrix effect was serious because of large difference in compositions of different kinds of steels and strong line overlaps in steel spectra. Therefore, the common calibration methods that only use one analytical line to calibrate the complex chemical compositions of alloy steels will lose much information. The multivariate calibration methods, however, can utilize more information of spectra, successfully reduce the matrix effect and improve the measurement repeatability and accuracy of LIBS. Compared with the common calibration method based on one analytical line, the relative standard deviation was reduced from above 20% to below 10%, and the accuracy was increased by more than 5 times for Mn and more than 6 times for Si.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral infectivity factor (Vif), one of the accessory proteins, which is a small basic phosphoprotein, is essential for viral replication and pathogenesis. The best well-characterized function of Vif is its ability to neutralize the host cell antiviral factor, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide like 3G (APOBEC3G), which makes the viral particles more infective. In addition, Vif can regulate the reverse transcription and the advanced stage of replication of the virus particle, as well as induce the termination of cell cycle at G2 stage and so on. The designed drug aimed directly at Vif can efficiently block the maturation and infectivity of HIV-1. In this review, the structure, function and especially the related inhibitors of Vif are reviewed.

Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of erlotinib monotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: Totally 50 patients with advanced NSCLC received oral erlotinib 150 mg/d treatment, and tumor specimen in 19 patients were collected for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation tests. Median survival (MS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method., Results: The most common adverse events (AEs) were skin rash (96%) and diarrhea (32%). The overall survival (OS) of all patients was 21.8 months 95% confidential interval (CI): 17.1-26.4 months and the median progression-free survival (PFS) of all patients was 7.0 months (95% CI: 3.9-10.1 months). EGFR mutation analysis showed gene mutation in 8 cases and wild type in 11 cases. The objective response rate in patients with or without EGFR gene mutations were 62.5% and 9.1%, respectively (chi(2)=6.631, P=0.036). PFS in patients with or without EGFR gene mutations were 16.330 (95% CI: 2.803-29.857 months) and 5.570 months (95% CI: 2.441-8.699 months), respectively (chi(2)=8.799, P=0.003)., Conclusion: Erlotinib monotherapy is safe and effective for some Chinese NSCLC patients after failure of prior chemotherapy.

The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique is a fast, non-contact method with no need for any sample preparation, and can be carried out under various atmospheric conditions. These properties make LIBS applicable to process control in metallurgy. In the present paper, a series of high alloy steel GBW01605-01609 samples were determined by laser induced plasma spectroscopy, based on a Nd : YAG Q-switched solid laser with wavelength 1 064 nm as an excitation source and CCD as detector. Experimental study on the interaction between laser and high alloy steel samples was completed. The effects on LIBS in high alloy steel such as observation distance and laser power density were systematically studied. The time-resolved spectrum of LIBS was also investigated. The optimum experiment conditions for the application of LIBS to the trace analysis in high alloy steel were obtained firstly.

Objective: To study the treatment and therapeutic effects in the shearing-type and comminuted talar body fractures., Methods: From October 1988 to September 2005,34 patients with shearing-type or comminuted talar body fractures were followed up. There were 19 males and 15 females ranged from 13 to 55 years (averaged 28.8 years). The disease course ranged from 3 to 14 days (averaged 6.0 days). Ten patients with a displacement of no more than 3 mm were treated with plastic cast. Eighteen patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation, 6 patients were treated with joint fusion. The assessment of clinical efforts depend on patients' ache, active range of the joint and limp., Results: The mean follow up was 5.04 years (ranged from 3 to 19 years). All the patients were healed. The clinical outcomes were evaluated according to Hawkins evaluation score in which ache, active range of the joint and limp was respectively acssessed. There were 6 patients reached an excellent result, 9 good, 11 fair and 8 poor. Fifteen patients had osteonecrosis, 18 patients had traumatic arthritis of ankle joint, and 14 patients had traumatic arthritis of subtalar joint., Conclusion: Patients whose displacement of fracture is not more than 3 mm should be treated with plastic cast. Operation and internal fixation should be performed in patients whose displacement of fracture is more than 3 mm after close reduction. Joint fusion should be performed in patients whose talar body fracture is comminuted severely and the surface of joint can not be repaired. The patients of talar body scissored fracture or comminuted fracture has bad prognosis.

