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The primary objective of geophysical research is the exploration of underground structures and to serve as a valuable tool for geological interpretation. The formation structure and properties can be determined by analyzing the physical properties of the underground medium reflected by geophysical data, such as density, velocity, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and more. Given the numerous solutions of a single geophysical method, comprehensive geophysical interpretation is currently a feasible and effective approach. This study explores lithology prediction, providing a summary of the basic principles and steps of comprehensive geophysical interpretation methods for lithology prediction. Additionally, it outlines the main technical methods of comprehensive lithology prediction involving two kinds of technical routes: knowledge-driven and data-driven. The knowledge-driven method uses prior information. It is simple, direct, and easy to understand, but has weak adaptability to the complexity and high dimension data. The data-driven method employs a mathematical statistics strategy to explore the relationship between data and has a robust capacity to adapt to complex scenarios. In solving practical problems, the supervised machine learning method, based on sufficient rock physical properties research, not only incorporates prior knowledge but also maximizes its internal data exploration ability. It can enhance the accuracy of lithology prediction and interpretation, better establish the corresponding relationship between geophysical and geological information, and support the exploration needs of resources and energy.

[Objective] Rural biomass energy is vital for implementing the rural revitalization and carbon neutrality strategies. However, the absence of a biomass energy statistical system hindered data-based academic research and targeted decision making. [Methods] To fill this research gap, this study integrated various micro household survey data and established a large-sample multi-source heterogeneous dataset—the Chinese Rural Household Energy Consumption dataset. We then applied the Bayesian spatiotemporal model to estimate the historical data of China’s rural biomass energy consumption from 1992 to 2016. [Results] The results show that: (1) During 1992-2016, biomass consumption in rural areas of China experienced a decline, from 195 million tons of standard coal in 1992 to 125 million tons in 2016, with an annual average decline of 1.7%. Since the “energy consumption revolution” initiative was put forward, the decline of rural biomass consumption has obviously accelerated, with an annual average decline of 3.8%, indicating that the “energy consumption revolution” initiative has been very effective and greatly promoted the transformation of rural energy consumption. (2) During 1992-2016, the number of rural households using biomass also continued to decline, with the number of households using firewood and straw reduced by nearly 50%. (3) Biomass consumption is mainly concentrated in the western and northeastern regions, where firewood consumption accounts for about 80% of national consumption, and straw consumption accounts for about 65%-70%. [Conclusion] The framework and methods of this study are helpful for solving the problem of missing data in academic research, and the research conclusions can provide a theoretical support for improving the level of high-quality energy use in remote rural areas of China.

The Zhangheng-1 electromagnetic satellite is the space-based observation platform of China's stereoscopic earthquake observation system. Its scientific objective is to obtain the global geomagnetic field, electromagnetic field (waves), ionospheric plasma parameters, and high-energy particles for monitoring the dynamic variation of the ionosphere and the seismo-ionospheric disturbances over China and its surrounding areas to compensate for the deficiency of the ground-based observation system. The project explores new ways of earthquake monitoring and prediction by using space science. The first test probe of the Zhangheng-1 electromagnetic satellite series was successfully launched in February 2018, and has been stably operating in orbit for more than four years. The second is an operational probe that will be launched in early 2023. The in-flight commissioning test and cross-calibration work show that the Zhangheng-1 electromagnetic satellite can provide good data quality to support geophysics and space physics studies, and has obtained valuable scientific results in recent years. The global geomagnetic reference model built by Zhenghang-1 data is the first global geomagnetic field model built using only Chinese satellite data, allowing Chinese scientists to take an important role in the computation of the global geomagnetic reference model (IGRF) for the first time in over a century. The ionospheric electron density 3D model based on Zhangheng-1 satellite data can present the ionospheric structure characteristics. In natural hazards monitoring, Zhangheng-1 has shown good response ability to disturbances related to earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and geomagnetic storms. In terms of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling mechanism study, the full-wave calculation method can provide the electromagnetic field changes between the lithosphere-ionosphere waveguide and the ionospheric wave propagation feature. The results from the full-wave model prove the capability of the Zhangheng-1 satellite's electromagnetic payloads to detect low-frequency electromagnetic emissions induced from the earthquake epicenter. The simulation and observation studies suggest that the Zhangheng-1 satellite can reflect seismic activities, very low frequency (VLF) transmitter, magnetic anomalies in the lithosphere, and lightning activities in the atmosphere. These recent scientific results show that the Zhangheng-1 electromagnetic satellite is consistent with other similar types of electromagnetic satellites worldwide, indicating its great potential in scientific application.

