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Earthquakes are a special type of disaster that has been proved difficult to predict exactly while occur with abruptness, and these two attributes make the post-disaster mobilization work become a vital procedure. According to the main distribution of earthquake faults in our country, a facility location-allocation stochastic mixed integer model, which considered the uncertain demands of disaster areas and the special environment in disaster relief, was proposed to determine the facility locations of distribution centers, the initial inventory levels at these established facilities and the overall transportation plans from facilities to disaster areas. Furthermore, a heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation idea was also developed according to the special structure of the proposed model. The efficiency of the proposed model and algorithm was validated by a data case that constructed from the simulative situation of the great Wenchuan earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1961-2007 ground surface meteorological data from 558 meteorological stations in China, this paper analyzed the differences of agricultural climate resources in China different regions, and compared the change characteristics of the agricultural climate resources in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II), taking the year 1981 as the time node. As compared with period I, the mean annual temperature in China in period II increased by 0.6 °C, and the ≥ 0 °C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and the ≥ 10 °C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased averagely by 123.3 °C•d and 125.9 °C•d, respectively. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature increased most in Northeast China, and the ≥ 10 °C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased most in South China. The whole year sunshine hours and the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops in period II decreased by 125.7 h, 32.2 h, and 53.6 h, respectively, compared with those in period I. In 1961-2007, the annual sunshine hours decreased most in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, while the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops decreased most in North China and South China, respectively. In the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops, both the precipitation and the reference crop evapotranspiration in this country all showed a decreasing trend, with the largest decrement in the precipitation in the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in North China, the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops in Northwest China. In 1961-2007, the climate in China in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops showed an overall tendency of warm and dry, and the climate in the growth periods of thermophilic crops became warm and dry in Southwest China, North China, and Northeast China, but warm and wet in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Northwest China, and South China, whereas the climate in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops became warm and dry in North China, but became warm and wet in Northwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1961-2007 ground observation data from 55 meteorological stations in arid and semi-arid region of Tibetan Plateau, and by using 5-day moving average method and ArcGIS-IDW module, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics and climatic trend rates of agricultural climate resources in the region in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II). In 1961-2007, the sunshine duration during the growth season of chimonophilous crops in the study region changed less, while that during the growth season of thermophilic crops increased but with little spatial change. Comparing with those in period I, the average value of accumulated temperature in period II showed an increasing trend, and the area with ≥1500 °C •d during the growth season of thermophilic crops increased by 33.9%. The precipitation decreased gradually from southeast to northwest. During the growth season of chimonophilous crops, the precipitation in the southeast in the two periods reached 800 mm, but the climatic trend in other areas was positive or negative, and the change rate was small. The area with precipitation ≥400 mm during the growth season of thermophilic crops in period II expanded by 40%, as compared in period I. The reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) generally increased slightly, and shared the similar spatial distribution pattern with sunshine duration and accumulated temperature. During the growth season of thermophilic crops, the area with ET0-400 mm in period II expanded by 35.7%, compared with that in period I. In the study period, the heat and precipitation resources during crop growth seasons in Tibet Plateau increased in a certain degree, which was very beneficial to the agriculture-stock production. However, the increase of reference crop evapotranspitation indicated the increase of potential evaporation. Thereby, the researches about the possible effects of climate change on agriculture-stock production should be further strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1961-2007 observation data from 66 meteorological stations in the sub鄄humid and warm鄄temperate irrigated wheat鄄maize agricultural area of Huang鄄Huai鄄Hai Plain, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics of agro鄄climate resources for chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in the area in 1961-1980 and 1981-2007. The analyzed items included the length of temperature鄄defined growth season and the active accumulative temperature, sunshine hours, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, and aridity index during the temperature鄄defined growth season. With climate warming, the length of temperature鄄defined growth season of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in the area in 1981-2007 extended by 7郾4 d and 6郾9 d, and the 逸0 益and 逸10 益accumulative temperature increased at a rate of 4郾0-137郾0 an 1郾0-142郾0 益 ·d·(10 a)-1, respectively, compared with those in 1961-1980. The sunshine hours during the temperature鄄defined growth season of the crops decreased markedly; and the precipitation during the temperature鄄defined growing season decreased in most parts of the area, being obvious in Hebei and north Shandong Province, but increased in north Anhui and southeast Henan Province. In most parts of the area, the reference evapotranspiration of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops during their temperature鄄defined growth season decreased, and the aridity index increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the 1961-2007 daily weather data from 78 meteorological stations in Northwest Arid Area, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural climate resources,i.e., heat, light, and precipitation, in the area, both in the whole year and in temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature in the area had an increasing trend, and the climate tendency rate was 0.35 °C · (10 a)-1. The accumulated temperature in temperature-defined growth seasons of both chimonophilous and thermophilic crops also had an increasing trend, and the climate tendency rate was 67 and 50 °C·d·(10 a)-1, respectively. The annual sunshine hours in most stations of the research area had an obvious decreasing trend, but the sunshine hours during the temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops had an increasing trend, except that in most regions of Xinjiang and east Ningxia Plain. The annual reference evapotranspiration in most regions of the study area tended to decrease, while the reference evapotranspiration during temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops tended to decrease in the west but increase in the east. Compared with that in 1961-1980, the precipitation both in the whole year and in temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in 1981-2007 increased, and the increment reduced progressively from the northwest to the southeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1961-2007 ground observation data from 88 meteorological stations in Southwest China, and by using statistical methods and GIS software, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics of agricultural climate resources in this region in the whole year and during temperature-defined growth period. In 1961-2007, the annual mean temperature in the region showed an increasing trend, with the increment averaged 0.18C°·(10 a)-1. The =10 C° and = 15 C° accumulated temperature during temperature-defined growth period also showed an increasing trend, with the increment averaged 55.3 C°·d·(10 a)-1 and 37 C°·d·(10 a)-1, respectively. The annual sunshine hours decreased gradually from west to east, and the decreasing trend was more significant in eastern than in western region. The sunshine hours during temperature-defined growth period showed an overall increasing trend, and the spatial difference was great. The precipitation resource had an overall decrease, with the decrement in whole year and during temperature-defined growth period averaged 10 mm·(10 a)-1 and 8 mm·(10 a)-1, respectively. The annual reference crop evapotranspiration generally decreased, but the decrement was less than that of annual precipitation. The reference crop evapotranspiration during temperature-defined growth period within about 53% meteorological stations decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the 1961-2007 daily weather data from 66 meteorological stations all over South China, this paper studied the spatiotemporal change characteristics of agricultural climate resources, including heat, light, and precipitation, in this region on the scales of whole year and temperature-defined growth season. In 1961-2007, the mean annual air temperature in this region tended to be increased by 0-20°C ·(10 a)-1, and the climatic trend of ⩾10 -accumulated temperature in temperature-defined growth season increased gradually from north to south, with an average of 98 °C·d·(10 a)-1. Comparied with those in 1961-1980, the areas of the accumulated temperature zone of 6200-7500 °C · d and 7500-8000°C · d in 1981-2007 increased by 1-5-104 and 4-7-104 km2, respectively. In 1961-2007, the sunshine hours on the scales of whole year and temperature-defined growth season decreased by -57 h·(10 a)-1 and -38 h·(10 a)-1, respectively, and the areas with sunshine hour -1800 h on the two scales tended to be decreased, com- pared with those in 1961-1980. The precipitation on the two scales increased slightly, and the increment varied obviously in different parts of the region. There were 62% and 52% of the stations where the reference crop evapotranspiration on the scales of whole year and temperature-defined growth season was in negative, respectively. In 1981-2007, the high-value area of reference crop evapotranspiration decreased, while the low-value area increased, compared with those in 1961- 1980. The mean climatic trend of annual humidity index was 0.01·(10 a)-1, and 70% of the stations showed an increasing trend. Comparing with that in 1961-1980, the humidity index on the scale of temperature-defined growth season in 1981-2007 was increased by 0-02, with 53% of the stations showed positive. On the whole, the change characteristics of climate in South China in 1961-2007 showed a tendency of warming and wetting, which would impact the cropping system, yield, and agricultural structure in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1961-2007 weather data from 72 meteorological stations in three provinces of Northeast China, the change characteristics of agricultural climatic factors including yearly and temperature-defined growing season's mean air temperature, ⩾10 °C accumulated temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, and sunshine hours were analyzed. In 1961-2007, the yearly mean air temperature in the three provinces had an increasing trend, with a rate of 0.38 °C · 10 a-1. The ⩾10 °C accumulated temperature in temperature-defined growing season also had an increasing trend, and the border of ⩾10 °C accumulated temperature belt moved northward and eastward. The area of ⩾3200 °C · d accumulated temperature increased by 2.2 × 104 km². The belt of 2800-3200 °C · d moved northward about 0.85° and eastward about 0.67°, while that of 2400-2800 °C · d moved northward about 1.1°. The sunshine hours decreased significantly, especially in the east part of Songnen Plain, central and west plains of Jilin Province, and west part of Liaohe River Plain. The area with sunshine hours > 2800 h decreased from 13.6 × 104 km² to 4.1 × 104 km², and the zone with sunshine hours 2600-2800 h moved westward about 1.5°. The average sunshine hour in temperature-defined growing season was 1174 h. Comparing with that in 1961-1980, the region with more sunshine hours in temperature-defined growing season in 1981-2007 narrowed significantly, and the zone with sunshine hours 1200-1400 h moved westward about 0.9°. In 1961-2007, both the yearly and the temperature-defined growing season's precipitation decreased, and the yearly reference evapotranspiration increased in Heilongjiang Province and in the eastern mountain areas of Jilin Province but decreased in the central and west plains of Jilin Province and in Liaoning Province. Comparing with that in 1961-1980, the zone of reference evapotranspiration with the value of ⩾900 mm in 1981-2007 moved westward about 1°, and the reference evapotranspiration in temperature-defined growing season increased in most regions of Heilongjiang and Jilin Province but decreased in a rate of 0-14 mm · 10 a-1 in most regions of Liaoning Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anomalous concentration of gold in coals makes it a potential resource exploitation area of gold that has win geological workers' attention. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) on concentration of gold of 116 coal samples and gangue samples of Longtan Formation of the upper Permian and Changxing Formation in Southwestern Guizhou Province was conducted so as to make investigations on gold's distribution characteristics and occurrence modes and to further probe into its main source and enrichment mechanism. Studies show that concentration range of gold in coals in Southwestern Guizhou is from 1 ng/g to 30 ng/g, with an average value being 13.75 ng/g, which is well above the sedimentary rock abundance and the world average abundance of coal. Areas where the anomalous concentration of gold is really high are principally in the "triangle" area composed of Ziyun-Yadu deep fault, Shizong-Guiyang deep fault and Kaiyuan-Pingtang fault. Hydrothermal solution containing gold is the main material source for the gold in coals in Southwestern Guizhou Province while mantle plume and deep magmatic activities are the thermodynamic source for the solution's migration into coal beds, that is, after the hydrothermal solution containing gold, under tectonic forcing, migrated to the coal bed along fault belt, ore-forming fluid would lose stability because of organic matter effect and physicochemical changes such as concentration, temperature, pressure and pH value, which led to the precipitation and enrichment of ore-forming elements like gold in coals in the research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction(BYHWD) on endogenous biomarkers in the urine of rats with chronic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of BYHWD on chronic inflammation from a metabolomics perspective. Male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose BYHWD groups(7.5, 15, and 30 g·kg~(-1)). The model group and BYHWD groups received tail intravenous injection of LPS(200 μg·kg~(-1)) on the first day of each week, followed by oral administration of BYHWD once a day for four consecutive weeks. Urine samples were collected at the end of the administration period, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the metabolic profiles of the rat urine in each group. Multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the effect of BYHWD on endogenous metabolites. One-way ANOVA and variable importance for the projection(VIP) were used to screen for potential biomarkers related to chronic inflammation. The identified biomarkers were subjected to pathway and enrichment analysis using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. A total of 25 potential biomarkers were screened and identified in the rat urine in this experiment. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed significant increases in the levels of 14 substances(P<0.05) and significant decreases in the levels of 11 substances(P<0.05). BYHWD was able to effectively reverse the trend of most endogenous biomarkers. Compared with the model group, BYHWD significantly down-regulated 13 biomarkers(P<0.05) and up-regulated 10 biomarkers(P<0.05). The metabolic products were mainly related to the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and coenzyme A, tryptophan metabolism, retinol metabolism, and propionate metabolism. BYHWD has therapeutic effect on chronic inflammation induced by LPS, which may be related to its ability to improve the levels of endogenous metabolites, enhance the body's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, and restore normal metabolic activity.

