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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of glaucoma drainage implants(XEN-45 Gel Stent) for glaucoma treatment. Methods: A prospective study was conducted to continuously collect the clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with glaucoma and underwent XEN-45 Gel Stent implantation in the Ophthalmology Department of Peking University People's Hospital from January 2022 to August 2023. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, number of glaucoma medications, and success rate of the patients were analyzed before and after surgery at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. The differences in intraocular pressure and number of glaucoma medications among primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and different implantation methods of XEN-45 Gel Stent among patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were compared. The intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed, and the risk factors for needling and surgical complete success were analyzed. Results: A total of 48 eyes from 48 patients were included in this study, comprising 27 males and 21 females, with a mean age of (54.4±18.0) years and the disease duration was 36.0(7.3, 81.0) months.There were 28 cases of primary open-angle glaucoma, 4 cases of primary angle closure glaucoma, and 16 cases of secondary glaucoma.The follow-up period was 8.0 (3.0, 12.0) months. At 12 months after surgery, the intraocular pressure decreased from 20.5 (17.0, 26.0) mmHg to (13.5±3.3) mmHg ( P <0.05), and the number of glaucoma medications decreased from 3.0 (3.0, 4.0) to 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) ( P <0.05). The complete success rate and qualified success rate were 73.9% (17/23) and 91.3% (21/23), respectively. The most common postoperative complications were shallow anterior chamber in 6 cases (12.5%), hypotony in 3 cases (6.3%), and blocked stent in 3 cases (6.3%). The most common postoperative treatment was needling in 27 cases (56.3%). There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure among different types of glaucoma. In the comparison of postoperative effects of different surgical implantation methods for primary open-angle glaucoma, there were no statistically significant differences in intraocular pressure and the number of glaucoma medications at other follow-up time points except 1 month after surgery ( P <0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis did not find any risk factors associated with needling and surgical complete success. Conclusions: XEN-45 Gel Stent implantation is an effective and safe surgical option for different types of glaucoma patients in China, which can significantly reduce intraocular pressure and the use of glaucoma medications and has a high success rate. However, some patients may need needling or other treatments after surgery.

Understanding the effects of different amounts of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil CO 2 emission from maize field can provide theoretical support for carbon sequestration and CO 2 emission reduction and the implementation of black soil region conservation plan. Three rates of straw returning were set up in the semi-arid area of northwest Liaoning Province, China, i.e . 3000 (S 1 ), 6000 (S 2 ) and 9000 kg·hm -2 (S 3 , full amount of straw returned to the field); crossed with three nitrogen fertilizer application rates in the sub-region, respectively, i.e . 105 (N 1 ), 210 (N 2 , conventional nitrogen application rate) and 420 kg N·hm -2 (N 3 ). In addition, there was a control treatment (CK) without nitrogen fertilizer and straw returning. Soil samples were collected after 4 years field experiment with maize plantation. The influence of different treatments on maize field soil CO 2 emission and the relationship between CO 2 emission and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were investigated in an incubation experiment. The results showed that both of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application promoted soil CO 2 emission in maize field, which were increased significantly with the increases of straw returning amount and nitrogen application amount. Nitrogen fertilizer application was the most important factor promoting soil CO 2 emission in maize field. Straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer promoted soil CO 2 emission by increasing microbial biomass and increasing DOC consumption. MBC and DOC stimulated soil CO 2 emission significantly in maize field, and were mainly affected by their contents in the early stage of incubation. From the perspective of ensuring the fertilization of straw return to the field while reducing CO 2 emissions, results from our experiment showed that 210 kg N·hm -2 conventional nitrogen application in combination with 6000 kg N·hm -2 straw returning (N 2 S 2 ) was the most promising mode in the semi-arid area of northwest Liaoning Province.

