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A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen and irrigation water application on growth, yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency of summer cotton, and to develop the optimal water and nitrogen management model for suitable yield and less nitrogen loss in summer cotton field in the Huang-Huai region. Two experimental factors were arranged in a split plot design. The main plots were used for arranging nitrogen factor which consisted of five nitrogen fertilizer le-vels(0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg·hm -2 , referred as N 0 , N 1 , N 2 , N 3 , N 4 ), and the subplots for irrigation factor which consisted of three irrigation quota levels (30, 22.5, 15 mm, referred as I 1 , I 2 , I 3 ). There were 15 treatments with three replications. Water was applied with drip irrigation system. Experimental results showed that both irrigation and nitrogen fertilization promoted cotton growth and yield obviously, but nitrogen fertilizer showed more important effects than irrigation and was the main factor of regulating growth and yield of summer cotton in the experimental region. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization rate and irrigation amount, the dry mater accumulation of reproductive organs, the above-ground biomass at the flowering-bolling stage and seed cotton yield increased gradually, reached peak values at nitrogen fertilization rate of 180 kg·hm -2 and decreased slowly with the nitrogen fertilization rate further increased. The maximum yield of 4016 kg·hm -2 was observed in the treatment of N 3 I 1 . Increasing nitrogen fertilizer amount would improve significantly total N absorption of shoots and N content of stem and leaf, but decrease nitrogen partial factor productivity. The maximum irrigation-water use efficiency of 5.40 kg·m -3 and field water use efficiency of 1.24 kg·m -3 were found in the treatments of N 3 I 3 and N 3 I 1 , respectively. With increasing nitrogen fertilization amount, soil NO 3 - -N content increased and the main soil NO 3 - -N accumulation layer moved downward. By comprehensively considering above-ground biomass, seed cotton yield, water and nitrogen uptake and utilization, and soil NO 3 - -N accumulation in the soil profile, the treatment N 3 I 1 could be recommended as the optimal water and nitrogen application pattern for summer cotton production in the experimental region.

Objective: To observe the effects of axial vascular network flap of scalp or anterolateral thigh perforator flap with fascia lata on repairing defects after radical resection of scalp carcinoma in patients. Methods: From February 2006 to December 2015, twenty-one patients with scalp carcinoma were admitted to our hospital, and the carcinoma invaded external lamina or full-thickness of skull and dura mater. After perfect preoperative examination, carcinoma and scalp tissue in 3 to 5 cm from the edge of carcinoma, external lamina or full-thickness of skull and invaded dura mater were resected and sentinel lymph nodes around carcinoma were cleaned in 3 to 4 days after admission. The postoperative defects with size reached from 11 cm×8 cm to 22 cm×18 cm. The flap transplantation was performed at the same time when quick frozen pathological examination results of resected scalp carcinoma margin tissue, skull, dura mater margin and basal tissue, and sentinel lymph nodes showed completely negative. Defects in 3 elderly patients were repaired by single or multiple axial scalp vascular network flaps, with the resected flaps size ranged from 12 cm×7 cm to 19 cm×14 cm. Defects in the other 18 patients were repaired by anterolateral thigh perforator flaps with fascia lata, with the resected flaps size ranged from 13 cm×10 cm to 23 cm×19 cm and the resected fascia lata size ranged from 8 cm×7 cm to 10 cm×10 cm. The head donor site of flap was repaired by medium thickness skin of head and back; the thigh donor site of flap was repaired by medium thickness skin of thigh on the same side. All patients gave up postoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other follow-up treatments. Results: After operation, the flap and skin in all patients survived completely, with no vascular crisis or other condition. During the follow-up for 6 months to 9 years, all patients showed good appearance except for baldness in operation area of head, with no obvious malformation in head donor site of flap and skin, no swollen external hernia in the brain tissue, and no local recurrence or distant metastasis of carcinoma. The appearance of thigh donor site of flap and skin was good, with normal muscle strength and movement of lower limbs. Conclusions: Patients with scalp carcinoma were performed with radical resection of carcinoma, and axial vascular network flap of scalp or anterolateral thigh perforator flap with fascia lata were applied to repair the postoperative defects, with good appearance of head operation area and no local recurrence or distant metastasis of carcinoma.