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of a novel emodin derivative YX-18 on Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells., Methods: MTT assay was used to detect the effect of YX-18 on the proliferation of BL cell lines CA46 and Raji. Annexin V-PE/7-AAD double staining assay was used for detecting the effect of YX-18 on the apoptosis of CA46 and Raji cells. PI/RNase staining was used to test the effect of YX-18 on CA46 and Raji cell cycle. JC-1 method was used to measure the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential after YX-18 treatment, and DAPI staining was used to detect the morphology of apoptotic cells. Western blot was used to analyze the distribution changes of NF-κB pathway protein (P65, P-P65, IκB, P-IκB) in the cytoplasm and cell nucleus, and also the expression changes of cyclin-related protein P21, CDK2, P-CDK2, Cycling D1, Cycling E1, and the apoptosis-related protein Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and the proliferation-related protein C-MYC, BCL-2 by YX-18. Real-time fluorescence-quantitative PCR was used to evaluate the effects of YX-18 on mRNA levels of C-MYC and Ki-67 genes in CA46 and Raji cells, and EBNA-1 and EBER genes of EBV in Raji (EBV + ) cells., Results: Novel Emodin derivative YX-18 could effectively inhibit the proliferation of BL cell lines CA46 and Raji, showing a time-dependent effect (24, 48 and 72 h: r CA46 =0.89, 0.75, 0.75, r Raji =0.87, 0.73, 0.64). IC 50 of CA46 cells and Raji cells treated with YX-18 for 24 h was 1.77±0.04 µmol/L and 1.97±0.22µmol/L, respectively. CA46 cells and Raji cells were treated with YX-18 at concentration of 2.0 and 4.0 µmol/L for 24 h. Compared with the control group, both strains of cells showed a very significant apoptosis at the concentration of 2.0 and 4.0 µmol/L (P<0.01), showing a concentration-dependent effect (r CA46 =0.99, r Raji =0.92). Moreover, the cleavaged Caspase-3, 8 and 9 proteins were activated by YX-18 into verious degrees in both two cell lines. Both the two cell lines displayed by YX-18 cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase (P<0.01) after exposed to YX-18 for 24 hours at the concentration of 1.0, 2.0 µmol/L in CA46 cells and at 0.5 and 1 µmol/L in Raji cells, respectively. YX-18 decreased expression level of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, CDK2, p-cdk2 proteins and increased p21 Waf1/Cip1 level in CA46 and Raji cells. YX-18 significantly declined mitochondrial membrane potential in both cells at the concentration of 2.0 and 4.0 µmol/l (P<0.01) with concentration-dependent manner (r CA46 =-0.96, r Raji =-0.99). Western blot tests indicated that YX-18 down-regulated nucleus P65 and intracellular cytoplasm P65, P-IκB, P-P65 protein, and upregulated intracellular IκB level with dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the expression level of the cell proliferation-related molecules C-MYC and BCL-2 was decreased significantly. YX-18 suppressed mRNA levels of C-MYC and Ki-67 in both cell lines, and EBNA-1 in EBV-positive Raji cells in a concentration-dependent way., Conclusion: The novel emodin derivative YX-18 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cells, and induce the cell apoptosis and cycle arrest. The inhibitory effect of YX-18 on the proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cells may be related with the effect of Caspase apoptosis pathway, the proliferation and apoptosis-related molecules, such as C-MYC and Ki-67, and also to the inhibition of NF-κB pathway.

