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The late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework and marine transgression have long been research focal points in the Yangtze River Delta. The frequent channel oscillation and river incision in the Yangtze Delta have led to the frequent absence of complete stratigraphic records. Complete marine transgression records have yet to be discovered within the same borehole in this region. Based on lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, paleomagnetic chronology, and OSL dating studies of the ZKA01 borehole in the Dongtai area of the northern wing of the Yangtze River Delta region, the stratigraphic chronology framework since Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS5) was established. The ZKA01 borehole was found to have comprehensively recorded five marine transgression events in the Yangtze Delta region since late Pleistocene. The results indicate that the B/M boundary of the ZKA01 borehole is located at 108 m, and the M/G boundary is at 300.25 m. The boundary between the Middle and Upper Pleistocene is positioned at the bottom of the third marine transgression layer, precisely at 92.95 m. The boundary between the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene boundaries is located at the bottom of the first marine transgression layer discovered in the borehole, precisely at 16.65 m. The first three transgressions occurred during MIS5 (128–74 ka), of which MIS 5.1 had a larger scale, second only to the scale of the transgressions during the Holocene. The fourth transgression occurred during MIS3 (60–24 ka), equivalent in depth and age to the "II marine phase layer" of MIS3. The fifth transgression occurred during MIS1 (12 ka to present), depositing in a nearshore shallow marine environment, with the largest scale observed. Additionally, it was identified that the first transgression layer (MIS5) is approximately equivalent in burial depth across various regional boreholes, serving as a distinctive stratigraphic marker for stratigraphic division and comparative studies in the Yangtze River Delta. These research findings hold significant importance for Quaternary stratigraphic division and comparative analysis of sedimentary environments in the Yangtze River Delta.

[Objectives]Establish a method capable of quickly calculating the flow velocity of an artesian circulating system,in order to optimize and compare multiple design schemes for key components of the sea water artesian circulating system.[Methods]Numerical simulation of the sea water artesian circulating system of a ship is done by using the RANS method and the SST k-ω turbulence model. Body force is used instead of main components to do numerical analysis. A method for finding the intersection point by using system characteristic curve and component performance curve is proposed,to identify the flow velocity points of sea water artesian circulating system.[Results]By comparing the operating condition points obtained by the body force method with those obtained by the component-hull combined calculation method,the calculation accuracy of body force is verified,so as to determine the flow velocity of the sea water artesian circulating system. The body force method is more convenient and less computationally intensive than the combined calculation method,therefore the body force method is more suitable for multi-scheme simulation analysis on system components.[Conclusions]The body force method can simplify the numerical simulation calculation and provide a reference for predicting the flow velocity and flow of the artesian circulating system of the ship.

In order to study the influence of box subgrade haunching on structural static characteristics of high-speed railway, a more reasonable box subgrade haunching method is found. In this paper, the box subgrade is divided into independent components, and the reinforcement mode of each independent component is calculated through static analysis. ABAQUS software is used for numerical simulation. In view of the stress concentration phenomenon at the connection node between the top plate and the vertical plate of the box subgrade structure, the influence of different haunching heights and angles of the triangular haunch on the stress concentration at the node is studied by using the control variable method, and the optimal haunching mode is proposed to optimize the static characteristics of the box subgrade structure. The analysis results show that when the fixed axillary height is 400 mm and the axillary angle is between 15° ~ 60°, the stress mutation reduction ratio Sr value decreases with the increase of axillary angle; When the axillary angle is between 60° ~ 75°, the Sr value increases with the increase of the axillary angle, and the optimal axillary angle is between 45° ~ 60°. When the axillary angle is fixed at 60°, the Sr value decreases as the axillary length increases, and the optimal axillary length is between 300 ~ 400 mm. The determination of the reinforcement mode and the optimal haunching mode of the box type subgrade is innovative to a certain extent, and provides valuable technical experience for the research of structural optimization of box type Subgrade of high-speed railway in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) can be used to determine the apparent molecular weight of proteins (Mprotein) by measuring self-diffusion coefficient (Dt-protein). However, Dt-protein is also affected by the property of buffer solution, making the measurements complicated. In this work, 3-(trimethylsilyl) propane sodium sulfonate (DSS) was used as the internal reference molecule and the diffusion coefficient ratio between the target protein and DSS (Dr) was used to characterize the protein in solution. This method reduced the effects of buffer system on Mprotein determination, yielding more accurate Mprotein measurement. The Dr values of reference proteins with different molecular weight were determined. A correlation curve between Dr and Mprotein was established (lgMprotein=-2.6488 lgDr-0.7863, R2=0.997). Finally, Dr of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV main protease (Mpro-C) was determined and to yield its molecular weight. Accuracy and practicability of the fitting curve were demonstrated.