Purpose: To prepare Koukuining granules and observe its efficiency in the treatment of recurrent aphthas ulce (RAU)., Methods: In accordance with the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, the prescriptions of Koukuining granules were composed of rhizoma coptidis, radix scutellariae and other Chinese herbs, and the preparation procedure was conducted by means of wet granulation technology. One hundred patients with RAU were randomly divided into experimental group and control group equally. Patients in the experimental group took particles orally after a meal, 3 times a day, 1 bag each time, for successive 10 days as one treatment course. The treatment was repeated after 3 days of interval. Patients in the control group took vitamin C, compound vitamin B2, orally for 2 courses. The treatment effect was evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 11.5 software package., Results: The preparation process was controllable and the quality of the products was stable. The overall effective rate of the experimental group was 88.4% and there was a significant difference compared with the control group., Conclusions: The preparation of Koukuining granules was feasible with stable quality of final products. Treatment of RAU with the granules was effective and worthy of clinical application.

Objective: To observe the clinical effects of repair of complicated tissue defects of several body parts with composite anterolateral femoral fascia lata perforator tissue flaps (fascial flap or fascial skin flap) with the aid of micro-surgery., Methods: From February 2008 to August 2012, complicated tissue defects in 12 patients were repaired with composite anterolateral femoral fascia lata perforator tissue flaps. Two of the 12 patients suffered from a defect of scalp, skull, and dura mater as a result of resection of a malignant tumor of the scalp; 3 patients showed a defect of skin and tendo calcaneus in the heel and lower leg; 2 patients showed a defect of skin and extensor tendon in the dorsum of hands; the other 5 patients suffered from defects of skin and extensor tendon in the foot and ankle combined with exposure of bone or internal buttress plate. The size of tissue flaps ranged from 12 cm ×6 cm to 19 cm ×18 cm. The donor sites were closed by immediate suturing or skin grafting., Results: All 12 tissue flaps survived. Patients were followed up for 2 to 36 months. The flaps were shown to have good appearance, texture and function. Two patients with the defect of the scalp, skull and dura mater after a resection of the malignant tumor of the scalp did not have recurrence or herniation of brain tissue. The foot-raising function in 3 patients with the defect of skin and tendo calcaneus in the heel and lower leg was recovered, and according to Arner-Lindholm criteria the result was excellent in 2 cases and good in 1 case. The extension function of fingers of 2 patients with defects of skin and extensor tendon in the dorsum of hands was good according to the evaluation criteria of Chinese Medical Association Society of Hand Surgery for tendon repair of hand. The extension function of toes of 5 patients with defects of skin and extensor tendon in the foot and ankle combined with exposure of bone or internal buttress plate was recovered and improved., Conclusions: Transplantation of composite anterolateral femoral fascia lata perforator tissue flaps with the aid of micro-surgery is an effective method in repairing the tissue defects of skull, dura mater, and the extensor tendon of hands or feet, with restoration of the extension function.

Objective: To investigate an effective purification method for removing endotoxin from Prevotella intermedia., Methods: The main protein ingredients of bacteria prepared from ammonium sulfate precipitation were further treated with octyl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether (Triton X-114), and then processed at 4°C, 37°C and 25°C. The obtained aqueous phase after at least two more cycle repeated operations was assayed for endotoxin by Western blotting, LAL-clotting method, in vitro cell stimulation and in vivo animal experiments., Results: Western blotting and LAL-clotting method demonstrated that the reduction in endotoxin level was greater than 99.99% and recovery of the proteins after endotoxin removal was greater than 90% with Triton X-114 treatment for 3 cycles. The cytokines expression level was lower in both in vitro cell stimulation and in vivo animal experiments than in untreated group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The extraction method provides a new choice for endotoxin removal from large volumes of the oral Prevotella intermedia.

