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ASPS is a kind of plant polysaccharides extracted from the fruits, roots and stems of Acanthopanax senticosus. Its chemical components include galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, etc. It has physiological functions such as enhancing immunity, lowering blood glucose, anti-oxidation and regulating intestinal microecological balance. It has great potential as a new feed additive in livestock and poultry production. The paper reviews the biological functions of ASPS and its application in livestock and poultry production, in order to provide reference for further research and application of ASPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to establish a method for the detection of Clostridium butyricum. In the test, the purified clostridium butyricum powder was diluted and coated in four different media, including modified FTG, FTG, TSC and TSN, to screen the appropriate medium, and the temperature and pH value gradient were set to screen the most appropriate conditions. Then, the detection method of Clostridium butyricum was verified by gram staining microscopy, biochemical identification, PCR and sequencing identification. The results showed that an improved FTG medium with low cost, strong specificity and easy to observe and count Clostridium butyricum was selected by observing morphology and colony count. The optimum culture conditions were pH (7.0±0.2) and temperature (37±1) ℃. The detected bacteria were grampositive, rod-shaped or spindle shaped, terminal or secondary spores, and positive for lactose, salicin, xylose, starch, melibiose and raffinose. Both the sample and the positive control of Clostridium butyricum showed a band at 548 bp, and the sequence homology was more than 96%, indicating that the detection result was accurate. The study indicates that an improved FTG medium with strong specificity and easy to observe and count Clostridium butyricum is screened, which can effectively detect the content of Clostridium butyricum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To identify the pathogen of anthracnose of Camellia osmantha Ye CX,Ma JL et Ye H in Guangxi, determine its biological characteristics, and provide disease reference basis for the selection and breeding of disease-resistant C. osmantha.[Method] Samples of typical anthracnose from C. osmantha forests in Nanning city, Laibin city and Chongzuo city were collected, and the pathogenic strains were obtained by tissue separation method and Koch’s rule. According to the description of the morphological characteristics of the pathogen and the multi gene molecular phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal transcription spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS1） and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), the pathogenic strains were identified, and the biological characteristics of the pathogen were determined by plate method.[Result] A total of 76 strains of Colletotrichum fungi were isolated from typical anthrax samples collected from C. osmantha woodlands in Nanning, Laibing and Chongzuo, Guangxi. The strains were pathogenic to healthy C. osmantha leaves, but the pathogenicity was slightly different. The average diameters of the inoculated spots of representative strains CXNN02,CXLB08 and CXCZ09 in vitro were 6.48,6.39 and 5.20 mm, respectively. The inoculated spots in vivo were slightly smaller than the former, which were 5.53,5.33 and 4.97 mm, respectively. The pathogenicity of CXNN02 strain was slightly stronger. The representative strain CXNN02 had a round colony on the PDA medium, and the hyphae were gray to dark gray, the aerial hyphae are lush, fluffy, and black pigment was produced on the back. The hyphae grow faster, with an average growth rate of 11.75 mm/d. The conidia were smooth, colorless, unicellular, cylindrical, with a blunt or slightly pointed tip, and the size was (13.30-20.67）μm× (3.39-7.48）μm. Appressorium of conidia was light brown to brown, single or multiple, round or nearly round, with complete edges, and the size was (6.50-10.69）μm× (5.17-9.50）μm. Through the analysis of the phylogenetic tree analysis of the morphology and multi-site gene phylogeny of the representative strains CXNN02, CXLB08, CXCZ09, it was determined that Colletotrichum fructicola was the pathogen of C. osmantha anthracnose in Guangxi. The results of biological characteristics measurement showed that, the optimum temperature for mycelial growth and spore production of C. fructicola was 28 ℃,the optimum pH for mycelial growth was 4-5,the optimum pH for spore production was 6,the best carbon source for mycelial growth was D-maltose, D-glucose, D-fructose and D-xylose, the best carbon source for spore production was lactose, and the better nitrogen sources were beef extract, peptone and yeast powder. The spore yield of yeast powder as nitrogen source was the largest; Complete darkness was conducive to the mycelial growth and spore production of C. osmantha anthracnose.