On the basis of experiments at atmospheric pressure, a three-dimensional simulation study of the spray pattern and breakup mode of gas-centered swirl coaxial (GCSC) injector was conducted with the RNG k-ε model. The gas-liquid interface was captured by the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique, coupled level-set and volume of fluid (CLSVOF) method. The results demonstrated that when the liquid mass flow rate (ṁ1) is constant, the ejection action of the central airflow is enhanced along with the gas mass flow rate (ṁg). The internal and external pressure difference of the liquid film increases and the spray angle decreases. Meanwhile, the flow characteristics were analyzed. When ṁg is constant, the radial velocity and tangential velocity of the liquid film at the injector outlet increase with ṁ1, which may result in the increase of the spray angle. According to the gas-liquid mass flow rate (GLR), the breakup modes of spray are divided into the perforation breakup, bubble breakup and pneumatic breakup.

Background: In aging societies, residents of residential long-term care facilities (RLTCF) are a population that can significantly influence the success of efforts to promote hospice care and to achieve societal goals of domestic aging in place and good death. Multidisciplinary healthcare providers in RLTCF play vital roles in assessing, coordinating, and implementing the "five whole concepts" of hospice care. Purpose: To explore multidisciplinary healthcare providers' experiences with implementing hospice care in RLTCF. Study results may be referenced for future research into hospice care in RLTCF. Methods: In this qualitative study, one-on-one interviews were conducted with 14 multidisciplinary healthcare providers working for three hospital-affiliated RLTCFs in Northern Taiwan from April to July 2019. Each interview lasted between 40 and 68 minutes. Data were transcribed and then analyzed using the content analysis technique. Results: The emergent themes derived from participant experiences were "lack of hospice care literacy and multidisciplinary communication", "insufficient resources for hospice care implementation", "a dilemma between reasonability and sensibility", "quandary about and bearing from facing family dying", and "expectation of mental and physical well-being for family and residents". Conclusions/Implications for Practice: The experiences of the participants illuminate the importance of strengthening hospice care training for multidisciplinary RLTCF healthcare providers; establishing standard operating procedures; and increasing the manpower, environmental, and equipment resources available for implementing hospice care in RLTCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is the fifth leading risk factor of death globally. Obesity causes diseases related to metabolic syndrome individually and creates medical and financial burdens nationally. Many factors contribute to obesity including factors classified as hereditary or genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and endocrine or medical in nature. The aim of this paper is to explore the effects of environmental and lifestyle factors on the increasing obesity rates in Taiwan in recent years using three components. (1) Family component: to discuss the relationship between family socioeconomic status, quality of family life, parental body stature, changes in dietary habits and increased sedentary activity and obesity. (2) School component: to explore the relationship between decreased exercise and sleep deprivation due to academic pressure and obesity. (3) Societal component: to explore the relationship between Western-style fast food, sugar-sweetened beverages, the impact of mass media, fat tax and obesity. In this paper, we review existing literature and available statistics and propose potentially feasible solutions to the issue of obesity in hopes that through governmental policy implementation, this significant health problem in the people of Taiwan can be ameliorated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: This study assessed the actual situations that young female sex workers must face in order to provide policy advice for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections. Methods: We conducted tape-recorded in-depth interviews with female sex workers under 30 years of age by snowball sampling. The main content of the interviews included working conditions and the actual use of condoms. We spent about 90 to 120 minutes for the first interview, and extended to second or third interviews if necessary. We analyzed the tape recordings to summarize the common experiences of the participants. Results: A total of 19 young female sex workers participated in this study. We found that the participants had little ability to avoid sexually transmitted infections. They had inadequate socialization skills and minimal knowledge obtained from school; therefore, they had little ability to negotiate with their customers. Incorrect measures of self-protection further increased their opportunity to get infected. Conclusions: We recommend a preventive strategy of harm reduction by establishing a peer-consultation model to deliver correct knowledge and bargaining skills, combined with passive, comprehensive screening to help young sex workers prevent and detect sexually transmitted infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental cause of global warming is carbon emission. The traditional mode of economic development is high-carbon economy. In contrast, low-carbon economy features the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG). Carbon dioxide emission and emission reduction are classical environmental issues resulting from cross-border externalities and intergenerational externalities, which lead to the "Giddens Paradox". Cutting down on carbon dioxide emission is a crucial step in the development of a low carbon economy. In practice, there are two major policies that have been widely applied in developed countries to control the pollutants. One is the fiscal and tax policy based on the theory of Pigou-tax; another follows Cap-and-Trade which originated from Coase Theorem. The hypothesis of "Double Dividend" is attractive to researchers and policy-makers, but should be subjected to more careful empirical analysis and the Cap-and-Trademechanism design in China and worldwide needs improvement. Future research on low carbon economy may focus on the initial distribution of carbon dioxide permits, selection of carbon reduction policies, cost-benefit analysis of carbon reduction, policy design of regional carbon reduction, as well as the relevance between carbon reduction and energy pricing mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of energy efficiency plays a key role on China's sustainable development. Most of the current research has focused on the evaluation of energy efficiency, and the determinant factors analysis, and the results indicate that energy efficiency indicator based on the total-factor productivity framework can overcome the disadvantage of the indicator based on the single-factor productivity framework. However, both of them may overestimate the "real output" and the efficiency score due to the neglect of the pollution emission associated with the production. Furthermore, the structure change, technology progress and institution transition are the main driving forces of energy efficiency. The future research on energy efficiency will focus on the mechanism analysis at micro-level, as well as energy efficiency evaluation combined with the pollution emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change of internal casing pressure could result in the failure of the cement sheath or the occurrence of the micro-annulus at the interface between the cement and the casing, or at the interface between the cement and the formation due to plastic deformation of the cement. In the hope to estimate the size of the micro-annulus, a theoretical model based on Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion which con siders the interaction among casing, cement sheath and formation is built. The plastic behavior of the cement sheath and the bonding strengths at two interfaces are taken into account. Particularly, the initiation and the development of micro-annulus at two interfaces (casing-cement sheath interface and cement sheath-formation interface) are analyzed. This model is further used to simulate Jackson and Murphey's experiment, which studied the gas channeling in the annular space. Good agreement is found in general. Results show that both loading and unloading processes contribute to the initiation of the micro-annulus. Loading process may lead the cement sheath into plasticity. The radial stress at the interfaces turns into tensile stress during the unloading process. Micro-annulus could appear at both interfaces if the tensile stress exceeds the corresponding bonding strengths. If the bonding strengths at two interfaces are of similar magnitude, the micro-annulus would be more likely to appear at the casing-cement sheath interface due to its higher tensile stress. This model can be used to evaluate the risk of cement sealing failure, especially during the hydraulic fracturing, and lower the risk of zonal isolation failure. Key words: micro-annulus in casing-cement sheath-formation system, well integrity, elastoplasticity, bonding strength, pressure loading process, pressure unloading process

Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) is responsible for muscle building and masculinizing. Using AAS can enhance muscle development and strength, and improve athletic performance. AAS abuse is not only seen in sport. Research has shown that there is an increasing number of adolescent AAS abusers. Adolescents are at a critical period of physical and mental development. Sex hormones are one of the important physiological factors affecting the development of their bodies and brains. Long-term or high-dose AAS treatment is likely to cause irreversible damage to their nervous system and psychological behavior, and these effects are easily overlooked. The article reviewed the long-term adverse effects of AAS on psychological behavior, emotion, cognitive functions and the nervous system of adolescents.

Objective: To investigate whether Hantavirus (HV) and Orientia tsutsugamushi ( OT) can naturally infect and coexist in their host and role., Methods: By field epidemiological study, Leptotrombidium scutellare (3829) was collected and separated from mice(166) in epidemic areas. The cells of mites separated from their host and role were cultured. PCR was used to detect HV-RNA and OT-DNA in the cell culture., Results: In 105 Apodemus agrarius, 3 HV-RNA positive, 2 OT-DNA positive and 2 coinfection with HV and OT were detected;in 41 Brown rattus, 2 HV-RNA positive, 1 OT-DNA positive and 1 co-infection with HV and OT were detected. From 15 mites co-infected with HV and OT, 2 strains of HV pathogen, 2 strains of OT pathogen were separated and 1 HV and OT pathogen in the same mite were separate., Conclusion: The study demonstrates that co-infection of HV and OT did simultaneously exist in wild Leptotrombidium scutellare. This theory has some significance to the epidemic and precaution of HV and OT.