Wetlands are important sources and sinks for N 2 O. Exploring the role of N 2 O emissions in saline-alkali wetlands has great significance in understanding the nitrification mechanism of N 2 O production and assessing the role of saline-alkali wetlands in the greenhouse effect. The present study examined the N 2 O fluxes and environmental factors of a typical Zhalong reed wetland during the growing season. The results suggested that the N 2 O fluxes tended to decrease in volatility, with the highest value in mid-July. The mean flux of N 2 O was (37.49±15.75) μg·(m 2 ·h) -1 , indicating that the typical Zhalong reed wetland was a source of N 2 O. The N 2 O fluxes exhibited a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at different depths ( P <0.05), and the impact of the upper soil temperature on N 2 O flux was higher than that of deep soil. In the flooding period, the relationship between N 2 O fluxes and water table depth was negatively correlated ( P <0.05). Meanwhile, the TOC and TN contents were lower, and the N 2 O flux was significantly positively correlated with the NH 4 + -N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer ( P <0.05), but it was not related to NO 3 - -N content. Nitrification was stronger than denitrification. There was a significant positive correlation between ammonia-oxidizing bacterial activity and soil temperature in 0-20 cm layer ( P <0.01). Additionally, the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria also presented significantly positive linear correlation with the N 2 O fluxes ( P <0.001), which indicated that the release of N 2 O in saline-alkali wetlands was greatly affected by nitrification.