The late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle are important to the overall replication cycle. During the late stages, HIV-1 replication undergoes the processes of assembly, release, and maturation, resulting in the production of a mature virus particle capable of infecting a new target cell. The structural protein Gag and its related gene (protein) play a central role in these pathways. The different regions of Gag worked in concert to drive production of a mature infectious particle through protein-protein, protein-RNA and protein-lipid interactions. The designed drug aimed directly at these stages can efficiently block the maturation and infectivity of HIV-1. In this article, the role of structural protein Gag and related gene (protein) in late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle and related inhibitors is reviewed.

Host cell protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is an important regulator of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) transcription. PP1 is involved in the regulation of HIV-1 transcription, and dephosphorylates RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (RNAPII CTD) or CycT1-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) to increase Tat-dependent HIV-1 transcription. In this review, we discuss the action of PP1 in Tat-induced HIV-1 transcription and related to PP1 inhibitors.

LEDGF/p75 is a newly found cell cofactor, which plays an essential role in the integration of HIV-1 cDNA into host chromosomes. LEDGF/p75 tethers HIV integrase to chromatin, protects it from degradation, and strongly influences the genome-wide pattern of HIV integration. Depleting the protein from cells or over-expressing the integrase-binding domain of LEDGF/p75 blocks viral replication. The essential role of LEDGF/p75 in HIV-1 replication makes it a new target for anti-HIV-1 drug development. This article reviews the function of LEDGF/p75, LEDGF/p75-integrase interaction and LEDGF/p75 inhibitors.

Objective: To review the experience of different surgical construction methods and comprehensive treatments for hypopharyngeal cancer., Methods: Three hundred and fifty-two cases (According to UICC 2002 criteria, stage I, 3; II, 31; III, 134; IV, 184) with hypopharyngeal cancer were retrospectively reviewed from 1999 to 2005 in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, including 321 males and 31 females. The median age was 58 years old, ranged from 26 to 82 years old. All the tumors originated from the pyriform sinus (272), posterior pharyngeal wall (61), postcricoid area (19). There were no distant metastasis. Two hundred and fourty-one cases were surgically treated with laryngeal functions preserved and 111 cases without laryngeal functions preserved. All the patients received modified neck dissection, including both unilateral (247 patients) and bilateral (105 patients). Pharyngoesophageal defect reconstruction methods in cases with laryngeal functions preserved were: direct suture in 137, pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap in 62, split graft in 2, pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap combined with the split graft in 5, stomach pulling-up in 12, colon interposition in 23 patients. While in cases without laryngeal functions preserved the methods includes: direct suture in 54, laryngotracheal flap in 54 patients, pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap in 7, laryngotracheal flap combined with pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap in 8, stomach pulling-up in 22, colon interposition in 3 patients. All patients received radiotherapy postoperatively (dose 55 - 75 Gy)., Results: The overall 3 and 5 year survival rates were 65.1% (229/352) and 53.6% (142/265), respectively. For stage I, the 5 year survival rate was 3/3, stage II, 80.6%(25/31), stage III, 65.0% (67/103), stage IV, 36.7% (47/128). The 3 and 5 year survival rates in functionally preserved group were 68.0% (164/241) and 59.7% (114/191), respectively, while in non-functionally preserved group were 58.6% (65/111) and 37.8% (28/74), respectively. The cervical lymph node metastasis was found in 239 sides. Pathologic findings showed that well, moderately and lower differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were 84, 163, 105 cases, respectively. Laryngeal functions (voice, respiration and deglutition) were completely restored in 169 patients and partially restored (voice and deglutition) in 72 patients., Conclusions: Combined surgery and radiotherapy are the best choice for hypopharyngeal cancer. The continuity of the pharyngoesophagus is restored and the laryngeal function is preserved as far as possible. The preservation of laryngeal function and the laryngeal and pharyngeal reconstruction are based on the premise that the tumor was excised completely.

