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In order to develop functional rice flour products with anti-digestive and antioxidant activities, the effects of adding Wuyi rock tea (WRT) on the quality, in vitro digestive characteristics and antioxidant activity of rice noodles were studied. The texture and sensory quality of rice noodles were determined by texture analyzer and sensory evaluation method, respectively. The flavor components were characterized by GC-MS, and the antioxidant activity was assessed by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS+ assays. The digestive characteristics of rice noodles were detected by the in vitro simulated digestion method. The results showed that compared to the control rice noodles, the breaking rate of rice noodles added with 2.9%~7.0%. WRT was not significantly changed (P>0.05), while the breaking rate of rice noodles added with 8.3% WRT was significantly increased (P

BackgroundClimate change has resulted in long-term impacts on human health. Implementing efficient adaptation strategies among primary healthcare facilities is well determined by whether staff of different genders recognize the health risks related to climate change and are willing to take active measures.ObjectiveTo investigate gender differences on perceptions of health risks and attitude towards adaptation strategies among primary healthcare workers in China, and provide relevant suggestions.MethodsBy adopting a multi-stage cluster sampling method, we selected 21 urban and 10 rural healthcare facilities in Guangdong Province to collect information with a questionnaire. Then chi-square test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and logistic regression analysis were used to explore the gender differences in climate change-related health risk cognition, knowledge acquisition channels, attitudes towards adaptation strategies, main obstacles, and resource requirements among the healthcare workers.ResultsOf 733 participants, 38.47% (282 participants) were male and 61.53% (451 participants) were female. The percentages of male healthcare workers who agreed that climate change is happening and recognized the causes of climate change (70.21%, 60.99%) were higher than the percentages of female counterparts (59.87%, 49.00%) (both Ps＜0.05), but no obvious gender differences existed in recognizing health risks of heatwaves and infectious diseases as well as sensitive population identification (all Ps＞0.05). Most of the participants (92.50%) received climate change and health-related information from mass media like TV, radio, and newspapers. Meanwhile less men chose new media channels than women (OR=0.62, 95%CI∶ 0.41-0.94). Only 30.56% of the participants (33.69% of men and 28.60% of women) reported involvement of relevant training and lectures. Most of them (90.96%) agreed to take active measures to deal with the health threats associated with climate change without gender differences for various measures (all Ps＞0.05). The leading obstacles were hard to integrate health adaptation to climate change into main work of institutions (most female agreed, 72.28%) and the lack of funds (most male agreed, 77.66%). Increasing funding for primary health care was regarded as the most needed resource by male (86.88%) and female (89.14%). After controlling the influence of other social factors, more men agreed with the lack of funds than women (OR=1.57, 95%CI∶ 1.10-2.24).ConclusionThere are some gender differences in the perceptions of health risks and adaptation strategies of climate change among primary healthcare workers: Male staff are more likely to agree with climate change and regard the lack of funds as the main obstacle, while women prefer to choose new media channels to obtain information. It’s suggested that the government and relevant institutions focus on the learning and training of climate change and health-related knowledge and expand diversified information access, and promote capacity building to cope with health threats at grass-root level, in the light of recognized gender differences among primary healthcare workers.