Aiming at the problems such as long time-consuming and labor-intensive manual detection of cotton fiber impurities, a machine vision measurement method for cotton fiber impurities based on photoelectric technology was proposed. First, the cotton fiber image was adaptively optimized by changing the smooth template window size. Then the Otsu algorithm was adaptively used to select the segmentation threshold and traverse the entire image to connect the edge break endpoints, edge growth and connection, and build a prototype of a photoelectric detection system to realize the rapid determination of cotton fiber impurities. The experimental results show that the method in this paper can effectively remove image noise, avoid the generation of false edges, and the edges of the detected impurities are clear and complete. At the same time, the photoelectric detection time is 95.1% lower than that of the national standard GB/ T 6499-2012 "Test method for percentage of trash content in raw cotton" method, and the error between the results of the photoelectric detection and the national method is 2.35%, the parameter error of the number of impurities and the area ratio of impurities is within 2.1%, which can be effectively used for the rapid and accurate determination of cotton fiber impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deal with weakening effects such as fading and spatial multiplexing interference, the receiver of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system needs effective detection algorithm, while the algorithm's characteristics such as performance and complexity will vary depending on the application scenario. Therefore, it is of importance for the implementation of MIMO systems to evaluate and compare different algorithms in these aspects. For the scenario of single-user MIMO in the uplink of LTE-A, this paper introduces an implementation scheme for sphere decoding (SD) algorithms, based on single-tree search and iterative interference cancellation, through the analysis of the SD algorithms in existing literatures and related methods, with the engineering implementability taken into account. Through performance evaluation in an uplink simulation platform compliant with 3GPP standards, the performance gain of SD compared with that of minimum mean square error (MMSE) and its relative trends are observed, thereby providing guidelines for engineering implementation of SD algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arch of transfer function space based on gray and gradient amplitude result in voxel's ambiguity in volume rendering, which made interested targets cannot be selected quickly and precisely by operator of visualization tool. This paper proposed a new algorithm that zero-cross points of boundary surface introduced in the 2-dimensional feature space. This algorithm utilized Marching-cube to trace boundary cubes and record all zero-cross points (ZCP) of these cubes. Then the feature space could be reconstructed with these points to assist selected interested boundary surfaces. In the end, some experiments conducted proves this method effectively helps render boundary surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depleted gas storage is characterized by low formation pressure, long operational cycle and large quantity of injection and production, which requires higher quality of drilling and cementing. Based on the geologic feature and design requirement of gas storage Well Wen23, and taking the reservoir protection, cementing quality and salt formation interval into account, the paper made the optimization of well profile, casing string, cementing, drilling fluid system and reservoir protection, and formed the drilling engineering design of Well Wen23. It provided a technical reference for drilling design of depleted gas storage of low pressure and low permeability reservoir in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of late tectonic activities were studied in this paper through the field geological investigation in Wuhu area. Combining with the analysis of the regional tectonic evolution, the authors propose that the later tectonic activities which had important influence on the Paleozoic strata are divided into compressive nappe structure at Indo-China period and extensional structure at Yanshan and Himalayan period. Furthermore, the study reveals the tectonic migration regularity and that the shale gas preservation of Paleozoic strata in Wuhu area was less affected by the thrust nappe tectonics of Indo-Chinese movement, while dominated by the extension tectonics of Yanshan and Himalayan movement. This cognition about the influence of late tectonic activities should be considered in the exploration of shale gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most prevalent chronic oral disease and one of the worldwide public health problems of great urgency for children. ECC can affect children's teeth, dentition, craniomaxillofacial, and general health and development. Therefore, through dental caries etiologies and caries risk assessment, patient-centered, personalized planning and a combination of prevention and treatment should be implemented in the clinical management for ECC. Periodic and continuous cycle management can only be accomplished with the cooperation of medical staff, children, and their guardians. This expert consensus will expound the clinical management of ECC in the following aspects: caries risk assessment, early clinical prevention, treatment strategies, and postoperative management.

Objective: To observe the effects of rapamycin on glucose-induced autophagy and apoptosis of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMC) in SD rats., Methods: After primary isolation, purification and identification, CCSMCs were treated with glucose at 5.6, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mmol/L for 48 hours. The autophagy flow was detected in the cells transfected with mCherry-GFP-LC3B double fluorescent adenovirus, the protein and mRNA expressions of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), P62 and Beclin-1 determined by Western blot and PCR and the apoptosis of the CCSMC measured by flow cytometry, followed by detection of the changes in the protein and mRNA levels of LC3, Beclin-1 and P62 and the apoptosis of the cells after 2-hour pretreatment with 600 nmol/L rapamycin and then 48-hour treatment with 40 mmol/L glucose., Results: Autophagy was observed in the CCSMCs treated with different concentrations of glucose, the strongest in the 10 mmol/L group (P < 0.05) and then gradually decreasing with the increase of glucose concentration (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of the CCSMCs was remarkably increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treated with glucose (P < 0.01) though with no statistically significant difference between the 5.6 and 10 mmol/L groups (P = 0.302). After pretreatment with rapamycin, the expression of the LC3 protein and those of the Beclin-1 protein and mRNA were markedly up-regulated (P < 0.05), while those of the P62 protein and mRNA remarkably down-regulated (P < 0.05), indicating the enhancement of autophagy, and the apoptosis rate of the CCSMCs dramatically decreased (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: In vitro culture of CCSMCs with glucose within a certain range of concentration can promote autophagy, inhibit the apoptosis and thus have a protective effect on the cells, but when the proper concentration exceeded, it may also reduce autophagy, promote the apoptosis and consequently affect the vitality and function of CCSMCs.

To investigate exposure characteristics and potential health risk of PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals in housewives in rural areas, 265 personal exposure samples from 143 subjects were collected in the Songjiang district, Shanghai from February 2017 to June 2018. Mass concentrations of 13 elements in PM 2.5 were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF). The sources of heavy metal components in PM 2.5 were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The inhalation health risks of exposure to Ni, V, Cr, Mn, As, and Pb were analyzed using the US EPA health risk assessment model. The results showed that the average concentration of personal exposure to PM 2.5 was 40.61 μg·m -3 in housewives, which was higher than the concentration at peripheral monitoring stations. The carcinogenic risks of Cr(Ⅵ)and As exceeded the acceptable risk level (10 -6 ). The non-carcinogenic risks of V, Cr(Ⅵ), Mn, Ni, and As were all below the safety threshold, while the total non-carcinogenic risks of these five elements were higher than the safety threshold (>1). The results of PMF indicated that resuspended dust and indoor dust(43.8%), the metallurgy industry(34.6%), coal combustion(14.5%), and fossil-fuel combustion(7.2%)were the major sources of ten elements (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb) in PM 2.5 . Based on the results of health risk assessment of pollution sources, control measures on the metallurgy industry and fossil-fuel combustion should be further strengthened.