Objective: To screen the most strong emodin derivative inhibiting the proliferation of multiple myeloma(MM) cells and to explore the inhibitory and inducing effects of emodin derivatives on proliferation and apoptosis of MM cell lines RPMI 8226 and U266., Methods: Sixteen emodin derivatives were designed and synthesized by using emodin as mother substance, then from which the emodin derivative E11 was screened for experiments. The MTT method and cell colony formation assay were used to observe the effect of E11 on proliferation of RPMI 8226 and U266, the fluorescent microscopy with DAFI staining was used to observed the morphological changes of MM cells treated with emodin dervative 11, the DNA fragmentation detection was used to detect the inducing apoptosis effect of E11 on RPMI 8226 and U266 cells treated with E11., Results: The MTT assay showed that after the RPMI 8226 cells were treated with 16 kinds of emodin derivatives for 48 hours, the 50% inhibition concentration（IC 50 ） of 14 emodin dervatives was between 0.83-34.68 µmol/L, except E10 and E15 because their IC 50 could not be calculated. The IC 50 of E11 for RPMI 8226 and U266 cells were 0.831±0.0453 µmol/L and 1.039±0.093 µmol/L, respectively. Cell colony formation assay showed that E11 could inhibit RPMI8226 and U266 cells' colony formation in dose-.and time- dependent manner (r=0.72). Cell apoptosis was observed in RPMI8226 and U266 cells by DAPI staining , and also by the detection of DNA fragmentation., Conclusion: In the synthesis of 16 kinds of emodin derivatives, the inhibitory effect of E11 on prolife-ration of RPMI8226 cell was the strongest. E11 can remarkably inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of RPMI8226 and U266 cells.

The trophic relations of the red-crowned crane species in Zhalong Wetland, northeastern China may change significantly withrapid decrease of biological resources. In this paper, the influence of food resource exhausting on the trophic levels of this vulnerable species was determined by using stable isotope (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) methods. The results indicated that the mass of δ 13 C and 15 N in the red-crowned cranes were in the range of -17.8‰ to -18.5‰ and 6.9‰ to 8.1‰, respectively. The dominant food chain length of large water fowls in the ecosystem of Zhalong Wetland was 3.8±0.2 in average, of which the examined species, i.e., red-crowned cranes were 3.1 in average, with the range of 2.9 to 3.3. The annual fluctuation range of δ 15 N values in the red-crowned cranes was from 7.4‰ to 8.8‰ (with the gap of approximately 1.4, which was below the threshold 3.4 that was considered as a trophic level significant change in an ecosystem), indicating the trophic level of this vulnerable species did not change significantly with the losses of large area of their habitats and foods. Nevertheless, the rapid decrease of the target species population with the food resource exhausting indicated that the conflict of food demand of the red-crowned cranes versus resource need of local residents should be resolved for better protecting this extinguishable species.

A fixed-site greenhouse vegetable fertilization experiment was carried out to study effects of 6 fertilization patterns on soil enzyme activities in Tianjin City, Northern China. The results showed that during the growing stages of tomato, activities of soil α-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, β-glucosidase, β-cellobiosidase, chitinase and phosphatase in different treatments all increased first and then decreased, while soil urease activities increased first and then became flat. Compared with the chemical nitrogen fertilizer treatment, soil enzyme activities were much higher in treatments of combined application of organic materials with chemical fertilizers, and rose with the increasing input of pig manure and especially the application of straw. A significant positive correlation was found between soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) contents at different growing stages of tomato. Under the condition of same nutrient input, the combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organic materials, especially a certain amount of corn straw, was capable of increasing soil enzyme activities and keeping soil fertility and sustainability in greenhouse vegetable production.

Objective: To explore the effect of a novel emodin derivative E19 on proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction of human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line K562 and imatinib-resistant CML cell line (K562/G01), and to clarify the involved mechanisms., Methods: MTT and colony formation test were used to detect the cell proliferation. Apoptotic induction effects were examined by DAPI staining method and DNA ladder assay. Western blot was performed to detect the changes of P210(Bcr-Abl) protein., Results: The emodin derivative E19 could efficiently inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in K562 and K562/G01 cells. IC50 of K562 cells and IC50 of K562/G01 cells were (1.20 ± 0.19) µmol/L and (1.22 ± 0.16) µmol/L, respectively. DNA fragmentation in K562 cells and K562/G01 cells confirmed that the E19 induced apoptosis in dose-dependent manner. Western blot showed that emodin derivative inhibited phosphorylation of P210 protein in K562 cells and K562/G01 cells and down-regulated the expression level of P210 in dose- and time-dependent manners., Conclusion: The emodin derivative E19 can efficiently inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of K562 cells and K562/G01 cells, while the inhibition of phosphorylation of P210 protein and down-regulation of P210 protein expression may be involved in these processes.