[Conclusion] The pathogen of anthracnose of C. osmantha in Guangxi belongs to C. fructicola. The mycelial growth and spore production of anthracnose of C. osmantha is obviously affected by temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources and light conditions. C. osmantha is a new host of C. fructicola. The biological characteristics of the anthracnose pathogen must be fully understood when selecting disease-resistant varieties of C. oleifera and formulating control measures for anthracnose pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W. Murcott (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a variety of late-maturing mandarin in Chongqing of China that has been imported from the United States. There are more medium ripe citrus varieties, but fewer early or late ripe ones in the market. Late ripe W. Murcott can be held until March of the next year for better sustainable development of the citrus industry. In this study, the parameters were measured, including the color, sugar and acid components, ascorbic acid content, relative water content, firmness, weight loss rate, and rot rate of the fruits in seven harvesting periods during cold storage (0 - 150 days), thereby determining the effect of ripening on fruit quality and storability. Every 30 fruits were selected as a group, and three groups were taken in parallel for the determination of relevant indexes every 15 days. Graphpad Prism 5.0 software was selected to plot all recorded data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on a SPSS17.0 software, and Duncan's multiple comparison was used to analyze the different significance. The results showed that the citrus fruits turned yellow completely in the VI harvest period at the time of harvest (day 0 of storage), where the ascorbic acid content, soluble solid content, and solid-acid ratio were the highest. The soluble solids content of fruits in the harvest period I was low, and the color changed slowly during the storage time. The fruits in the harvest period of V-VII were rotted during storage. In the harvest period of III and IV, the fruits did not deteriorate, where the weight loss rate was less than 5 %, and the ascorbic acid content was higher than that in other harvest periods at the end of storage. There were 8 kinds of soluble sugar and 9 kinds of organic acid in the fruit during the storage. The contents of fructose, sucrose, mannose, pyranose, ribose, and xylose all increased first and then decreased with the extension of the harvest period. The content of citric acid and aconite acid decreased with the delay of the harvesting period. The content of aconite acid in fruit was basically unchanged in the period of I-IV, and then decreased significantly during storage. It reached the lowest in the VI harvest period. The contents of malic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and succinic acid in fruits all increased at first and then decreased with the delay of the harvesting period. In general, the harvest time needed to be adjusted to different commercial demands. The findings herein demonstrated that the fruit of harvest period VI (Feb. 7th) had complete color transformation while the soluble solid (11.60% ± 0.05%) and ascorbic acid content (21.15 mg/100g) were high, and the solid acid ratio (17.45) was optimal, suitable for fresh market. The decay rate of fruits in the harvest period III (Dec. 24th) was 0 after 150 days of storage. The highest content of ascorbic acid (15.27 mg/100g) and titratable acid (0.37%) was achieved at the end of low-temperature storage, with the high content of soluble solids (9.6%), while the firmness remained better (376 g), suitable for post-storage sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biobutanol can be used as a new generation of renewable green energy due to its similar energy density, heat of vaporization, air fuel ratio and octane number to gasoline. However, in the process of biological fermentation, the yield of n-butanol is low due to the poor strain performance. So based on the modification of cellulose by bacteria (Clostridium cellulovorans adhE2) strains for fermentation, different ratio of glucose and xylose as the substrate for fermentation kinetics research. The results showed that when the ratio of glucose and xylose was 1: 1, the utilization rate of glucose and xylose was relatively high and the butanol yield (0. 