Selecting one presently popularized winter wheat cultivar (Zhengmai 9023) and two cultivars (Abo and Fengchan 3) introduced in the 1950s and 1960s in Huang-Huai Plain as test materials, and by using minirhizotron technique, this paper studied the live root length, root diameter distribution, and net root growth rate of the cultivars. Fine roots with a diameter from 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm occupied the majority of the whole root system, and the fine roots with a diameter less than 0.5 mm accounted for 98% of the live root length. The average root diameter varied with plant growth, the variation range being 0.15 - 0.22 mm, and no significant difference was observe among the cultivars. The live root length was significantly positively correlated root number, suggesting that root number was the main factor for the increase of live root length. The most vigorous growth period of the roots was from reviving to jointing stage, and Abo and Fengchan 3 had a longer period increased root vitality, as compared with Zhengmai 9023. For Zhengmai 9023, its fine roots with a diameter more than 0.1 mm had an increasing proportion after jointing stage, which was helpful for improving plant resistance, root activity, and grain-filling at late growth stages.

Over recent decade, studies have shown that inflammatory reaction characterized mainly by the activation of microglia in the brain is implicated in the pathogenesis and processes of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it induces or aggravates the neurodegeneration in the nervous system, and on the other hand, it favors the recovery of the injured neurons in certain conditions. The activated glial cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which mediate the neuroinflammation-induced neurodegenerative diseases. The anti-inflammatory cytokines synthesized by regulatory T cells and neuropeptides secreted by neurons protect the neurons against neuroinflammation, through which neurodegenerative diseases are alleviated.

Based on the modified Penman-Monteith equation, and through the analysis of the relationships between crop coefficient and cumulative temperature, a new model for estimating the water requirement of greenhouse tomato under drip irrigation was built. The model was validated with the measured data of plant transpiration and soil evaporation in May 2-13 (flowering-fruit-developing stage) and June 9-20 (fruit-maturing stage) , 2009. This model was suitable for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET(0)) in greenhouse. The crop coefficient of greenhouse tomato was correlated as a quadratic function of cumulative temperature. The mean relative error between measured and estimated values was less than 10%, being able to estimate the water requirement of greenhouse tomato under drip irrigation.

In an experimental field with maize/soybean strip intercropping, the transpiration of maize and soybean plants was measured with sap flow gauge based on heat balance method. In the intercropping system, the diurnal change of the sap flow rates of the plants fitted single-peak curve in sunny day and multi-peak curve in cloudy day. The plant sap flow rates were affected by many environmental factors, among which, solar radiation was the most important meteorological factor. The daily sap flow per maize or soybean plant showed significant correlations with solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and soil heat flux. During the observation period (June 1-30, 2008), the mean daily transpiration of maize plant (1.44 mm x d(-1)) was about 1.8 times of that of soybean plant (0.79 mm x d(-1)). Maize transpiration and soybean transpiration contributed 64% and 36% to the total transpiration of the intercropping system, respectively. Due to the spatial variation of stem diameter and leaf area, it would be necessary to install more sap flow gauges to accurately measure the sap flow of maize and soybean plants.

Objective: To investigate ideal methods to repair cervical cicatricial contracture in children., Methods: The expanders were implanted subcutaneously around the cervical scar and above the latissimus. After expansion was completed, the cervical cicatricial contracture was released and the wound was covered with local expanded flaps and free expanded prefabricated thoracodorsal artery perforator flap, leaving no injury to thoracodorsal nerves and latissimus. The wound at the donor site was closed directly., Results: From July 2007 to October 2009, 10 patients were treated. All the flaps survived completely. All the wounds were repaired totally and the deformities were corrected completely. The patients were followed up for 3-30 months. When the patients grew up, the flaps enlarged simultaneously. The flaps were not bulky and had a good color match. The scar at the donor site was inconspicuous with no functional morbidity., Conclusion: The fabricated expanded thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps is an ideal method for severe cervical cicatricial contracture in children.