Objective: To compare the liver function index and clinical characters in 122 patients with acute hepatitis E virus overlapping with other infection., Methods: The liver function index and clinical characters of 122 patients with acute hepatitis E virus overlapping infection and 40 patients with acute hepatitis E were retrospectively analyzed., Results: No significant differences of ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL were found between acute hepatitis E groups and overlapping infection hepatitis A or hepatitis B (P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences of Albumin (ALB) and Globulin (GLO) were found between acute hepatitis E groups and overlapping infection hepatitis B (P < 0.01). In acute hepatitis E overlapping infected hepatitis B or hepatitis A patients, more and severe complications were also observed., Conclusion: The patients with acute Hepatitis E virus, especially Hepatitis E virus overlapping infection, need to pay more clinical monitor, prevent complication early and lower death rates.

tsg101 gene is a newly found tumor suppressor gene whose product TSG101 has many important biological functions. Recent research of TSG101 has revealed that TSG101 aids HIV-1 budding from infected cells by attaching to Gag. HIV-1 budding is arrested in the cells with mutant TSG101 or without TSG101. So TSG101 would be a useful target for anti-HIV drug design. Now there is already some research on anti-HIV agents based on TSG101 structure. In this article the structure and function of TSG101 as well as the related inhibitors were reviewed.

This study was purposed to investigate the effect of highway transportation on the quality of blood components so as to provide experimental basis to meet the needs of military operations. The transport condition was simulated by random vibration test. The red blood cells, leukocyte-reduced red blood cells, washed red blood cells were randomly vibrated (C Road) for 4 hours. Then, these blood components were stored in refrigerator for 15 days (4 degrees C). Six milliliters of blood were collected before vibration, after vibration, and at day 15 days of storage after vibration, respectively. The suspension was isolated. The free hemoglobin (FHb), routine hematological parameters, and biochemical indexes were determined. The results showed that FHb, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), K(+) of red blood cells and leukocyte-reduced red blood cells did not significantly change after vibration and storage. However, FHb, LDH and K(+) of washed red blood cells increased significantly after simulated transportation (p < 0.05). The levels of these parameters at day 15 of storage after vibration were also significantly higher than those after vibration (p < 0.01). The changes of other hematological parameters were not significant in three blood components after vibration (C Road) and storage for 15 day. In conclusion, red blood cells and leukocyte-reduced red blood cells were qualified for clinic transfusion even after transportation within 4 hours for 15 day storage later, if they were kept in proper blood container and protected from damping. However, the washed red blood cells could not be used for clinic after similar transport in the military operations.

By adding different concentrations (5%-25%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) into Hoagland solution to simulate a gradient of drought stress, the photosynthetic characteristics and drought resistance of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings were investigated. The results showed that when treated with lower concentrations (< or = 15%) of PEG, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) of the seedlings decreased with increasing PEG concentration, while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters optimal/maximal quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm) decreased slightly and minimal fluorescence (Fo) was almost unaltered. The certain reduction of actual photochemical efficiency of PS II in the light (Phi(PS II)), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) was associated with a significant increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), whereas as the PEG concentration was increased to higher than 15%, Ci increased remarkably, Pn, Gs, and WUE had a sustained decrease, while Fv/Fm, Phi(PS II), qP and ETR decreased more significantly, Fo increased rapidly, and NPQ decreased. The reduction of Pn under low concentration PEG was mainly due to stomatal limitation, while that under high PEG concentration was referred to the combination of non-stomatal and stomatal limitation. When the PEG concentration was lower than 20%, Pn decreased but photosynthetic structure was not damaged. The recovery of PS II activity and the survival of plant were found after the severe drought stress was removed 15 days later. It was concluded that Jatropha curcas had stronger tolerance to drought stress.