Soil erosion affects the soil environment and exerts an important impact on the soil organic carbon distribution, deposition, conversion, and carbon dioxide emission. The soil microbial biomass carbon can respond sensitively to these changes. The soil microbial biomass carbon under erosion and sedimentation conditions was studied for the erosional slopes at five organic carbon levels at typical erosion and deposition sites in the hilly loess plateau region. Through the study of the soil microbial biomass carbon in the rainy season, the influencing factors and their degree of influence on the soil microbial biomass carbon of the slope soil under erosion-sedimentation conditions were analyzed. The results showed that ① Soil erosion lead to significant spatial and temporal differentiation in the soil temperature and humidity and the soil organic carbon in the erosion and sedimentary area on the slope, and the degree of differentiation was related to the soil organic carbon level. ② The soil microbial biomass carbon increased significantly at the end of the rainy season, with an increase of 91.08%-286.83%. The soil microbial biomass carbon content in the slope sedimentary area was higher than that of the erosion area. With increasing soil organic carbon level, the difference between the soil microbial biomass carbon content of the erosion and sedimentary area increased, and its spatial differentiation increased. ③ The soil microbial biomass carbon in the erosion and deposition areas responded differently to the soil organic carbon content, temperature, soil moisture, and other factors. Before the rainy season, the soil microbial biomass carbon was most sensitive to soil moisture changes. However, at the end of the rainy season, the soil microbial biomass carbon was most sensitive to soil temperature changes in the deposition zone. The soil microbial biomass carbon was most sensitive to the soil organic carbon in the erosion zone. Soil erosion and seasonal variation were important reasons for the spatial and temporal distribution of the soil microbial biomass carbon on the eroding slopes. The differences in the sensitivity of the soil microbial biomass carbon to the different influencing factors was mainly due to the restrictive conversion of the different factors.

Objective: To study the effect of astrocyte exosomes on hypoxic-ischemic neurons., Methods: Rat astrocytes were cultured in vitro, and differential centrifugation was used to obtain the exosomes from the cell supernatant. Transmission electron microscopy, Nanosight, and Western blot were used for the identification of exosomes. BCA method was used to measure the concentration of exosomes. Rat neurons were cultured in vitro and then divided into control group, exosome group, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) group, and OGD+exosome group (n=3 each). The OGD and OGD+exosome groups were cultured in glucose-free medium under the hypoxic condition. The exosome and OGD+exosome groups were treated with exosomes at a final concentration of 22 &mu;g/mL. The control and OGD groups were given an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline. ELISA was used to measure the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in neurons. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was used to measure the apoptotic index of neurons., Results: The identification of exosomes showed that the exosomes extracted by differential centrifugation had the features of exosomes. Compared with the control and exosome groups, the OGD group had significant increases in LDH level and apoptotic index (P&lt;0.05). Compared with the OGD group, the OGD+exosome group had significant reductions in LDH level and apoptotic index (P&lt;0.05)., Conclusions: The exosomes from astrocytes have a protective effect on neurons with hypoxic-ischemic injury.

Objective: To investigate the effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on the short-term immune function of type 2 diabetic patients and to explore the correlation between the immune regulatory effect and blood glucose control., Methods: Clinical data of 28 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in our hospital during January 2014 to January 2015 were retrospectively collected. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM), T lymphocytes CD3(+), killer T cells CD3(+)CD8(+), helper T cells CD3(+)CD4(+), natural killer(NK) cell subsets CD16(+),CD56(+) and B cell subsets CD19(+),CD45(+) levels were detected and compared between before and after surgery. Correlation of immunoglobulin and immune cell subsets with the level of FBG and HbA1c were examined., Results: After operation, FBG and HbA1c decreased significantly from (5.78±1.15) mmol/L to (14.21±1.89) mmol/L, and (9.96±0.97)% to (6.87±0.69)%, respectively (all P<0.05), and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) increased significantly [IgG: from(9.41±1.23) g/L to (12.74±1.61) g/L, IgM: from (1.71±0.22) g/L to (2.43±0.39) g/L, IgA: from (1.25±0.26) g/L to (1.97±0.23) g/L, all P<0.05]. Besides, T lymphocytes CD3(+), killer T cells CD3(+)CD8(+) and B cell subsets CD19(+)CD45(+) elevated significantly as well [T lymphocytes CD3(+): from (55.3±3.8)% to (67.6±4.6)%, killer T cells CD3(+)CD8(+): from (15.6±5.3)% to (28.7±4.2)%, B cell subsets CD19(+)CD45(+): from (8.4±3.7)% to (18.1±4.1)%, respectively, all P <0.05]. There was no significant difference in the expression of helper T cells CD3(+)CD4(+) and natural killer cell subsets CD16(+)CD56(+) between pre-operation and post-operation(all P>0.05). Levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM), CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and B cell subsets were negatively correlated with HbA1c and FBG levels (IgG with FBG: r=-0.865, IgA with FBG: r=-0.887, IgM with FBG: r=-0.902, CD4(+)/CD8(+) with FBG: r=-0.956, CD19(+)CD45(+) with FBG: r=-0.834; IgG with HbA1C: r=-0.859, IgA with HbA1C: r=-0.957, IgM with HbA1C: r=-0.843, CD4(+)/CD8(+) with HbA1C: r=-0.912, CD19(+)CD45(+) and HbA1C: r=-0.885, all P<0.05), but the proportion of NK cells was not significantly correlated with HbA1c and FBG (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has good effect on the immune function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Improvement of immune function is correlated with the control of FBG and HbA1c.