Field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil moisture regime at different growth stages on the fruit size, fruit number, percentage of malformed fruit, and yield formation of greenhouse tomato under drip irrigation, and the relationships between tomato yield and irrigation amount. Moderate soil water deficit (50%-55% of field capacity) at tomato's seedling stage increased the fruit number but reduced the fruit size, decreased the percentage of malformed fruit, and made the fruit maturation mainly concentrated in later picking period. Severe water deficit (less than 65% of field capacity) at flowering and fruit-developing stages promoted fruit maturation, but decreased fruit number and increased the formation of small and malformed fruits. The soil moisture content higher than 80% or lower than 65% of filed capacity at fruit maturation stage less affected fruit maturation but decreased fruit yield, and lower than 65% of filed capacity also decreased the fruit number and increased the percentage of malformed fruit. No significant effects of irrigation amount on fruit maturation were observed. The correlations of tomato yield and its water use efficiency with irrigation amount could be well described by quadratic function. The fruit number and total yield were higher while the percentage of malformed fruit was lower when the soil moisture content was controlled at 60%-65% of field capacity at seedling stage, 70%-75% of field capacity at flowering stage, and 70%-75% of field capacity at fruit-developing stage, which could be used as the optimal soil moisture indices for the greenhouse tomato production under drip irrigation.

A field experiment was conducted to study the root distribution and water adsorption of maize and soybean in their strip intercropping. The results showed that under the condition of full irrigation, both maize roots and soybean roots were distributed approximately in triangle-shape in soil profile. Maize roots extended horizontally into a wider area, 58 cm away from the plant row and usually occurred in 16-22 cm soil layer. They were not restricted to maize root zone, but traversed into soybean strip zone. Soybean roots were horizontally distributed in a limited zone near the plant row, and their reached range was within about 26 cm. Both for maize and for soybean, their root mass density decreased with increasing distance from the plant row. About 90% of the root mass of maize and edge-row soybean was presented in 0-30 cm soil layer. The root mass density of maize at 10 cm from maize row was greater than that of soybean, but this density of soybean at 20 cm from maize strip was greater than that of maize. About 85% of root mass was distributed in 0-30 cm soil layer, and the variation of soil water content in intercropping strips also occurred mainly in this soil layer. In the maize/soybean strip intercropping system, soil water content decreased in the order of maize zone > soybean zone > middle zone, indicating that each strip-intercropped crop preferentially absorbed the soil water in its strip and utilized the soil water in intermingled zone later.

Observations on the light environment characteristics in maize-soybean narrow stnp intercropping system were made in 2006 and 2007 to study the spatial distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in intercropped crop canopy, and to analyze the effects of light environment on crop biomass. The results indicated that in early growth period, the light transmittance at the bottom of the edge rows of soybean strips adjacent to maize was higher than that of the inner rows of soybean strips, while it was in adverse for maize strips. The horizontal variation of light transmittance at the bottom of crop canopy did not vary significantly at reproductive stage, and the average light transmittance was less than 7%. In soybean strips, the daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) above inner rows canopy in early growth period was 10% higher than that above edge rows canopy, and the average light transmittance of edge rows and inner rows in 1: 3 intercropping system (treatment I1) was about 15% higher than that in 2:3 system (treatment I2), indicating that the shading of maize strips on soybean strips was more senous in treatment I2 than in treatment I1. After flowering, there was a significant difference in the daily PPFD between inner rows and edge rows of soybean strips, but no significant difference was observed between edge rows. The mean light transmittance of edge rows and inner rows of soybean strips was 27% and 38%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between treatment I1 and treatment I2, which indicated that the shading effects of maize strips on soybean strips in treatment I1 and treatment I2 were similar at reproductive stage. The biomass of inner rows of soybean strips was larger than that of edge rows, and there was no significant different between edge rows, indicating that under adequate irrigation, the effects of different narrow strip intercropping systems on crop biomass were primarily due to the changes of light environment.