097 g/ g) was the highest, and the butanol yield could be increased by expanding the culture scale with fermentation tank. The results have some significance for the long-term stable operation of repeated batch fermentation and the further metabolic transformation of the s train in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This paper aimed to provide reference for future introduction and trial planting by analyzing the fruit quality characters of different date palm cultivars and germplasms in Pakistan and Hainan to understand the difference of date palm fruit quality. [Method] The 4 date palm cultivars (D,H,M,A) collected from Pakistan and 2 germplasms (R,Y) collected from Hainan were used to study the difference on fruit characters. The fruit characters, sugar and acid content, essential nutrient elements were measured. [Result] The fresh weight of single fruit of date palm from Pakistan was significantly higher than that of Hainan. The fruit length and diameter of 2 Pakistan date palm were significantly longer than that of Hainan. The content of xylose, fructose, sorbose, fructose, mannose, sucrose of sugar and the niacin, serine, malic acid of the date palm fruits collected from Pakistan were relatively high. The Mg contents in the 2 Hainan date palms were significantly higher than that in the 4 Pakistan date palms. Although the contents of different nutrients in different date palms were different, but the K. contents of 4 cultivars and 2 germplasms were almost the highest. The germplasm 1) and A growing in Pakistan were closely related to R and Y in Hainan, but far from II and M. [Conclusion] It was concluded that the fruit characters, sugar and acid content of the date palms were different between Pakistan cultivars and Hainan germplasms. Through this study, the difference of fruit quality between the date palms grown in Pakistan and Hainan was understood, which provided a reference basis for the purpose of introduction and trial planting in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Biological characteristics of Colletotrichum hymenocallidis were tested to provide theoretical basis for control of Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen anthracnose.【Method】Effects of temperatures gradient of 5-40 °C on the mycelium growth,sporulation and spore germination of C.hymenocallidis were studied on PDA medium.Effects of 50 %-100 % different humidity on the conidial germination ofC.hymenocallidis were studied by means of small container air humidity adjustment method.Effects of PDB culture solution with pH 2-12 on the mycelium growth of C.hymenocallidis was determined by liquid culture method.With Czapek media as the base,sucrose and sodium nitrate were replaced by nine kinds of carbon sources or nitrogen sources of the same mass,in order to studied the effects of different carbon sources and nitrogen sources on the mycelium growth,sporulation quantity of C.hymenocallidis.Effects of darkness,continuous illumination and 12 h light and dark alternation on the myceliuml growth,sporulation quantity were studied on PDA medium.【Result】The tested strain grew differently under different temperatures.Extremely high and low temperature were not beneficial to mycelium growth,sporulation and spore germination of C.hymenocallidis.All biological indicators could reach the highest level under 28 °C.The colony diameter,sporulation quantity and spore germination rate were 69.88 mm,3.33×10~6/mL and 94.00 %,respectively.The germination rate of the bacteria was the highest in the water droplets,the germination rate was 93.00 %.The strain could grow in the range of pH 3-12,and the optimum was 5.The different carbon and nitrogen source could be used,the better carbon sources was D-fructose,sucrose,D-xylose,mannitol,D-sorbitol and amylogen,but no significant difference on sporulation(P>0.05).The better nitrogen sources was yeast powder on the mycelium growth and the optimal nitrogen for spore germination was beef extract.The light can accelerate mycelium growth and promote sporulation.【Conclusion】The mycelial growth and sporulation of C.hymenocallidis were significantly affected by temperature,pH,carbon and nitrogen sources and light.The suitable high temperature and high humidity were conducive to the germination of conidia of C.hymenocallidis.The biological characteristics of C.hymenocallidis can be used for effective prevention and control in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low efficiency hydrogen-producing bacteria is one of the major bottlenecks for the conversion of crop straw into hydrogen. To solve this problem, an high efficiency hydrogen-producing bacteria using xylose as carbon source was isolated from sheep manure and identified as Escherichia coli XRN510 by 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thereafter, the effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, initial pH, xylose concentration, the types of nitrogen sources and the ratio of different nitrogen sources were studied and the optimum conditions for hydrogen production were obtained. The optimum hydrogen production conditions were a xylose concentration of 10.0 g/L, nitrogen source of L-glutamic acid and yeast extract, a L-glutamic acid to yeast extract ratio of 3:5, and an initial pH of 7.2. This resulted in a maximum hydrogen yield of 1 468.93±61.52 mL/L. A high efficiency bacterium capable of fermenting xylose to produce hydrogen and its optimal hydrogen production conditions were obtained in this study, which could provide strain resources and technological conditions for large-scale hydrogen production from crop straw