Objective: To explore the effect of a new emodin derivative E11 on proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytic leukemia cell line Molt-4 and its possible mechanisms., Methods: MTT method was used to plot cell growth curve. Colony culture assay was performed for studying the effect of emodin derivative E11 on colony-formation of Molt-4. The fluorescent microscopy with DAPI staining was used to examine the cell morphological changes after E11 treatment. DNA fragmentation method was used to detect the inducing effect of emodin derivative E11 on cell apoptosis. Western blot was used to determine the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins including procaspase-9, procaspase-3, PARP and PI3K/AKT, MAPK signalling pathway., Results: Emodin derivative E11 could strongly inhibit the growth of Molt-4 with the IC50 in 48 h at 1.381 ± 0.1552 µmol/L in dose-dependent manner. 0.1 µmol/L of E11 could inhibit cell colony formation. The typrical apopototic morphologic changes of Molt cells treated with E11 could be observed under fluorescence microscope with DAPI staining. DNA apoptotic ladder could be observed by DNA fragmentation.The expressions of procaspase -9, procaspase-3, PARP, p-MAPK, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR, p-P70 and p-4BEP1 were down-regulated, while expressions of MAPK, AKT, 4EBP1 and P70 were not changed remarkably after Molt-4 were treated with E11 for 48 h., Conclusion: E11 can remarkably inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of Molt-4 cells. The mechanism of apoptosis of Molt-4 cells may be related with the suppression of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signalling pathways.

The aim of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of newly synthesised emodin derivatives on the proliferation of leukemia cell lines and to select the most effective one from these emodin derivatives for further research. Emodin derivatives were synthesized by modifying the structure of emodin. MTT method was used to detect the proliferative inhibition in leukemia cell lines treated with emodin derivatives. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) for K562 cells treated with emodin derivatives E10-19 for 48 h was 0.84 - 12.01 µmol/L. E19 displayed the best anti-proliferative activity, while E16 and E17 did not show effects on K562 cells. Emodin derivative E19 was chosen for treating U937, NB4, Molt-4 and CA-46 cells, their IC50 for 48 h were 0.85, 0.9, 0.76, 0.8 µmol/L respectively. The IC50 of E19 for LQ2 cells was 3.60 µmol/L, and the IC50 range of E19 for normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 48 h was 4.01 - 4.78 µmol/L. It is concluded that emodin derivative E19 can strongly inhibit the growth of leukemia cells and its inhibiting effect on proliferation of leukemia cells has a certain specificity. The specific mechanism of E19 anti-leukemia effect should be further studied.

Based on the 1961-2007 ground surface meteorological data from 558 meteorological stations in China, this paper analyzed the differences of agricultural climate resources in China different regions, and compared the change characteristics of the agricultural climate resources in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II), taking the year 1981 as the time node. As compared with period I, the mean annual temperature in China in period II increased by 0.6 degrees C, and the > or = 0 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased averagely by 123.3 degrees C x d and 125.9 degrees C x d, respectively. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature increased most in Northeast China, and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased most in South China. The whole year sunshine hours and the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops in period II decreased by 125.7 h, 32.2 h, and 53.6 h, respectively, compared with those in period I. In 1961-2007, the annual sunshine hours decreased most in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, while the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops decreased most in North China and South China, respectively. In the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops, both the precipitation and the reference crop evapotranspiration in this country all showed a decreasing trend, with the largest decrement in the precipitation in the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in North China, the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops in Northwest China. In 1961-2007, the climate in China in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops showed an overall tendency of warm and dry, and the climate in the growth periods of thermophilic crops became warm and dry in Southwest China, North China, and Northeast China, but warm and wet in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Northwest China, and South China, whereas the climate in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops became warm and dry in North China, but became warm and wet in Northwest China.

Based on the 1961-2007 ground observation data from 55 meteorological stations in arid and semi-arid region of Tibetan Plateau, and by using 5-day moving average method and ArcGIS-IDW module, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics and climatic trend rates of agricultural climate resources in the region in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II). In 1961-2007, the sunshine duration during the growth season of chimonophilous crops in the study region changed less, while that during the growth season of thermophilic crops increased but with little spatial change. Comparing with those in period I, the average value of accumulated temperature in period II showed an increasing trend, and the area with > or = 1500 degrees C x d during the growth season of thermophilic crops increased by 33.9%. The precipitation decreased gradually from southeast to northwest. During the growth season of chimonophilous crops, the precipitation in the southeast in the two periods reached 800 mm, but the climatic trend in other areas was positive or negative, and the change rate was small. The area with precipitation > or = 400 mm during the growth season of thermophilic crops in period II expanded by 40%, as compared in period I. The reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) generally increased slightly, and shared the similar spatial distribution pattern with sunshine duration and accumulated temperature. During the growth season of thermophilic crops, the area with ET0 > or = 400 mm in period II expanded by 35.7%, compared with that in period I. In the study period, the heat and precipitation resources during crop growth seasons in Tibet Plateau increased in a certain degree, which was very beneficial to the agriculture-stock production. However, the increase of reference crop evapotranspitation indicated the increase of potential evaporation. Thereby, the researches about the possible effects of climate change on agriculture-stock production should be further strengthened.

Based on the 1961-2007 observation data from 66 meteorological stations in the sub-humid and warm-temperate irrigated wheat-maize agricultural area of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics of agro-climate resources for chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in the area in 1961-1980 and 1981-2007. The analyzed items included the length of temperature-defined growth season and the active accumulative temperature, sunshine hours, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, and aridity index during the temperature-defined growth season. With climate warming, the length of temperature-defined growth season of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in the area in 1981-2007 extended by 7. 4 d and 6. 9 d, and the > or = 0 degrees C and > or = 10 degrees C accumulative temperature increased at a rate of 4.0-137.0 and 1.0-142.0 degrees C d (10 a)(-1), respectively, compared with those in 1961-1980. The sunshine hours during the temperature-defined growth season of the crops decreased markedly; and the precipitation during the temperature-defined growing season decreased in most parts of the area, being obvious in Hebei and north Shandong Province, but increased in north Anhui and southeast Henan Province. In most parts of the area, the reference evapotranspiration of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops during their temperature-defined growth season decreased, and the aridity index increased.