Objective: To study the effects of cells'and bacteria's adhesion and proliferation on different fiber diameters of polypyrrole coating with electricity., Methods: Titanium coated with polypyrrole was divided into no electrical stimulation and stimulation groups, each group had 30-60 nm, 70- 100 nm, 130-170 nm diameters of the fiber. MC3T3 cells and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were inoculated on different fiber diameters of polypyrrole coating with and without electric stimulation. We gave the electrical stimulation group 100 mV for 1 h and every 24 hours gave it 1 h stimulation, and no electrical stimulation group was not managed. We used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the cells'and bacteria's morphology. The cells were given 20 mL CCK-8 solutions after 1,3,7 days' cultivation, then incubated for 2 h, the solution was transferred to 96-well plate, we measured the cells' CCK-8 of the 30-60 nm, 70-100 nm, and 130-170 nm groups by Elisa. The cells on different fiber diameters were also stained by live-dead cell staining kit, TritonX-100 and DAPI. We used PBS to wash and glycerin to seal them. The live-dead situation and morphology were tested by co focal microscope. The bacterial were stained by Live/dead baclight bacterial viability kits, we detect the suspension's D of the 30-60 nm, 70-100 nm, and 130-170 nm groups, and also observed the bacteria's survival situation by co focal microscope., Results: The CCK-8 of the cells with direct current stimulation was higher than that of the unpowered group (F=12.248, P=0.006). The smaller the fiber diameter, the better was the cell's adhesion and proliferation (F=9.261, P=0.005). The bacterial suspension's D of the electric group was lower than that of the unpowered group, and the fiber diameter had no significant effect on the bacteria's growth(F=9.641, P=0.036)., Conclusion: Polypyrrole coating with electricity can promote the cell's proliferation and inhibit the bacteria's proliferation, and the cell growth on small fiber diameter coating is better. There is no difference in the bacterial growth of different fiber diameter coatings.

Objective: To compare the level of dental anxiety and dental behavior between dental fear children with dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) and those under restraint., Methods: The GA group included 31 dental fear children aged 4-6-year-old who received dental treatment under the GA. The restraint group included 31 dental fear children aged 4-6-year-old who received dental treatment under the restraint. Age, gender, parent's education level, decayed-missing-filled-tooth (dmft) and face version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDASf) score before treatment were matched between the two groups. The Chinese version of MCDASf was used to evaluate the level of dental anxiety in each child before treatment, right after treatment and before examination at recall visit 2-3 weeks after treatment. And the Chinese version of Venham Clinical Anxiety and Cooperative Behavior Scale was used to evaluate children's dental behavior in each child before treatment and before examination at recall visit 2-3 weeks after treatment., Results: The average scores of MCDASf in GA group right after treatment and before recall were lower than that before treatment. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, the average score of MCDASf before recall was lower than those after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The average scores of MCDASf in restraint group right after treatment and 2-3 weeks after treatment were higher than those before treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Children's dental behavior was significantly improved at recall visit in both groups (P<0.01)., Conclusion: Dental fear could be reduced by treatment under GA. The children's dental behavior was improved after GA. Restraint did not result in the significant elevation of dental anxiety level, but dental behavior was improved after restraint during the short-term recall.

Objective: To compare the children's oral health habits and oral-health-related quality of life following treatment under dental general anesthesia (DGA) and passive restraint (PR)., Methods: In the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, twenty eight 2 to 4-year-old patients treated under DGA and thirty five treated under PR were collected in this non-randomized controlled trial. The general information including age and decayed, missed and filled teeth(dmft), dental plaque index was recorded preoperatively. Two questionnaires, questionnaire of oral health habits and early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS) were completed by parents before and 6 months after treatment (including restoration, root canal treatment, stainless steel crown, tooth extraction, etc.). Six months after treatment, dental plaque index and restoration were reexamined., Results: The patients were significantly elder in DGA group [(3.1 ± 0.6) years old, P < 0.05], and the mean dmft was significantly higher (13.1 ± 4.1, P < 0.001) in DGA group. The postoperative dietary habits and brushing habits significantly improved in PR group, but not in the DGA group. However, according to the results of ECOHIS, the occurrence of pain, the impacts of patients on daily life, psychology and family due to the oral diseases significantly decreased in DGA group (P < 0.05), while in PR group, only the occurrence of pain reduced (P < 0.05). No statistical difference was found between the two groups in new caries or recurrent caries (PR group: 37.1%, DGA group: 39.3%), secondary caries (PR group: 4.1%, DGA group: 2.3%), and failure of the restoration (PR group:1.5%, DGA group: 2.7%)., Conclusions: Each behavior management technique has advantages and drawbacks, and no statistical differences were found in the treatment results between the two techniques.

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the efficiency of dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) in child patients, and analyze the related factors., Methods: The records of patients treated under GA in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, between Aug 2008 and Jun 2012 were collected and analyzed. Two hundred and twenty eight records were found, of which 111 patients under 18 years old who were recalled more than 3 months after GA were selected randomly. The unplanned treatments including caries, failed restoration, root canal treatment and space maintenance fall-off etc. were recorded and analyzed. The survival rate and median survival time of the teeth were calculated, and a multivariate analysis was performed by Cox proportional hazard model., Results: Totally, there were 1 415 teeth treated under GA. The median survival time was 825 days, 77.0% of the teeth were present during their recall period. The median time of the first unplanned treatment was 215 days, and the failed restoration was the main reason for the unplanned treatment. Other factors such as the age at treatment, gender, total number of decayed teeth, reason for GA, and living place were found unassociated with the survival rate., Conclusion: The effect of dental treatment under GA is satisfied. Regular dental visit after GA is very important for children's dental health.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical features of children who received dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) and the characteristics of dental treatment., Methods: The records of 693 patients treated under GA in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, between Jan. 2001 and Dec. 2012 were collected and analyzed., Results: The numbers of patients treated under GA increased year-to-year. Most of them were under 4-year-old. The main reasons of dental treatment under GA were uncooperative and disabled. The average number of teeth treated was 12±4 for each child, and the average time for treating one tooth was 12 min. The 3 months follow-up rate was 60.31%, and the older, the fewer treated tooth number and out-of-town associated with the less follow-up rate., Conclusion: The main reasons of dental treatment under GA are uncooperative and disabled. GA is an effective and safe method for dental rehabilitation in children.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals provide an objective physiological index for the identification of the driver's fatigue state. It is very important to choose appropriate channels and EEG signal features adaptively due to the features varying with different subjects and time. A support vector machine (SVM) based increasing feature selection algorithm for driving fatigue EEG classification is presented in this paper. The algorithm is a method to select EEG channels and features for driving fatigue adaptively in an ascending order. We can select the optimal feature each time from the remaining candidate features using the optimized SVM model minimum error rate as the index. The experimental calculation has characteristics of using 16 electrode channels which cover the whole head in the main area, of selecting 208 candidate features as the initial set, of selecting to the EEG data calculation recorded in 5 different time periods of a subject, and of choosing error rate of 2% as the algorithm termination condition. The selected features and models, therefore, can reach a high level of classification and generalization ability.