BackgroundClimate change leads to frequent heavy rainfall events, and higher incidences of bacillary dysentery after heavy rainfall have been observed. The impacts of heavy rainfall and its antecedent rainfall conditions on the disease are worth paying attention to.ObjectiveTo quantitatively analyze how the relationship between heavy rainfall events and bacillary dysentery occurrence is modified by antecedent rainfall conditions in Anhui Province and explore the different moderation effects in urban and rural contexts.MethodsCN05.1 meteorological data of Anhui Province and cases of bacillary dysentery of the same area were collected from January 1, 2006 to August 31, 2017. An exposure-response Poisson regression model of heavy rainfall events and the number of daily cases was constructed to explore the moderation effect of antecedent rainfall conditions on the incidence of bacillary dysentery, and further stratified by urban and rural areas.ResultsThis study included 129 459 cases of bacillary dysentery, with a daily average of 30.39. Compared with dry antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall, dry antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall had no obvious different effect on the incidence of bacillary dysentery for the whole province (P>0.05). But wet antecedent conditions significantly increased the risk of bacillary dysentery for the whole province after heavy rainfall (wet antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall: RR=1.281, 95%CI: 1.264-1.298; wet antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall: RR=1.267, 95%CI: 1.167-1.376). After urban and rural stratification, antecedent rainfall conditions also showed a significant moderation effect on the incidence of bacillary dysentery following heavy rainfall events. Compared with dry antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall, dry antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall had no obvious effect on the incidence of bacillary dysentery for the urban and the rural populations (P > 0.05). However, wet antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall (urban: RR=1.391, 95%CI: 1.362-1.421; rural: RR=1.222, 95%CI: 1.201-1.243) and wet antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall (urban: RR=1.364, 95%CI: 1.193-1.559; rural: RR=1.218, 95%CI: 1.098-1.352) significantly increased the risk of bacillary dysentery in both rural and urban areas.ConclusionIn the influence of heavy rainfall on the incidence of bacillary dysentery in Anhui Province, antecedent rainfall conditions have a certain moderation effect in the whole province and in both urban and rural areas, and the risk of bacillary dysentery is increased under wet antecedent conditions.

Infectious diarrhea is an important public health problem, which has a significant impact on global disease burden. Under the background of climate change, rainstorms increase and floods occur frequently. Most studies show that the incidences of infectious diarrhea disease increase significantly after rainstorm and flood events. However, there is a lack of systematic summary on the path of rainstorm and flood events affecting the incidence of infectious diarrhea, including the key links and mechanisms underlying environmental-social interaction. This study comprehensively combed the literature from environmental factors, socio-economic and cultural factors, and population and individual susceptibility factors. The potential mechanisms of infectious diarrhea caused by rainstorm and flood events were discussed from the aspects of spreading of pathogens, affecting sanitation facilities and (or) drinking water treatment infrastructure, the regulatory role of individual and behavioral factors, and long-term effects. Based on the "pressure-state-response" model, a social driving process model of rainstorm and flood leading to incidence of infectious diarrhea was constructed. This model could provide reference for future quantitative modeling and other research directions. It is helpful to guide the public health departments to accurately identify factors affecting the incidence of infectious diarrhea after rainstorm and flood, so as to take targeted intervention measures.

Distribution characteristics, organic matter development characteristics, gas-bearing characteristics, reservoir characteristics, and preservation conditions of the Shahezi Formation shale of Lower Cretaceous in the Lishu fault depression, Songliao Basin, NE China, are analyzed using organic geochemical, whole rock, and SEM analysis data, and CO2 and N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection experiment data in combination with the tectonic and sedimentation evolution of the region to reveal the geological conditions for enrichment and resource potential of continental shale gas. The organic-rich shale in the Lower Cretaceous of the Lishu fault depression is mainly developed in the lower submember of the second member of the Shahezi Formation (K1sh21 Fm.) and is thick and stable in distribution. The shale has high TOC, mainly types II1 and II2 organic matter, and is in the mature to the over-mature stage. The volcanic activity, salinization, and reduction of the water environment are conducive to the formation of the organic-rich shale. The shale reservoirs have mainly clay mineral intergranular pores, organic matter pores, carbonate mineral dissolution pores, and foliated microfractures as storage space. The pores are in the mesopore range of 10–50 nm, and the microfractures are mostly 5–10 μm wide. Massive argillaceous rocks of lowland and highstand domains are deposited above and below the gas-bearing shale separately in the lower submember of the K1sh21 Fm., act as the natural roof and floor in the process of shale gas accumulation and preservation, and control the shale gas enrichment. Based on the above understandings, the first shale gas exploration well in Shahezi Formation was drilled in the Lishu fault depression of Songliao Basin. After fracturing, the well tested a daily gas production of 7.6×104 m3 marking a breakthrough in continental shale gas exploration in the Shahezi Formation (K1sh Fm.) of the Lishu fault depression in Songliao Basin. The exploration practice has reference significance for the exploration of continental shale gas in the Lower Cretaceous of Songliao Basin and its periphery.