By using the 1961-2007 daily weather data from 78 meteorological stations in Northwest Arid Area, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural climate resources, i.e., heat, light, and precipitation, in the area, both in the whole year and in temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature in the area had an increasing trend, and the climate tendency rate was 0.35 degrees C x (10 a)(-1). The accumulated temperature in temperature-defined growth seasons of both chimonophilous and thermophilic crops also had an increasing trend, and the climate tendency rate was 67 and 50 degrees C d x (10 a)(-1), respectively. The annual sunshine hours in most stations of the research area had an obvious decreasing trend, but the sunshine hours during the temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops had an increasing trend, except that in most regions of Xin-jiang and east Ningxia Plain. The annual reference evapotranspiration in most regions of the study area tended to decrease, while the reference evapotranspiration during temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops tended to decrease in the west but increase in the east. Compared with that in 1961-1980, the precipitation both in the whole year and in temperature-defined growth seasons of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in 1981-2007 increased, and the increment reduced progressively from the northwest to the southeast.

Based on the 1961-2007 ground observation data from 88 meteorological stations in Southwest China, and by using statistical methods and GIS software, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal change characteristics of agricultural climate resources in this region in the whole year and during temperature-defined growth period. In 1961-2007, the annual mean temperature in the region showed an increasing trend, with the increment averaged 0.18 degrees C x (10 a)(-1). The > or = 10 degrees C and > or = 15 degrees C accumulated temperature during temperature-defined growth period also showed an increasing trend, with the increment averaged 55.3 degrees C x d x (10 a)(-1) and 37 degrees C x d x (10 a)(-1), respectively. The annual sunshine hours decreased gradually from west to east, and the decreasing trend was more significant in eastern than in western region. The sunshine hours during temperature-defined growth period showed an overall increasing trend, and the spatial difference was great. The precipitation resource had an overall decrease, with the decrement in whole year and during temperature-defined growth period averaged 10 mm x (10 a)(-1) and 8 mm x (10 a)(-1), respectively. The annual reference crop evapotranspiration generally decreased, but the decrement was less than that of annual precipitation. The reference crop evapotranspiration during temperature-defined growth period within about 53% meteorological stations decreased.

The period 1961-2007 was divided into two by the time node of year 1981, and the change characteristics of the agricultural climate resources both in period I (1961-1980) and in period II (1981-2007) were analyzed and compared. The results showed that under the background of global warming, the average climatic trend rate of > or = 10 degrees C accumulated temperature in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River in temperature-defined growth season during 1961-2007 was 74 degrees C x d x 10 a(-1), and the > or =10 degrees C accumulated temperature in period II was 124 d higher than that in period I. Comparing with that in period I, the safe planting boundary of double cropping rice in period II moved 0.79 degrees northward. In 1961-2007, the precipitation in temperature-defined growth season had an overall increasing trend. Comparing with those in period I, the precipitation and the area of > or = 767 mm precipitation (water requirement for normal growth of double cropping rice) in period II were increased by 1.6% and 1.13 x 10(4) km2, respectively. The average sunshine hour in temperature-defined growth season in period II was reduced by 8.1%, comparing with that in period I. In recent 47 years, about 91.1% stations in the reaches showed a decreasing trend in sunshine hours. Comparing with that in period I, the reference crop evapotranspiration in temperature-defined growth season in period II showed a slightly decreasing trend, and its low value region expanded while its high value region narrowed. The beginning date of daily temperature over 10 degrees C was averagely 2 days earlier in period II than that in period I, while the ending date was in reverse. The ending date of daily temperature over 22 degrees C was almost the same in periods I and II.

By using the 1961-2007 daily weather data from 66 meteorological stations all over South China, this paper studied the spatiotemporal change characteristics of agricultural climate resources, including heat, light, and precipitation, in this region on the scales of whole year and temperature-defined growth season. In 1961-2007, the mean annual air temperature in this region tended to be increased by 0.20 degrees C x (10 a)(-1), and the climatic trend of > or = 10 degrees C accumulated temperature in temperature-defined growth season increased gradually from north to south, with an average of 98 degrees C x d x (10 a)(-1). Comparied with those in 1961-1980, the areas of the accumulated temperature zone of 6200-7500 degrees C x d and 7500-8000 degrees C x d in 1981-2007 increased by 1.5 x 10(4) and 4.7 x 10(4) km2, respectively. In 1961-2007, the sunshine hours on the scales of whole year and temperature-defined growth season decreased by -57 h x (10 a)(-1) and -38 h x (10 a)(-1), respectively, and the areas with sunshine hour > or = 1800 h on the two scales tended to be decreased, compared with those in 1961-1980. The precipitation on the two scales increased slightly, and the increment varied obviously in different parts of the region. There were 62% and 52% of the stations where the reference crop evapotranspiration on the scales of whole year and temperature-defined growth season was in negative, respectively. In 1981-2007, the high-value area of reference crop evapotranspiration decreased, while the low-value area increased, compared with those in 1961-1980. The mean climatic trend of annual humidity index was 0.01 x (10 a)(-1), and 70% of the stations showed an increasing trend. Comparing with that in 1961-1980, the humidity index on the scale of temperature-defined growth season in 1981-2007 was increased by 0. 02, with 53% of the stations showed positive. On the whole, the change characteristics of climate in South China in 1961-2007 showed a tendency of warming and wetting, which would impact the cropping system, yield, and agricultural structure in the region.