Objective: To observe the outcomes of hospitalized neonates who were managed with two different antibiotics strategies, namely, the risk factor based antibiotic strategy and the combination antibiotic strategy that is based on risk factors, infection screening and monitoring., Methods: A cohort study was performed on a control group of 4 406 cases of neonates hospitalized between January 2010 and May 2011 and an observed group of 4 476 neonates hospitalized between July 2011 and October 2012. The control group adopted the risk factor based antibiotic strategy and the observed group received a combination antibiotic strategy based on risk factors, infection screening and monitoring. The rate of antibiotic use, average length of stay, readmission rate and mortality rate were compared between the two groups., Results: With the change from the risk factor based antibiotic strategy to the combination antibiotic strategy, the total rate of antibiotic use decreased from 79.6% to 50.5% (P<0.01). There were no differences in the average length of stay, readmission rate, and mortality rate between the two groups., Conclusions: The combination antibiotic strategy based on risk factors, infection screening and monitoring can reduce antibiotic use substantially and has no adverse effects on treatment outcomes in hospitalized neonates.

Objective: To test and verify the regression equation got before for children's dental behavior management problems(BMP)., Methods: The study group included 279 children aged 2- < 8 years who received dental treatment by 16 pediatric dentists in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School of and Hospital of Stomatology. Interviews were conducted with accompanying guardians and children's dental behavior was rated by a modified Venham's clinical anxiety scale and a cooperative behavior rating scale. The variables were put into the regression equation and the results were compared with their dental behavior scale., Results: The accuracy rate of regression equation reached 84.2% (235/279) , sensitivity was 0.613 (95%CI:0.514-0.712) and specificity was 0.957 (95%CI:0.928-0.986)., Conclusions: The regression equation is characterized by its accuracy rate at a good level. Younger age, negative guardian expectations of the child's behavior during treatment, anxiety or shyness around strangers, and presence of toothache were four risk factors for children's dental BMP.

Objective: To develop the Chinese version of a face version of the modified child dental anxiety scale (MCDASf) and test the reliability and validity of MCDASf., Methods: The English version of MCDASf was translated and back-translated, as well as crosscultural adapted by the method of psychometrics to develop the Chinese version of MCDASf. Subsequently the Chinese version schedule was randomly investigated among 245 kindergarten children and school children aged greater than 4 and less than 12 years on two separate occasions 3 weeks apart to determine the reliability. A total of 248 children attending Pediatrics Dentistry of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology aged greater than 4 and less than 12 years old were selected and completed the Chinese version of MCDASf and the Chinese version of modified Children's fear survey schedule-dental subscale (CFSS-DS) before treatment to determine the validity. Then we rated the children's behavior during dental treatment by Venham's clinical anxiety rating scale and cooperative behavior rating scale to evaluate the relation between self-assessed dental anxiety scores and the behavioral reaction during the dental treatment., Results: In reliability study, 98.0% of 250 children completed the MCDASf. In validity study, 99.2% of 248 children completed the MCDASf. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the translated scale was 0.814 and the test-retest reliability was 0.907. Principal component analysis of the translated scale confirmed that the scale consisted of a single unidimensional construct. The Chinese version of MCDASf significantly was correlated with the Chinese version of modified CFSS-DS (r = 0.843, P < 0.01) . It was also correlated with Venham's clinic anxiety rating scale and cooperative behavior rating scale (r = 0.675, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The Chinese version of MCDASf demonstrated good reliability and validity and can be used as a simple self-report measurement of dental anxiety in Chinese children aged 4-11 years.

Objective: To assess dental treatment needs and oral health status among children under 18-year-old in Beijing and to examine how these are affected by age, gender., Methods: In the retrospective study, 3 148 children aged 0.8-18.0 years were selected from patients who first visit the Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, from May 2010 to January 2011. The treatment needs were evaluated and analysed., Results: Mean age of the group was 6.23 ± 3.46, median was 5.0, and 52.4% (1 649/3 148) were boys. The percentages of treatment need for caries, pulptis and periapical periodontitis, teeth developmental abnormality, dental injury space management, periodontal disease, non carious disease and others were 35.1%(1 105/3 148), 32.2%(1 013/3 148), 11.5% (363/3 148) and 6.7%(212/3 148), 2.0%(62/3 148), 1.3%(41/3 148), 0.1% (2/3 148) and 2.2%(69/3 148) respectively. 3.6% (112/3 148) children suffered toothache and need an emergency dental treatment. In 1 602 children under 6-year-old, 55.2% (884/1 602) were diagnosed as severe early childhood caries. Only 8.9% (281/3 148) children were found to need no treatment, who just asked a regular dental examine., Conclusion: Systematic implementation of preventive oral care and community-oriented health programmers for children, especially preschool-aged children, are urgently needed in China.