With the aim to understand the response of different nitrogen forms in paddy soil under the conditions of urea combined with inhibitors and pig manure, and to explore the nitrogen retention and supply capacity of paddy soil under different management strategy, we conducted a pot experiment with 15 N labeled urea. There were six treatments: no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), pig manure (M), urea (N), urea+pig manure (NM), urea+inhibitor (NI), urea+inhibitor+pig manure (NIM). Urease inhibitor (PPD+NBPT) and nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) were used as the inhibitor combination. Soil nitrogen pools, conservation of 15 N labeled urea, and rice N adsorption were measured in rice seedling, tillering, and mature stages. Results showed that pig manure significantly increased soil ammonium concentration, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and fixed ammonium, as well as the storage of urea nitrogen in various pools at tillering stage, and significantly increased rice yield. Addition of the inhibitors increased NH 4 + fixation by clay minerals and nitrogen immobilization by microorganisms compared with treatment N, and increased urea-derived NH 4 + fixation by clay minerals compared with treatment NM. Pathway analysis showed that pig manure increased urea-N assimilation and yield of rice. The urea-derived ammonium fixed by clay minerals was temporarily stored after inhibitors application. NIM treatment stored more N in microbial biomass, and the released ammonium coupled the turnover and mineralization of microbial provided more available nitrogen for the later growth of rice. Both NM and NIM treatments are recommended in paddy fields of north China.

Based on a two-year field experiment located at Shenyang Applied Ecological Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, we examined the effects of stabilized N fertilizer combined with straw returning on rice yield and emission of N 2 O and CH 4 in aquic brown soil. Six treatments were set up, i.e. control (CK), urea(U), urea+urease inhibitor+nitrification inhibitor (U+I), straw (S), straw+urea (S+U), straw+urea+ urease inhibitor+nitrification inhibitor (S+U+I). The results showed that urea application increased rice yield, cumulative N 2 O and CH 4 emission, and global warming potential. The treatment of U+I significantly mitigated cumulative N 2 O emission. Returning rice straw to the field significantly increased cumulative N 2 O emission, cumulative CH 4 emission, global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emission intensity. The S+U+I treatment had the highest rice yield and greenhouse gas emission intensity. U+I treatment had the the second highest rice yield and the lowest greenhouse gas emission intensity. Rice yield in the S treatment showed no significant difference with CK. Our results indicated that S+U+I and U+I are relatively better agricultural strategies compared with other treatments in paddy fields on aquic soil.

Objective: To explore the clinical features, the serotype distribution and drug resistance of the isolates in patient with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Methods: By retrieving the laboratory information system in 18 children's hospitals from 2012 to 2017, the children with IPD were enrolled. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) must be isolated from the sterile sites (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, hydrothorax and joint effusion etc.). The clinical characteristics, serotype, drug resistance, treatment and prognosis were reviewed and analyzed. According to the telephone follow up results, the patients were divided into death group and recovered group. The index as an independent risk factor of mortality was demonstrated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: There were 1 138 children with IPD, including 684 male and 454 female. The proportion of male to female was 1.5∶1. The age ranged from one day to 16 years. The median age was 1 year 3 month. The majority was under 5 years of age (89.3%, n = 1 016), especially under 2 years of age (61.9%, n =704). In all cases, 88.2% ( n =1 004) were community acquired infection. The infections included meningitis ( n= 446, 39.2%), pneumonia with bacteremia ( n= 339, 29.8%), and bacteremia without focus ( n= 232, 20.4%). Underlying diseases were found in 242 cases (21.3%). Co-infections were determined in 62 cases (5.4%) with mycoplasma, 27 cases (2.4%) with adenovirus and 34 cases with influenza virus (3.0%). The penicillin insensitivity (PNSP) rates in meningitis and non-meningitis isolates were 69.5% (276/397) and 35.9% (221/615), respectively. There were 81 strains serotyped, in which 93.8% (76/81) were covered by 13-valent protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13). In the 965 patients who were followed up by phone call, 156 cases (16.2%) were confirmed dead. The independent risk factors for the death were under 2 years of age ( OR= 2.143, 95 %CI 1.284-3.577, P= 0.004), meningitis ( OR= 3.066, 95 %CI 1.852-5.074, P< 0.01), underlying disease ( OR= 4.801, 95 %CI 2.953-7.804, P< 0.01), septic shock( OR= 3.542, 95 %CI 1.829-6.859, P< 0.01), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) ( OR= 4.150, 95 %CI 1.468-11.733, P= 0.007), multiple organ failure ( OR= 12.693, 95 %CI 6.623-24.325, P< 0.01) and complications of central nervous system ( OR= 1.975, 95 %CI 1.144-3.410, P= 0.015). Conclusions: Most children with IPD were under 5 years of age, having underlying diseases and acquired the infection in community. The independent risk factors for death were under two years old, meningitis, underlying diseases and multiple organ failure. The problem of drug resistance was severe. The universal immunization of PCV13 would be effective to prevent IPD in Chinese children.