Based on the 1959-2007 observation data of daily mean temperature from 19 meteorological stations in Guizhou Province, and combining with the late spring cold (LSC) intensity index and disaster grade division standard, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of LSC, including LSC occurrence frequency, ratio of LSC-occurring stations to all stations, decadal variation, abrupt climate change, and periodic variation, in the province. In 1959-2007, the occurrence frequency of no LSC in the province was the highest, followed by serious LSC, and that of medium and slight LSC was approximately the same. Under the background of global warming, the ratio of medium LSC-occurring stations to all stations had the most obvious variation, with the climatic trend reached 1.4% x (10 a)(-1), while the ratios of no LSC-, slight LSC-, and serious LSC- occurring stations all showed an appreciably decreasing trend. The LSC intensity in the province was the highest in the 1990s, followed by in the 1980s, 1960s, 1970s, and 2000-2007. In the province, the LSC intensity showed an increasing trend in west and northwest high altitude areas, central area, and north area, but an appreciably decreasing trend in east and south areas. In the west, northwest, north, and central areas of the province, LSC intensity had a mutation from low to high in 1975. The LSC in the province had an obvious periodical variation, with the inter-annual period being mainly 2-4 years, and the decadal periods being mainly 13 - 15 years and 27-29 years.

Objective: To study the feasibility of a simple random sampling on surveys at the community level and to evaluate the quality of samples under survey., Methods: A simple random sample of households was taken, based on the electronic listings of community households from Gongshu and Xiacheng districts of Hangzhou city. One of the adults aged 18 to 64 years in the sampled households was identified with KISH method to finish a questionnaire survey. More than 500 people from the sample size was required in each district., Results: Of 950 sampled households in Xiacheng district, 511 (53.8%) finished the survey while 506 (36.7%) out of the 1380 sampled households in Gongshu district did. The proportions of non-response due to the following reasons as: none with eligible age in the households, relocation of the original household, mass relocation of the community, and errors in the household listings etc. were 38.3% and 43.5% respectively, in the two districts. Proportions attributed to non-response and refusal to response of sampled household or individual were 8.0% and 19.9% respectively. No statistical significant differences in age and gender were found between the surveyed samples and the population in the sampled households, or in gender between the populations in the sampled households and in Hangzhou city. However, the population in the sampled households showed a more aging population structure than the population in Hangzhou city., Conclusion: In a geographically limited area, using a simple random sampling method to do the survey is feasible, based on the electronic listings of household. Enough time spent during the household visit guarantees the interviewers to get a representative sample of the sampling frame. There is an urgent need for the timeliness, completeness and accuracy of electronic household listings to be improved.

Based on the 1961-2007 weather data from 72 meteorological stations in three provinces of Northeast China, the change characteristics of agricultural climatic factors including yearly and temperature-defined growing season's mean air temperature, > or =10 degrees C accumulated temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, and sunshine hours were analyzed. In 1961-2007, the yearly mean air temperature in the three provinces had an increasing trend, with a rate of 0.38 degrees C x 10 a(-1). The > or =10 degrees C accumulated temperature in temperature-defined growing season also had an increasing trend, and the border of > or =10 degrees C accumulated temperature belt moved northward and eastward. The area of > or =3200 degrees C x d accumulated temperature increased by 2.2 x 10(4) km2. The belt of 2800-3200 degrees C x d moved northward about 0.85 degrees and eastward about 0.67 degrees, while that of 2400-2800 degrees C x d moved northward about 1.1 degrees. The sunshine hours decreased significantly, especially in the east part of Songnen Plain, central and west plains of Jilin Province, and west part of Liaohe River Plain. The area with sunshine hours > 2800 h decreased from 13.6 x 10(4) km2 to 4. 1 x 10(4) km2, and the zone with sunshine hours 2600-2800 h moved westward about 1.5 degrees. The average sunshine hour in temperature-defined growing season was 1174 h. Comparing with that in 1961-1980, the region with more sunshine hours in temperature-defined growing season in 1981-2007 narrowed significantly, and the zone with sunshine hours 1200-1400 h moved westward about 0.9 degrees. In 1961-2007, both the yearly and the temperature-defined growing season's precipitation decreased, and the yearly reference evapotranspiration increased in Heilongjiang Province and in the eastern mountain areas of Jilin Province but decreased in the central and west plains of Jilin Province and in Liaoning Province. Comparing with that in 1961-1980, the zone of reference evapotranspiration with the value of > or =900 mm in 1981-2007 moved westward about 1 degree, and the reference evapotranspiration in temperature-defined growing season increased in most regions of Heilongjiang and Jilin Province but decreased in a rate of 0-14 mm x 10 a(-1) in most regions of Liaoning Province.

Unlabelled: OBJECTIVE; To analyze the change of Th1/Th2/Th17 in colonic mucosa and peripheral blood in diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS) to uncover the underlying mechanism for the activation of mucosal immune system., Methods: Colonic biopsy specimens and peripheral blood were obtained from patients with D-IBS (n = 27) and controls (n = 16). Two different groups were classified on the basis of histological assessment of biopsy specimens from D-IBS patients. One group (14 of 27) had normal conventional histology (IBS), while another group (13 of 27) had nonspecific microscopic inflammation (IBS-A). Flow cytometric detection of intracellular IFN-gamma/IL-4/IL-17 cytokine production was employed to investigate Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells in colonic lamina propria and peripheral blood. Western blot was used to determine the expressions of IL-12, IL-4 and IL-17 in colonic mucosa. The levels of IL-12, IL-4 and IL-17 in peripheral blood were detected by ELISA., Results: In colonic mucosa, the proportion of Th17 increased in IBS-A group as compared with controls [3.60 (4.05) vs 1.25 (3.70), P = 0.045], but not in IBS group. No difference could be observed in the frequencies of Th1 and Th2 in colonic mucosa and peripheral blood. The levels of IL-12, IL4 and IL-17 in IBS and IBS-A showed no difference in either colonic mucosa or peripheral blood., Conclusion: Subgroup of D-IBS showed abnormal conventional histology, implicating the activation of mucosal immune system in pathogenesis. The shift of Th1/Th2/Th17 balance in colonic mucosa showed the enhanced Th17 activity.