In many cases, extraction and visualization of blood vessels in 3D magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images are important in clinical diagnosis and surgery planning. Thus, this paper proposes a novel method to reconstruct high-accuracy outer surface of blood vessels from the 3D MRA. With the method, we first detect such local regions that contain blood structures from 3D image by using a boundary tracking technique. Second, in different local regions, different optimal isosurface patches are computed to adaptively represent outer surface of the contained blood vessels. Finally, all computed isosurface patches form a high-accuracy surface model for outer surface of the whole blood vessel structure are obtained. Error analysis and experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Objective: To assess the effect of the pretreatment education of the guardians on the children's and guardian's behavior during dental treatment., Methods: The study group included 235 children aged 2-8 years who received dental treatment in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Interviews were conducted with accompanying guardians to collect information of children and their guardians, including parent's Corah Dental Anxiety Scale. The guardians were randomly divided into two groups. Group I was control group in which the guardians received a pamphlet about how to clean children's teeth, group II was the education group in which the guardians received a pamphlet about how to help a child to cooperate with the dentist during dental treatment. Children's heart rate was recorded at different time points: before the treatment, at local anesthesia (LA), during the treatment and at the end of the treatment. Children's dental behavior was rated by a modified Venham's clinical anxiety scale and a cooperative behavior rating scale. The guardian's tension was sorted into four levels and the characteristics of their language were recorded., Results: Among the 235 children, 131 were boys and 104 were girls with mean age of 4.35 years, and 165 children were treated under LA. The group I included 129 children and 95 children were treated with LA. The group II included 106 children and 70 children were treated with LA. The children's behavior in group II was better than that in group I(χ(2)=4.56, P=0.033). The guardians in group II were more relaxed than in group I at all the four times points: Beginning (Z=-2.581, P=0.01), LA (Z=-3.613, P=0.002), Treatment (Z=-3.096, P=0.002), Whole (Z=-3.042, P=0.002); and more positive language were used in group II at three times points: LA (χ(2)=15.57, P<0.001), Treatment (χ(2)=6.52, P =0.011) and Whole (χ(2)=15.99, P<0.001)., Conclusion: An education for guardians before dental treatment may improve children's dental behavior and guardians' tension in dental treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the association between polymorphism of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-509C/T and radiochemotherapy response and survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients., Methods: The genotype of TGF-β1-509C/T was detected by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (PCR-RFLP) in 230 ESCC patients receiving radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) along with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the polymorphism and radiochemotherapy response. The associations between overall survival time or hazard ratio (HR) of ESCC patients and genetic variation or the clinical data were estimated by applying univariate and multivariate Cox-regression analyses., Results: Among 208 patients with upper gastrointestinal contrast assessment, 87 cases were susceptible to radiochemotherapy treatment and the TGF-β1-509CC, CT and TT genotype patients were 17 (19.5%), 48 (55.2%) and 22 (25.3%), respectively. Among the patients who were insensitive to radiochemotherapy treatment (n = 121), the TGF-β1-509CC, CT and TT genotype patients were 39 (32.2%), 54 (44.6%) and 28 (23.2%), respectively. Compared with TGF-β1-509CC genotype, the CT and TT genotype carriers had a significantly better treatment response (adjusted OR = 2.07, 95%CI, 1.05 - 4.09, P = 0.036). The median survival time of CC genotype patients was 17.0 (95%CI, 12.0 - 23.0) months, CT genotype patients was 22.0 (95%CI, 16.0 - 33.0) months and TT genotype patients was 25.0 (95%CI, 15.0 - 41.0) months. Compared to CC genotype patients, the survival time difference of CT and TT group was close to the statistical break point (P = 0.063). Our data showed that the subjects with CT or TT genotype had an decreased HR respectively as compared with those with CC genotype (CT, adjusted HR = 0.81, 95%CI, 0.52 - 1.24; TT, adjusted HR = 0.86, 95%CI, 0.65 - 1.12), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, tumor location, clinical stage and radiochemotherapy response affected the overall survival time of the patient significantly (adjusted HR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.61, P = 0.040; 1.49, 95%CI, 1.17 - 1.88, P = 0.001; 1.55, 95%CI, 1.06 - 2.26, P = 0.023, respectively)., Conclusion: These results suggest that TGF-β1-509C/T polymorphisms were associated with radiochemotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma which might be genetic markers for prediction of the radiochemotherapy response in ESCC patients.

Based on the analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate nitrogen (PN) of the samples collected from stations in Enteromorpha prolifera outbreak area of the Western South Yellow Sea during the period August 9-13 of 2008, combining with the data of environmental hydrology, the horizontal distribution, source and influential factors of organic carbon and carbon fixed strength of phytoplankton were discussed. The results showed that the concentrations of DOC and POC ranged from 1.55 mg/L to 3.22 mg/L, 0.11 mg/L to 0.68 mg/L, with average values of 2.44 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L. The horizontal distributions of DOC and POC were similar in study area. The concentrations of DOC and POC in coastal area were higher than that in the outer sea and the concentrations of DOC and POC at surface water layer were higher than those at the bottom water layer. There were a positive correlation between POC and TSS, indicating that the concentrations and source of TSS were main factors for the POC. According to the univariate linear regression model between POC and PN, the concentrations of particulate inorganic nitrogen (PIN) were evaluated. Removing the content of PIN in the samples, the average POC/PON values in most coastal waters were less than 8, combining with the values of POC/chlorophyll a, suggesting that the marine primary production were the important source of POC in most coastal waters, and the presence of degraded organic matter which derived from degraded Enteromorph prolifera was in the latter period of green tide outbreak. The results of evaluated carbon fixed strength based on primary productivity showed that carbon fixed strength of phytoplankton in Enteromorpha prolifera outbreak area of the Western South Yellow Sea ranged from 167 mg/(m2 x d) to 2017 mg/(m2 x d), with the average of 730 mg/(m2 x d). The daily carbon fixed quantities of the study area were up to 2.95 x 10(4) t. Then the daily carbon fixed quantities of the Yellow Sea were 28.03 x 10(4) t.