Baishao and Chishao (Paeonia Lactiflora Pall.) and their close relative Danpi (Paeonia Suffruticosa Andr) samples were estimated quantitatively, based on their UV fingerprint spectra of the extracts obtained with chloroform, ethanol and water, by applying the common and variation peak ratio dual index sequence analysis method. The analytical results showed that the Baishao samples B2, B3 and B4 from the closest regions were the most similar samples. Their common peak ratios were larger than 70 percent and their variation peak ratios were less than 33.3 percent. However, there existed obvious differences among Baishao sample group 1 (B1 and B5), group 2 (B2, B3 and B4) and group 3 (B6) from different regions. The common peak ratios among group 1 (B1 and B5) and group 2(B2, B3 and B4) were lower than 60 percent, while those among group 1 (B1 and B5) and group 3 (B6) were less than 57 percent. The Baishao samples B1 and B5 from the same region collected in different years were of significant disparity, their common peak ratio was only 44.4 percent, but their variation peak ratios were larger than 100 percent. In fact, this method reaches the limitation of quantitative identification of herbs, and can distinguish at least two samples quantitatively.

In this paper, root samples of winter wheat and spring maize under intercropping were taken with large-bore soil auger, and the dynamics of their spatiotemporal distribution were studied. The results showed that both in vertical and in horizontal directions, the root mass of winter wheat decreased in power function, while that of spring maize decreased in exponent function. Multiple linear regression was made to establish the two-dimensional spatiotemporal distribution functions of intercropped winter wheat and spring maize root biomass, and the validation tests demonstrated that theses functions were available to describe the real growth status of test crops root systems.

Objective: To study the relation between psychological symptoms and physical parameters in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) at different stages of the disease., Methods: Physical parameters such as SCL-90, chest CT, T lymphocytes and subset and SaO2 were studied in 29 SARS patients at three different stages (initial stage, serious stage, rehabilitating stage)., Results: Patients with SARS showing severe psychological symptoms constituted about 41% (group I) and patients with SARS showing mild psychological symptoms (group II) constituted about 59%. There were no change of the psychological symptoms at the three stages in group I and II (P > 0.05). Statistical differences were found between physical parameters of group I and II in rehabilitating stage., Conclusions: Severe psychological symptoms such as obsession, depression and anxiety were found in a minority of patients with SARS and the psychological symptoms were not related with the change of physical parameters. The majority of the patients with SARS did not have severe psychological symptoms. Whether or not psychological symptoms were related to their personality needs further study.

Objective: Understand the public's current attitudes and knowledge about suicide and, thus, provide essential information to the development of targeted public education programs-important components of the suicide prevention effort., Methods: Seventeen mental health professionals who were extensively trained in the methods of conducting focus groups used a pre-tested focus group outline on attitudes and knowledge about suicide to conduct 101 focus groups and 18 individual in-depth interviews with a total of 842 community respondents from 6 regions in northern China. The focus groups and in-depth interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed using the QSR Nvivo text analysis software., Results: Most respondents believed that suicide was a greater problem in rural areas and among women and identified physical illnesses, economic problems and interpersonal conflicts (particularly family conflicts) as the main causes of suicide. Rural residents and women were believed to exhibit impulsive suicidal behavior because of their personal limitations and over-sensitiveness. Most thought that suicide was understandable and a small proportion felt that it was acceptable behavior in certain circumstances. Almost all felt that suicide resulted in the stigmatization and a loss of 'face' for the family. Most believed that one should show concern for persons who have suicidal behavior and their family members and expressed a willingness to have superficial social relationships with them but were unwilling to establish close personal relations with them. The vast majority believed that suicide was either very difficult or impossible to prevent., Conclusions: In China the community is tolerant, sympathetic and, in some cases, accepting of suicide but there remains a substantial underlying stigmatization of suicide. Community members have some misunderstandings about suicide; the most obvious misunderstanding is the underestimation of the importance of mental illness as a cause of suicide. The content of public health messages used in suicide prevention programs should be developed by combining findings from both qualitative and quantitative research.