hydrolysate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of traditional rose vinegar is an open, multilateral fermentation process, which is obtained through a series of reactions such as saccharification, alcohol fermentation and acetic acid fermentation. At the right time, rice supplement, sugar supplement or alcohol supplement can complete the fed-batch fermentation, among which alcohol supplement is closer to the end of the reaction which is the simplest way to achieve the expansion of production and efficiency. However, there has been no report on the improvement of the technique of fed-batch fermentation of rose vinegar production. Fermentation of rose vinegar with indica rice in 500 kg cylindrical fermentation container. Under the natural fermentation conditions, fed-batch fermentation was carried out at initial acidity of 1.5 g/100mL、2.5 g/100mL and 3.5 g/100mL, respectively. The ratio of vinegar to wine mash is set at 2:1 (v: v) and 1:1 (v: v). Through direct titration with Flynn reagent, alcohol distillation, indicator and potentiometric titration for acid-base titration, UV spectrophotometer, HPLC method, five important indexes including reducing sugar, alcohol content, acidity, color ratio and organic acid were determined. The effects of initial acidity and fed-batch volume on the fermentation of rose vinegar were studied. The results showed that the appropriate fed-batch volume could not only increase the yield of acetic acid fermentation, but also improve the acidity and efficiency of acetic acid fermentation. The color of rose vinegar depends on the feeding time and fed-batch volume. The earlier the vinegar is added, the closer the color is to traditional rose vinegar, but the more the vinegar is added, the greater the influence on the color is. Combining the change of organic acid composition and content with sensory evaluation results, the relationship between the improved fermentation mode and the formation of main flavor substances was discussed to determine the feasibility of fed-batch fermentation of rose vinegar. When the initial acidity was 2.5g/100mL, the maximum acidity increased to (5.59±0.27)g/100mL(control group (5.19±0.23)g/100mL) after adding the same amount of mash. Compared with the traditional rose vinegar, the acidity content increased significantly (P＜0.05). The time of acetic acid fermentation was shortened from 90 days to 78 days, which indicated that fed-batch fermentation could effectively improve fermentation efficiency and save more manpower, material and financial resources. The total amount of nonvolatile organic acids was (27.15±1.11) mg/mL (control group (24.57±0.69) mg/mL). The improvement of this index could make the samples have the characteristics of soft acidity and strong vinegar taste. The color ratio of the final product is 1.8×105 (the traditional process color rate is 1.9×105), which is consistent with that of the traditional rose vinegar. This study has positive significance for the production of rose vinegar to expand production, improve efficiency and realize continuous production throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrolysis of rice straw into xylose and glucose in dilute sulfuric acid aqueous solution was studied with a two-step process in batch autoclave reactor. The results showed that compared with the traditional one-step acid hydrolysis, both xylose and glucose could be produced in high yields from rice straw by using the two-step acid hydrolysis process. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, the amount of rice straw and acid concentration on the hydrolysis of rice straw were systematically studied, and showed that except initial rice straw loading amount, the other parameters had remarkable influence on the products distribution and yields. In the first-step of the hydrolysis process, a high xylose yield of 162.6 g·kg-1 was obtained at 140℃ after 120 min reaction time. When the solid residues from the first step were subjected to a second-step hydrolysis, a glucose yield as high as 216.5 g·kg-1 could be achieved at 180℃ after 120 min. This work provides a promising strategy for the efficient and value-added utilization of agricultural wastes such as rice straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of xylose, xylitol on enzymolysis of bagasse xylan by xylanase Shearzyme 500 L were studied. Xylooligosaccharide with high xylobiose content was obtained through the enzymolysis of by-product xylose by Candida tropiclis and relieving the inhibitory effect of xylitol on xylanse. The results were as follows: xylose was the inhibitor of Shearzyme 500 L,and its inhibitory effect was in proportion to xylose content in solution; xylitol had no inhibitory effect on xylanase; C. tropiclis could transform the xylose in the solution of bagasse xylan into xylitol without xylooligosaccharide, and xylobiose increased from 53.09% to 62.92% in total sugar, and reached 78.90% through the second hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]