Chemical imaging (CI) integrates conventional imaging and spectroscopy to attain both spectral and spatial components and structural information from an object simultaneously. Vibrational spectroscopic methods, such as infrared and Raman spectroscopy, combined with imaging are particularly useful. In recent years, CI has found important application in the field of forensic science due to its advantage of highly sensitive, rapid, non-destructive features and it can provide qualitative and quantitative information about specimen at one time. There are many methods for detection and enhancement of latent fingerprints. CI is an emerging platform technology with great potential to visualize latent fingerprints on many objects without any pre-treatment. CI can enhance the quality of the fingerprints developed by conventional methods, then form larger contrast with the background. With the advancement of instruments, the application of CI in the field of fingerprint detection will be more widely used. This paper provides an overview of the principal and classification of CI instrumentation, and reviews the application of CI to detection and enhancement of latent fingerprints. Finally, the direction of CI technology development is viewed.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of salivary duct carcinoma (SOC) so as to provide basis for the diagnosis and therapy of SOC., Methods: Eight patients suffered with SOC treated in Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical College from March 2001 to February 2009 were studied retrospectively including the clinical data. Meanwhile, eight tumor specimens were examined for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cytokeratin (CK), gross cystic disease fluid protein (CC DFP)-15, androgen receptor (AR) and oncogene C-erBb-2 protein expression via immunohistochemistry., Results: Of the eight patients with SOC, five tumors grew in the parotid gland, the majority of the patients had facial nerve paralysis, three had recurrence. Computerized tomography (CT) showed that no obvious margin and similar crystal. Immunohistochemical staining for the expression of VEGF, CK, GCDFP-15 and C-erbB-2 were carried out in all SOC, while AR in majority., Conclusion: SOC is a high-grade malignant carcinoma among all salivary carcinoma, immunohistochemical analysis of SOC has revealed a variety of similarities to ductal carcinoma of the breast. GCDFP-15, AR and C-erBb--2 may play an important role in pathological diagnosis for SOC.

Objective: To assess the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of oral midazolam sedation for dental treatment in children., Methods: Twenty-three health children aged 4 to 14 (ASA I), who were classified as 4 or 5 by modified Venham's clinic anxiety and cooperative behavior rating scale, referred for dental treatment were included in the study. Each child was treated under sedation with oral midazolam (0.15-0.70 mg/kg), and totally 45 sedations were conducted. At each visit, heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, respiration rate, sedation and behavioral scores were recorded. The level of acceptance and satisfaction of the patients and their guardians were recorded after the treatment., Results: Among the 23 children, 19 were boys and 4 were girls with mean age of 6.2 years old. In all the 45 treatments, the heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation levels were within acceptable clinical limits. Forty planned treatments were completed satisfactorily. Oral sedation was ineffective in 3 children, and they were treated under general anesthesia. Only 2 guardians refused to have oral midazolam sedation again. Six of seven children who had regular dental check-up could be treated under normal condition., Conclusion: Oral midazolam (0.15-0.70 mg/kg) could be a safe and acceptable approach of sedation for pediatric dental patients.

Objective: To investigate the frequencies of alleles and the association with risk of esophageal cancer in a Mongolian population, and to compare the allele frequencies of these polymorphisms between the two populations and the susceptibility to esophageal cancer., Methods: A case-control study was conducted, and 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), including FAS - 670G/A, FAS - 1377G/A, FASL -844T/C, COX-2 - 1290A/G, COX-2 - 1195G/A, STK15 Phe31Ile, MMP-2 - 1306C/T and MMP -2 -735C/T, were detected by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (PCR-RFLP) in 188 esophageal cancer cases and 324 normal controls of Mongolian. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression. The results were then compared with the reported data of the Han ethnic Chinese population., Results: In Mongolian, as compared with the STK15 31Ile/Ile genotype, the STK15 31Phe/Phe genotype carriers had an increased risk of esophageal cancer (adjusted OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.12-4.31), and the subjects with MMP-2 - 735TT genotype had an increased risk of esophageal cancer as compared with those with the MMP-2 - 735CC genotype (adjusted OR =4.82, 95% CI: 1.59 - 14.60). However, the rest of SNPs were not associated with the susceptibility to esophageal cancer. The allele frequencies of FASL - 844 T/C [0.264(171/648)/0.736 (477/648), 0.323(418/1296)/0.677(878/1296)], COX-2 - 1195G/A [0.431(279/648)/0.569(369/ 648), 0.492(1250/2540)/0.508(1290/2540)], MMP-2 - 1306C/T [0.869(563/648)/0.131(85/ 648), 0.835(1298/1554)/0.165(256/1554)] and MMP-2 - 735C/T [0.789(511/648)/0.211(137/ 648), 0.748(1163/1554)/0.252(391/1554)] were significantly different between the ethnic populations (chi2 = 7.03, 7.84, 3.94, 4.05, respectively, P <0.05)., Conclusion: These findings suggested that STK15 Phe31Ile and MMP-2 -735C/T polymorphisms might be the genetic susceptibility factors for esophageal cancer in Mongolian and there should be some differences of genetic susceptibility to esophageal cancer in between Han ethnic Chinese and Mongolian population.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) as a venous access for newborns who need a long-term venous transfusion., Methods: Sixty-five newborns receiving PICC and 80 newborns receiving peripheral intravenous catheters (PIV) from April 2006 to February 2008 were included in this study. A retrospective cohort study was used to compare the indwelling time of catheters, catheter-related mechanical complications, the incidence of sepsis, and the mortality between the two groups., Results: The indwelling time of catheters in the PICC and the PIV groups was 18.75+/-7.62 days (range:7-62 days) and 1.49+/-0.57 days (range: 30 minutes to 4 days) respectively. The indwelling time of catheters in the PICC group was significantly longer than that in the PIV group (<0.01). The incidence of catheter-related mechanical complications in the PICC group was significantly lower than that in the PIV group (27.7% vs 63.8%; <0.01). There were no significant differences in the incidence of sepsis and the mortality between the two groups., Conclusions: The application of PICC can cause a decrease in the number of venous puncture. PICC is a safe and effective venous access in newborns.