Pure shales in the first member of Qingshankou Formation (simplified as Qing 1 Member) in the southern Songliao Basin, i.e., the semi-deep and deep lacustrine shales, are characterized by a high content of clay minerals and poor hydrocarbon mobility, making the development of shale oil difficult. According to the drilling and testing results, the shale of Qing 1 Member can be classified into 3 lithofacies, i.e., bedded argillaceous shale, laminated diamictite shale, and interbedded felsic shale. The TOC and brittle minerals control the enrichment of shale oil, of them, TOC controls the total oil content, in other words, the total oil content increases with the increase of TOC; while the laminae made up of brittle minerals contain a large number of bigger intergranular pores which are favorable enrichment space for movable shale oil. In consideration of the origins of the 3 lithofacies, two shale oil enrichment models are classified, i.e., the deep lacustrine high-TOC bedded argillaceous shale (Model-I) and the semi-deep lacustrine moderate-high-TOC laminated diamictite shale (Model-II). In the Model-I, the shale is characterized by high hydrocarbon generation ability, high total oil content, abundant horizontal bedding fractures, and vertical and high angle fractures locally; the complex fracture network formed by horizontal bedding fractures and vertical fractures improve the storage capacity and permeability of the shale reservoir, increase the enrichment space for movable oil. In the Model-II, the shale is characterized by good hydrocarbon generation ability and fairly high total oil content, and as the brittle laminae contain large intergranular pores, the shale has a higher movable oil content. Based on the two models, shale oil sweet-spot areas of 2880 km2 in the southern Songliao Basin are favorable for further exploration. Aimed at the difficulties in reservoir fracturing of the lacustrine shale with a high content of clay minerals, the composite fracturing technology with supercritical carbon dioxide was used in the shale oil reservoir for the first time, realizing large-scale volume fracturing in shale with a high content of clay minerals and strong heterogeneity, marking a breakthrough of oil exploration in continental shale with a high content of clay minerals in China.

Abstract: Taking the inter-salt organic-rich shales in the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es3) of Dongpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin as an example, the origin of overpressure, development characteristics, formation and evolution mechanism, formation stages and geological significance on shale oil and gas of overpressure fractures in the inter-salt shale reservoir were investigated by means of thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy observation, analysis of fluid inclusions, logging data analysis, and formation pressure inversion. The results show that overpressure is universal in the salt-lake basin of Dongpu sag, and under-compaction caused by the sealing of salt-gypsum layer, pressurization due to hydrocarbon generation, transformation and dehydration of clay minerals, and fault sealing are the 4 main factors leading to the occurrence of overpressure. The overpressure fractures are small in scale, with an average length of 356.2 μm and an average underground opening of 11.6 μm. But they are densely developed, with an average surface density of 0.76 cm/cm2. Moreover, they are often accompanied by oil and gas charging, and thus high in effectiveness. Overpressure fractures were mainly formed during two periods of large-scale oil and gas charging, approximately 25–30 Ma ago and 0–5 Ma ago. Inter-salt overpressure fractures play dual roles as the storage space and migration paths of shale oil and gas. They contribute 22.3% to the porosity of shale reservoir and 51.4% to the permeability. They can connect fracture systems of multiple scales, greatly improving the quality of shale reservoir. During the development of shale oil and gas, inter-salt overpressure fractures can affect the extension and morphology of hydraulic fractures, giving rise to complex and highly permeable volumetric fracture networks, improving hydraulic fracturing effect and enhancing shale oil and gas productivity.