Terahertz waves (THz, T-ray) lie between far-infrared and microwave in electromagnetic spectrum with frequency from 0.1 to 10 THz. Many explosives and illicit drugs show characteristic spectral features in the terahertz. Compared with conventional methods of detecting a variety of threats, such as weapons, explosives and illegal drugs, THz radiation is low frequency and non-ionizing, and does not give rise to safety concerns. Moreover, THz can penetrate many barrier materials, such as clothing and common packaging materials. THz technique has a great potential and advantage in antiterrorism and security inspection of explosives and illegal drugs due to the ability of high-sensitivity, nondestructive and stand-off inspection of many substances. The present paper summarizes the latest progress in the application of terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to explosives and illegal drugs. Studies on RDX are discussed in details and many factors affecting experiments are also introduced.

The representative of carotenoids, beta-carotene, can scavenge reactive oxygen radicals like singlet molecular oxygen, nitrogen dioxide radical and peroxyl radical due to the effective antioxidative properties. In medicine, beta-carotene is used to alleviate the disease erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), by intercepting the triplet state of protoporphyrin (a porphyrin lacking a central metalion, a precursor to haem) therefore preventing the formation of singlet oxygen. Epidemiological evidence has suggested that dietary beta-carotene may inhibit certain types of cancer. Much of work has been carried out in benzene, toluene, or chloroform as most caroienoids are sufficiently soluble in these nonpolarity solvents. In the present paper, the generation and properties of triplet beta-carotene in acetonitrile solution were investigated with 355 nm laser flash photolysis. 2-acetonaphthone was used as an excitation energy donor to sensitize the production of the triplet state of beta-arotene. Excitation of the solution containing 2-acetonaphthone and beta-carotene upon 355 nm laser flash produced the triplet of 2-acetonaphthone (420 nm) firstly. Subsequently, the excitation energy of triplet 2-acetonaphthone was transferred to beta-carotene generating triplet beta-arotene. Characteristic absorption spectra of triplet beta-arotene (510 nm) were recorded. By means of transfer of excitation energy, the molar absorption coefficients of triplet beta-arotene were determined to be 23 000 dm3 mol(-1) x cm(-1) at 510 nm. The triplet lifetime for beta-carotene in acetonitrile solution was observed to be 15.6 micros. The rate constant for the reaction of triplet energy transfer from triplet 2-acetonaphthone to beta-carotene was calculated to be 1.5 x 10(10) dm3 x mol(-1) x s(-1). Obviously, the triplet beta-carotene has very low excitation energy. Taking the advantage of the photochemical properties of triplet beta-carotene, beta-Carotene has been widely used as energy acceptor to determine the excited state characteristic of other substance. This work extends the understanding of photochemical properties of beta-carotene.

In the present paper the photo-ionization and properties of excited state of benzoic acid and its methyl substitutes were studied using 248 nm laser flash photolysis. The quantum yields of hydrated electrons produced from photo-ionization, the lifetime of excited triplet, and the self quenching rate constants were also determined. It is shown that there isn't significant effect of different position of methyl residue at benzene ring on its excited triplet. The resonant excitation of triplet of benzoic acid was explored by the use of two-steps laser flash photolysis. The possible upper excited state and radical involved in the processes were guessed.

Quinoline's degradation was studied by pulse radiolysis. It was found that hydrated electron, hydrogen radical, hydroxyl radical and SO4*- can react with quinoline. The absorption spectra of the transient species of quinoline were obtained, and related constants were determined, but it was found that the species of Br2*- and N3*- can't react with quinoline. The results give us some advices for studing the degradation of quinoline.

Objective: To explore the effect of extracted liquid from Qianlietongyu on the proliferation or apoptosis on prostatic smooth muscle cells in vitro., Methods: After extracted liquid from Qianlietongyu treated the cultured prostatic smooth muscle cells, the anti proliferative and apoptotic indices were assessed by MTT assy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) respectively., Results: There was a significant dose-effect relationship between the concentration of extracted liquid from Qianlietongyu and the antiproliferative index on prostatic smooth muscle cells in vitro (P < 0.01), but there was no markedly difference in the apoptosis index between the group of extracted liquid from Qianlietongyu and control group ( P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Extracted liquid from Qianlietongyu may show significant antiproliferative effect on prostatic smooth muscle cells in vitro, without inducing apoptosis.

The reactions of *OH and e(aq)-, with AO7 in aqueous solutions were studied by nano-second pulse radiolysis techniques. The transient absorption spectra were attributed and the second order reaction rate constants were determined by following the buildup kinetics of the transient absorptions. In combination with the analysis of the UV-Vis absorption changes of AO7 after gamma-radiolysis, the underlying reaction mechanisms were elucidated.

Objective: To explore the relationship of bacteria identified in cholesterol gallstones and gallstone formation., Methods: Observe the bacteria activity in model bile and the influence of bacteria on the cholesterol nucleation time (NT)., Results: (1) Model bile were suitable for the growth of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, clostridium difficile and Clostridium. Propionibacterium acne grew weakly and the growth of Bacteroides fragilis was restrained in model bile. (2) Only pseudomonas aeruginosa and enTerococcus faecalis could ly shorten the cholesterol nucleation time. (3) With pseudomonas aeruginosa or enTerococcus faecalis added in model bile, the formation of cholesterol crystals presented a progressive course of evolution., Conclusions: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococcus faecalis, not propionibacterium acne, have pro-nucleating ability in model bile.