Objective: To compare the microleakage of compomer sealant with non-rinse conditioner and resin sealant with phosphoric acid (35%) by dye test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation., Methods: 16 extracted third permanent molars were divided into 4 groups: Group I, non-rinse conditioner (NRC) + Prime & Bond NT + Dyract seal; Group II, phosphoric acid (35%) + Concise sealant; Group III, phosphoric acid (35%) + Dyract seal; Group IV, NRC + Prime & Bond NT + Concise sealant. The teeth were then coated with nail polish, placed in a 50% AgNO3 dye for 18 hours, and sectioned with a diamond saw. SEM observation was performed to evaluate microleakage in the teeth., Results: Silver nitrate penetration was found in each group. The percentage of microleakage in group I was higher than that in group II, and group IV was higher than that in group II (P < 0.01). The percentage of microleakage of resin sealant with phosphoric acid was lower than that in compomer sealant with NRC (P < 0.01). On SEM observation, resin tags and few gaps were found in groups with phosphoric acid. Some gaps and bubbles were found at the bottom of the fissures, particularly in the narrow fissures because of the failure of sealant penetration., Conclusion: Resin sealant used with phosphoric acid was better than compomer sealant with NRC on microleakage.

In order to study the pollution conditions of sixteen main rivers around Bohai Sea such as Yellow River and so on, water samples were collected synchronously from July 1 to July 5 in summer of 2005. The results show that, thirteen rivers are worse than the IV water, and eight rivers such as Ziyaxinhe River and so on are worse than the V water. By analysing the sharing ratio of pollution, the key pollutant is petroleum (eleven rivers), the second is nutrients, and the third is permanganate index. The comprehensive trophic state index was assessed, and it is shown that seven rivers such as Liaohe River, Yellow River and so on are eutrophic, and the other seven rivers such as Xiaoqinghe River and Jiyunhe River and so on are extreme-eutrophic. As a result, the eutrophic comditions of rivers around Bohai Sea are very serious. The organic pollutant investigation indicates that the average concentration of TOC in sixteen rivers is 16.41 mg/L, the average permanganate index is 6.04 mg/L, and the average weight percentage of the easily degradable organics in total is only 15.61%, which suggests that the organic pollution conditions of the sixteen rivers are far serious, but the fluxes of total organic matters, which are more, should be put more attention on.

Objective: To establish and evaluate a scale method for rating children's behavior in dental clinic in China., Methods: DV records were taken for 210 children under 8-year-old, who visited the department of pediatric dentistry of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology during Jun to Aug in 2004. The Venham's clinic anxiety rating scale and cooperative behavior rating scale were translated into Chinese, and modified according to these records. Twenty-four pieces of records were selected randomly, and 11 pediatric dentists and assistants assessed the child behavior in the 24 records. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman's correlation coefficient (SCC), which denoted inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability, were calculated., Results: The ICC was 0.929 and the SCC was 0.963., Conclusions: The scale has good inter-rater reliability and excellent intra-rater reliability, and it is competent for rating the children's behavior in dental clinic in China.

Objective: To investigate the effects of early enteral nutrition (EEN) on intestinal function and gut tolerance after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury., Methods: Twenty-four male dogs were randomly divided into three groups: EEN only, I/R only and I/R+EEN. The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was blocked for 1 hour followed by restoration of blood flow. EEN was given 4 hours after reperfusion by continuous infusion of Fresubin nutrition fluid (4 ml.kg(-1).h(-1), Fresenius Kabi Co, Germany) into gut via a tonometric catheter for 3 hours till intolerance symptoms, which including vomiting and diarrhea which indicated gut intolerance. CO(2) partial pressure of intestinal mucosa (PiCO(2)), D-xylose absorption and intestinal luminal pressure were measured to reflect intestinal function and perfusion., Results: Incidence and severity of diarrhea and vomiting were significantly higher in I/R+EEN group (with 87.5% intolerance) than those in I/R only group (12.5%) and EEN only group (0). After EEN, PiCO(2) and intestinal cavity pressure were significantly higher, and the D-xylose absorption much lower, in the I/R+EEN group compared with the I/R group and EEN group (all P<0.01)., Conclusion: Intestinal I/R may result in decreased tolerance to EEN. Too early enteral nutrition (less than 12 hours after gut hypoperfusion) may enhance intestinal ischemia injury and further inhibit its function of propulsion and absorption.

Objective: To study the effect and safety of polylacticglycolide acid copolymer (PLGA) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) as implanted biomaterials for reconstruction orbital floor defects in sheep and find the relationship between implant materials degradation and orbital floor defects restoration., Methods: Nine sheep (eighteen eyes) with orbital floor defect were divided into three groups randomly. Group A was the control without treatment. Group B was treated with PLGA and group C was received PLGA/rhBMP-2. Cosmetic appearances and complications were observed after surgery. CT scan, 3D reconstruction, defect area measurement and histological examination were performed on a week, three months and six months after operation., Results: No complication was observed. The CT examinations showed that orbital floor defect in group C was almost disappeared by six months, however in group A and group B only partially orbital floor defect was repaired. Histological examinations showed that all materials were absorbed on six months. The orbit defects in group A were replaced by fiber tissue. The defect areas in group B were consisted of bone tissue in the peripheral and fiber tissue in the center. In group C the reconstructed areas were replaced by bone tissue, loose connective tissue and mucosal epithelia layers., Conclusion: The thick of 0.5 mm PLGA/rhBMP-2 sheet is a good substitute material of bone graft and may be used for orbital fracture defect reconstruction in clinic in the future.

Objective: To observe the distribution and change of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) and their co-expression in the brains of normal newborn female rats and in the brains of those with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD)., Methods: The 7 day-old female SD rats were subjected to the ligation of right carotid artery (ischemia), then they were put into a box full with 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen for an hour (hypoxia). The methods of immunohistochemistry and double-immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of IGF-1R, ER-alpha and their co-expression in the brain., Results: (1) There were extensive immunoreactions of IGF-IR, ER-alpha in newborn rat's brain, and there were extensive co-localization of IGF-1R and ER-alpha in the same cells of cerebral cortex. (2) There were no changes in the expressions of IGF-1R and ER-alpha, no changes in the co-expression of IGF-1R and ER-alpha at 24 hours of HIBD; whereas there were increasing expressions of IGF-1R, ER-alpha and increasing co-expression of IGF-1R, ER-alpha in the cerebral cortex on the 7th day of HIBD., Conclusion: The above results suggest that there are co-action of IGF-1R and ER-alpha in the repair of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.